Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Ravilla
(20 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen ('grey-eyed'), byname of L. Cassius [I 17] Longinus R. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 228.
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Razor
(222 words)
[German version] (ξυρόν/
xyrón; Lat.
novacula,
cultellus,
culter tonsorius). Razors were used from the early Greek period on for shaving the beard and cutting hair from the head when in mourning, for example; numerous examples survive. They could easily exceed 20 cm in length; materials used for blades were iron and bronze; for handles bronze, ivory and wood. Razors are instanced in various forms: they could be shaped like a spatula or a crescent, long and slender with a straight or curved blade, broad…
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Re
(650 words)
[German version] (
R), the most important god in the Egyptian pantheon. Essentially merely the word for 'sun' and as appellative still used as such in Coptic, translated into Greek as Helios. Re is the god who originated in himself, yet the primeval ocean Nun is considered to be his father. In Heliopolis he is linked with the god Atum, and his children are Shu and Tefnut (Tefnut, legend of). Often the epithet 'Horus of the horizon' (Harachte), is bestowed on him. The phases of the sun during the day are classified by the Egyptians as Chepre (morning), Re (midday) and Atum (e…
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Realschule
(1,533 words)
Keck, Rudolf W. [German version] A. Concept (CT) Since the Hamburg Agreement of 1964 the term
Realschule in Germany is understood to be an intermediate type of school devoted to general education at Secondary Stage I (formerly also called
Mittelschule or considered an extended stage of the
Volksschule or
Grundschule); as a rule, it is a selective school between the
Gymnasium and the
Hauptschule, taking students up to the tenth year of instruction and the
Fachoberschulreife (also called
m
ittlere Reife: the school leaving certificate). Exceptions are the so-called
Mittelschulen in t…
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Reaping machines
(454 words)
[German version] RM (
vallus,
carpentum) are known from the descriptions of Pliny (Plin. HN 18,296) and Palladius (Pall. Agric. 7,2,2-4); there are some pictorial depictions on reliefs from the Gallic and Germanic provinces, while the literary sources indicate only Gaul as the area of distribution. The RM consisted of a box fitted with wheels on both shorter sides; the front was open and fitted with a row of gripping teeth. The rear side had two bars, between which a harnessed ass or ox would push th…
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Reate
(238 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | | Italy, languages | Natural catastrophes With Amiternum, main town of the Sabini on the
via Salaria (Itin. Anton. 306; Tab. Peut. 5,5), present-day Rieti. From the 3rd cent. BC to at least 27 BC,
praefectura (CIL IX 4677), afterwards
municipium,
tribus Quirina,
regio IV (Strab. 5,3,1: Ῥεᾶτε; Plin. HN 3,107; 109; Cic. Sest. 80; Cic. Att. 4,8; Suet. Vesp. 2,1). R. was protected by a town wall (
opus polygonale; 3rd cent. BC). There is a viaduct dating back to the same period (restored in the first cent. AD)…
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Rebilus
(23 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen occurring in the Caninii family (Caninius [3-5]) until the Imperial period. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCIR, 265.
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Reccared
(43 words)
[German version] Visigoth king 586-601 AD, son of Leowigild; in 587 he brought about the conversion of the Visigoths to Catholicism (Chron. min. 2,218). Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl) Bibliography D. Claude, Adel, Kirche und Königtum im Westgotenreich, 1971, 77-91 PLRE 3, 1079 f.
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Reception, Modes of
(4,675 words)
Cancik, Hubert (Tübingen) [German version] A. The Conceptual Field (CT) The relationship of the Mediterranean (Ancient Oriental, Hellenistic, Roman, Etruscan, etc.) cultures to one another and of Post-Antiquity to Antiquity is described with a broad lexical field which expresses the various types of relationship, their intensity and the assessment of these influences more or less clearly. More organological (biomorphic) metaphors are ranged alongside more technical or economic ones: assimilation, heritage…
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Receptio nominis
(160 words)
[German version] In Roman criminal proceedings (
quaestio procedure), the final acceptance of a complaint (
delatio nominis ) by the presiding member of the responsible
quaestio , i.e. its 'entry' in the list of the proceedings pending with the court. If the accused confessed during the initial questioning by the responsible magistrate, the magistrate could immediately pronounce the punishment, the RN was thus superfluous. Only if the accused contested the charge did the RN occur and thus the preparatio…
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Receptum
(498 words)
[German version] (past participle of
recipere , 'receive/take on', used as a noun) stands for 'commitment, promise, guarantee' in Roman law and is used for three different types of obligation business which have in common that they, as so-called
pacta praetoria (praetorially recognized agreements;
pactum D.) - like the promise to repay debt (
constitutum debiti, see below) - can be enforced under praetorial law. 1.
