Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Scenography
(565 words)
[German version] (Greek σκηνογραφία/
skēnographía, Latin
scaenographia). There is controversial criticism of the development and appearance of this genre, surviving only in ancient literature and in pictorial secondary sources (cf. also Painting), and they remain unclear, despite various synopses of the results of different branches of study of the form and development of Greek theatre and its performing places. Changes in architecture and forms of staging also moulded the character of scenography. In…
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Scepsis
(119 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Persian Wars | Delian League (Σκῆψις/
Skêpsis, Σκᾶψις/
Skâpsis). Aeolian settlement in the Troad, modern Kurşunlu Tepe, on the upper Scamander, according to Str. 13,1,52 founded by Hector's son Scamandrius. In the 5th cent. BC S. was probably colonised by Milesian settlers. By Antigonus [1] it was incorporated into Alexandria [2] Troas, and by Lysimachus [2] made independent again (Str. 13,1,52). Allegedly the libraries of Theophrastus and Aristoteles…
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Scepticism
(4,243 words)
Albrecht, Michael (Trier RWG) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) Since Eduard Zeller's
Die Philosophie der Griechen (vol. 3/1, Tübingen 1852;
Outlines of the History of Greek Philosophy, 2000), two forms of scepticism have been distinguished: Pyrrhonian and Academic Scepticism. Yet the terms 'scepticism' and 'Pyrrhonism' had previously been used as synonyms, and this still holds true in France. The division current since the Renaissance is as follows: dogmatics (who claim to know something), academics (who, like Socr…
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Scepticism
(2,040 words)
[German version] I. Definition The modern term 'sceptic' normally refers to someone who believes that in general, we know nothing with any degree of certainty or in any case nothing about the world beyond our own consciousness. There were sceptics in this sense already in Antiquity: Metrodorus [1] of Chios (4th cent. BC), a Democritean, maintained that we know nothing at all, not even whether or not we know anything, or what knowledge (εἰδέναι/
eidénai) is, or whether anything exists at all (70 B 1 DK). The Cyrenaics were of the opinion that although we are aware of o…
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Scerdilaedas
(149 words)
[German version] (Σκερδίλαιδας;
Skerdílaidas). Chieftain of the Labeates of Illyria, brother-in-law of Agron [3], chieftain of the Sardiaei [1. 45 f.]. In 229 BC S. supported Teuta against the city of Phoenice in Epirus (Pol. 2,5,6-6,7), consolidated his rule over southern Illyrian tribes after the first Illyrian War (229/8) and continued his raids south of the border with Lissus (Pol. 4,16,6), especially in 220 as an ally of the Aetolians, before he changed sides to join Philippus [7] V (Pol. 4,29…
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Scetic desert
(57 words)
[German version] Region beyond the western edge of the Egyptian delta, esp. in the area which today is referred to as Wādī n-Naṭrūn. Christian monks retreated there beginning in the 4th cent. AD, four monasteries are still occupied today. von Lieven, Alexandra (Berlin) Bibliography A. Cody, in: A. S. Atiya (ed.), The Coptic Encyclopedia, vol. 7, 1991, 2102-2106.