Receptum arbitri (
receptum of the arbitrator): The commitment taken on here involves to make a decision in a dispute. If the
arbiter refuses to honour his commitment, t…
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Rechiarius
(88 words)
[German version] King of the Suebi in Spain, AD 448-455, Catholic [2. 21-23], married a daughter of the Visigothic king Theodericus I, plundered northern Spain 448/9 (Chron. min. 2,25) and concluded temporary treaties with the Romans in 453 and 454 (Chron. min. 2,27). R.' expansionistic policies at the beginning of the reign of Theodericus II (453-466) brought him into conflict with the Visigoths. During this conflict, R. was killed in 455 (Chron. min. 2,29). Suebi Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl) Bibliography
1 PLRE 2, 935
2 R. Collins, Early Medieval Spain, 1983.
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Reciprocity
(283 words)
[German version] Reciprocity denotes a mechanism for exchange and social integration of particular importance in pre-market civilizations and based upon the normative obligation for an equalization of the given and received. The term had initially been used by ethnologists to describe exchange processes in primitive societies, and was later introduced by Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) into the debate about pre-industrial economies. Polanyi uses the term to describe the exchange principle between symmetr…
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Reconstruction/Construction
(2,670 words)
Schweizer, Beat (Tübingen RWG) [German version] A. Archaeology and Reconstruction (CT) The constructional aspect of scholarly reconstruction was already being emphasized by Classical research theorists around 1900 [43; 44], but it was only with the advent of post-structural or postmodern theory that it became the focus of a historical discussion of the fundamentals [32] (Historiographical methods). Of the subject areas involved in the study of ancient history, it is especially in archaeology that reconstr…
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Recreation
(3,120 words)
[German version] A. The concept of leisure σχολή (
scholḗ; Lat.
schola, scola) and
otium express the state of being free from work and professional-societal duties. The etymology of the terms is unclear. They are neutral, non-judgmental terms without negative connotation in the sense of ‘laziness’ or ‘idleness’. Traditional translations, as the German
Muße (leisure, ease), one-sidedly take up the vivid philosophical-ethical discussion of antiquity about the meaningful content of
scholḗ or
otium. According to Aristotle, work is associated with feelings of listlessness,
scholḗ, …
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Recruits, training of
(845 words)
[German version] I. Greece See Ephebeia. Campbell, J. Brian (Belfast) [German version] II. Rome "Look at the training of legions (
exercitatio legionum) ... From this comes that courage in battle that makes them ready to face wounds". Cicero here expresses the traditional pride of Romans in their military training (Cic. Tusc. 2,37). In the early Republic rudimentary military training was probably carried on in the Campus Martius. Later, when citizens living further away from Rome were recruited, the Romans recognize…
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Recta
(107 words)
[German version] The first time the Roman boy donned the
toga virilis, he wore the (
tunica)
recta as an undergarment; for the sons of equestrians and senators, it was furnished with the insignia of rank (
latus clavus). The long, white
tunica with tight upper sleeves which the Roman bride donned on the eve of her wedding, which she slept in and wore on her wedding day was called
recta or
regilla (Plin. HN 8,194). Clothing; Toga Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg) Bibliography Blümner, PrAlt., 336, 350 f. C. M. Wilson, The Clothing of the Ancient Romans, 1938, 138-145 D. Balsdon, Die Frau in der röm…
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Recto/Verso
(218 words)
[German version] In papyrology the definition of
recto (
r.) and
verso (
v.) has not always been straightforward and uncontroversial.
R. normally refers to the side of the papyrus on which the fibres run horizontally, in other words the inner side of the papyrus scroll which is thought to have been inscribed first; it is also the side on which the glued overlap (
kóllēsis) is visible.
V. describes the outer side on which the fibres run vertically and which was not intended for writing. More recent papyrus editions indicate the fibre direction with {{rarr}} for …
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Recuperatores
(277 words)
[German version] From
re-capere, literally 'to obtain back', for which purpose the
recuperatores were originally appointed in support of Roman citizens within the framework of international legal relationships (Fest. 342 L.:
reciperatio): they were meant to help the citizens get back what they had lost (probably above all in war) or had had illegally taken away from them. They then also came to a decision in the
repetundae process (
repetundarum crimen ), in which it was a matter of the return of goods which the Roman magistrates had extorted in o…
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Recusatio
(154 words)
[German version] (literally 'refusal'). With the 'rejection' of epic poetry on aesthetic grounds, first formulated in the Hellenistic era, its affirmative-panegyric function also became obsolete [1]. In Rome, the
recusatio was first found in neoteric poetry (Neoteric poets; Catull. 68: [2. 87 f.]). Under the Principate of Augustus, the Hellenistic tradition [3] of
recusatio, justified with artistic arguments and the modesty
topos, obtained special significance (e.g. Verg. Ecl. 6; Hor. Sat. 2,1, [4]; Hor. Carm. 1,6 [2. 294]; Prop. 3,3). The attempt by Aug…
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Redemptor
(114 words)
[German version] (from
redimere, 'repurchase') describes in Roman law: 1) a purchaser or acquirer, particularly a person, who buys claims and has the actions transferred to him (
cessio ) in order to collect when they are due and thus earn a profit (cf. Anastasius, Cod. Iust. 4,35,22,2); 2) one who purchases another's freedom (from slavery, captivity or punishment; cf. the Christian term
redemptor for Jesus Christ as 'Redeemer'); 3) someone who gains something through bribery; 4) a tenant or lessee, especially a public lessee, who contracts with the state as the custodian (
manceps ,
condu…
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Red-figured vase painting
(1,033 words)
[German version] Red-figured vase painting was invented most likely by the Andocides Painter around 530 BC in Athens, where it continued to be used until near the end of the fourth century. The technique involved primarily drawing figures in outline on the orange-red Attic clay, then filling in the background with black gloss. Relief lines were employed for the more important contours, diluted gloss for the lesser ones and the drawing of the interior, with red and white used sparingly for other details. During the fifth century BC Attic red-figure was the most important fine-w…
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Redistribution
(231 words)
[German version] Redistribution is an asymmetrical exchange or distribution mechanism based on the importation of goods to a centre and their distribution. As an economic principle of supply and political principle of integration, it was important in pre-market economy societies. Although K. Polanyi (1886-1964), who used the term in his works on economic theory, appreciated that redistribution can function as an integrative principle in smaller groups such as institutionalized households or estate…
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Redones
(86 words)
[German version] Celtic tribe in modern Brittany (Not. Dign. Occ. 42,36; Notitia Galliarum 3,3; Ptol. 2,8,2: Ῥήδονες ἢ Ῥηΐδονες/
Rhḗdones ḕ Rhēḯdones; Plin. HN 4,107:
Rhiedones; CIL XIII 3151). Caesar (B Gall. 2,34; 7,75,4) mentions the R. among the
civitates maritimae or
Aremoricae. Their capital was Condate (modern Rennes; Breton: Roazhon). In late Antiquity, they were part of the Provincia Lugdunensis III. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography G. Lerroux, A. Provost, Ille-et-Vilaine (Carte archéologique de la Gaule 35), 1990 L. Pape, La Bretagn…
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Red slip ware
(171 words)
[German version] Modern technical term for ceramic genres with a red finish, particularly from the Phoenician and Cypriot Iron Age. RSW is characterized chiefly by the use of illite clays (illite is a mineral constituent) and slips, which even at lower firing temperatures (800-1000 °C) lead to sintering. Iron oxides are the colouring components. The surface is often given a lustrous decoration by means of an additional polish. In Spain beginning in the 7th cent. BC, Iberian potters adopted this te…
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Reed
(86 words)
[German version] (Greek κάλαμος/
kálamos (Calamus [2]), Lat.
(h)arundo).
Phragmites communis and other species of grass are often mentioned in Theophrastus and Plinius (cf. the indexes of the
Naturalis Historia s.v.
harundo) as plants by and in lakes and rivers. The various applications of this 'extremely useful water plant' (Plin. HN 16,173:
qua nulla aquatilium utilior) and related species - e.g., for thatched roofs and as arrows (see also Pen; Musical instruments [V B]) - are compiled in Plin. HN 16,156-173. Graminea Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
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Refuse
(632 words)
[German version] The urgency of the problem of large volumes of refuse is, historically speaking, a very recent phenomenon. In antiquity, much less refuse was created, because what was in any case a far lower density of population accumulated neither non-degradable materials nor significant quantities of packaging materials. For most, rather, the household was restricted to a limited number of possessions, and the natural recycling quota in the form of the reuse of expendable objects by new users …
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Regae, Regisvilla
(106 words)
[German version] (Ῥηγισουίλλα/
Rhēgisouílla). Small landing site (
positio, Itin. Maritimum 499,3 f.) on the coast of Etruria between Graviscae and Cosa(e), the residence of Maleus [3], king of Pelasgian colonists, who later returned to Athens (Str. 5,2,8). In the Hellenistic-Roman Period, R. was a port of the Volci/Vulci (near modern Montalto di Castro). The place has been located at Le Murelle di Montalto di Castro; there is a Roman
villa of the period from the 1st to the 5th cents. AD there. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography E. Tortorici, Regisvillae, in: Quaderni Ist. To…
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Regalianus
(157 words)
[German version] Imp. Caesar P. C[...] R. Augustus (RIC V/2, 586 f.; [1]). Governor in Illyricum, probably of Dacian descent. In AD 260, after the overthrow of Ingenuus [1] by Aureolus at Mursa, he was proclaimed anti-emperor to Gallienus by the Danube troops (SHA Tyr. Trig. 10,1; Ps.-Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 32,3; Aur. Vict. Caes. 33,2; Pol. Silv. Chronica minora 1,521,45). He fought the Sarmatae, who had already been threatening the lower Danube provinces for some time (SHA Tyr. Trig. 10,2). A sho…
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Regendarius
(138 words)
[German version] Late ancient official in the
officium [6] of the praetorian prefect, who was responsible for issuing licences (
evectiones) for the use of the
cursus publicus (Lydus. Mag. 3,4 and 21; Cassiod. Var. 11,29). It is not certain whether this office is identical with that of a
regerendarius, which the
Notitia dignitatum records in the offices of all praetorian prefects, the city prefect of Rome,
magistri militum and a number of
comites and
duces of the West (Not. Dign. Or. 2,68; 3,29; Not. Dign. Occ. 2,52; 3,47; 4,28; 5,280; 25,44; 30,27 et passim). The latt…
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Regia
(288 words)
[German version] A two-part building complex on the
via sacra on the edge of the Forum Romanum (Forum [III 8]) in Rome, which, according to the ancient Roman mythologizing historiography, was supposed to have been built as his residence and place of office by the legendary king Numa Pompilius (Ov. Fast. 6,263 f.; Tac. Ann. 15,41; Cass. Dio fr. 1,6,2; Plut. Numa 14; Fest. 346-348; 439; cf. also [1. 328]). The excavated building of striking structure, with a three-roomed core facing the
via sacra and a court annexe ([2] with illustration; presumably this court is what was meant by
regium atr…
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Regifugium
(250 words)
[German version] Roman civic festival, recorded in several Fasti, held on 24 February (InscrIt 13,2 p. 65, 73, 165, 241, 265), consisting of a sacrifice by the
rex sacrorum on the
comitium and his subsequent flight (Plut. Quaest. Rom. 63; [3. 197]). Ovid (Fast. 2,685-852) and Ausonius (Eclogae 23,13 f. p. 102 Green) interpret the festival as a commemoration of the flight of the Tarquins from Rome [1. 198 f.; 2]. However, it was probably rather a lustration ritual [5. 98 f.], which was connected with the course of the Roman ye…
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Regillensis
(47 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen in the family of the Postumii (Postumius [I 13-15]); tradition has it that it was granted to the first Postumius to bear it for his victory in the battle at Lacus Regillus in 496 BC. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 183.
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Regillus
(42 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen (diminutive of
rex, 'king'); in the Republican era, a byname of the family of the Aemilii (Aemilius [I 35-36]); in the Imperial era, also in other families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Degrassi, FCIR, 265
2 Kajanto, Cognomina, 316.
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Regina Castra
(446 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Commerce | Legio | Legio | Limes | Raeti, Raetia Legionary fortress on the Danube opposite the mouth of the river Regen, modern Regensburg (Tab. Peut. 4,4; It. Ant. 250,1:
Regino; Not. Dign. Occ. 35,17; It. Ant. 259,3; 6:
ad castra; milestones [1; 2]:
a legione; CIL V 32909:
D(
omo)
Regino; name for the appendant civilian settlement, only passed down in the Medieval period, but possibly going back to a Celtic root:
Radaspona). Built in the 70s of the 2nd cent. AD as the garrison quarters of the
legio III Italica (CIL III…
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Regio, regiones
(427 words)
[German version] Originally a theoretical principle of classification of astronomical and augural (
A
ugures ) practice (Cic. Div. 1,17; 1,30; 2,3; 2,9; Ov. Ib. 38; Cic. Nat. D. 2,19; 2,50), elements of the division of Rome into four parts by Servius Tullius (Varro, Ling. 5,45; 49; 51; 53; Liv. 1,43,13; Plin. HN 18,13; Paul. Fest. 506,5), which was transferred to the
tribus : I. Suburana, II. Esquilina, III. Collina, IV. Palatina (Rome III with map 3). Augustus partitioned the city, which had grown prodigiously in the meantime, into 14
regiones (10-4 BC; Suet. Aug. 30,1; [2]), still …
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