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Scheda
(204 words)
[German version] (
schida, scida) has various meanings in Latin authors: (1) a sheet or piece of papyrus or parchment (Pugillares) for notes or short messages (Cic. Att. 1,20,7; Quint. Inst. 1,8,19; Mart. 4,89,4; CGL IV 422,52; V 243,10 and 482,57; cf. [1. 4920]). (2) In Late Antiquity
s./
schedula is the term for a 'rough draft' of a literary work; cf. Isid. Etym. 6,14,8 “scheda est quod adhuc emendatur, et necdum in libris redactum est” ("scheda describes a text which still has to be corrected and is not yet finished"; the interpretation i…
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Schedius
(138 words)
(Σχεδίος;
Schedíos). [German version] [1] Son of king Iphitus Son of king Iphitus and grandson of Naubolus; born in Panopeus (Paus. 10,4,2). Leader of the Phocians, he initially woos Helena [1] (Apollod. 3,129) and then sets off with his brother Epistrophus and 40 ships for the Trojan War (Hom. Il. 2,517-526). In the battle for the body of Patroclus he is killed by Hector (Hom. Il. 17,305-311). His remains are taken to Anticyra in Phocia (Paus. 10,36,10) or to Daphnus (Str. 9,4,17). According to another version the brothers survive and found Temesa (schol. Lycophr. 1067). Börm, Henning (K…
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Schedographia
(157 words)
[German version] School exercises, of various content and levels of difficulty, compiled by significant Byzantine scholars and simple teachers, used for teaching Greek grammar, spelling and syntax. Particularly favoured in the middle-Byzantine Period (12th century AD), a σχέδος/
schédos consisted of intentionally itacized (Itacism) malformations and incorrect combinations of syllables, and was constructed around the homonymy of the
antístoicha (
e,
o and
i sounds). In this word-puzzle, which as a rule had edifying stories, fables, gnomai, lives of saints, e…
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Schera
(125 words)
[German version] (Σχέρα;
Schéra). A city in western Sicily indicated by its ethnicon Σχερῖνοι/
Scherínoi in the 5th decree of the people's assembly of Entella (Z. 21, cf. [2]) together with other cities that donated wheat and barley to the Synoikistoi (
Synoikismós ) of Entella. S. was partially destroyed by the Carthaginians in the first of the Punic Wars. Manganaro, Giacomo (Sant' Agata li Battiata) Bibliography
1 G. Manganaro, Metoikismos. Metaphora di poleis à Sicilia, in: ASNP 20, 1990, 391-408, esp. 400, n. 41
2 G. Nenci, I decreti di Entella I-V, in: ASNP 21, 1991, 137…
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Scheria
(167 words)
[German version] (Σχερίη;
Scheríē). Land of the Phaeaces, last stop on Odysseus's wanderings. As with almost all these stops, brains have been racked over the location of S. since Antiquity. Among the numerous proposed solutions Corcyra [1] (Corfu) appears at a very early stage (Alc. fr. 441 Voigt: [1. 19]) and most frequently [2. 294]. Similarly, for the ship of the Phaeaces, turned to stone on the return from Ithaca (Hom. Od. 13,161-164), several rock formations off Corfu are plausible. All of th…
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Schism
(649 words)
[German version] (σχίσμα/
schísma, 'split'). Through the course of the history of Christianity a usage has come to prevail which makes sense at first sight. Heresy is a doctrinal view which differs from the orthodox. Schism, however, denotes a split (in the Church) which originates in personal, disciplinary, political or other differences that are not dogmatic (or doctrinal in the narrower sense). Heresy thus refers to a deviation from truth, schism from unity. On individual schisms, cf. Damasus, Donatus [1], Felix [5] II, Lucifer [2], Melitius of Lycopolis, Montanism, Novatianus. In…
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Schoeneus
(241 words)
(Σχοινεύς/
Schoineús, Latin
Schoeneus; cf. σχοῖνος/
schoînos, 'rush'). [German version] [1] Son of Athamas and Themisto Son of Athamas and Themisto, the daughter of Hypseus; brother of Leucon [1], Erythrius and Ptous/Ptoeus (Herodorus FGrH 31 F 38; Apollod. 1,84; Nonnus, Dion. 9,312-321; Tzetz. Ad Lykophr. 22, some with variant names). Father of both the Boeotian Atalante and the Arcadian one (Hes. fr. 72,9 f.; 75,12-15; 76,9 M.-W.; Apollod. 1,68; 1,112; 3,109; Hyg. Fab. 173; 185; 244; Ov. Met. 10,609; 10,660
et passim) and of Clymenus [6] (Hyg. Fab. 206; 238; 242; 246). …
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Schoenus
(232 words)
(Σχοινοῦς/
Schoinoûs, literally '(bul)rushes'). [German version] [1] River in Boeotia River in the area of Thebes in Boeotia (Σχοινεύς/
Schoineús in Steph. Byz. s. v. Σχοινοῦς/
Schoinoûs; Stat. Theb. 7,268; Nonnus, Dion. 13,63; Nic. Ther. 889) which flowed through the region or town of Schoenus (about 9 km from Thebae; modern Muriki) (Str. 9,2,22 or Hom. Il. 2,497) and into Trephia Limne (modern Lake Paralimni). According to Steph. Byz.
loc.cit., S. was derived from one of the sons of the Theban hero Athamas. Freitag, Klaus (Münster) Bibliography Fossey, 229-232. [German version] […
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Schoinos
(117 words)
[German version] (σχοῖνος/
schoînos, 'rush, reed'), Egyptian measure of length, which according to Hdt. 2,6 corresponds to 60 stadia (Stadion [1]), but according to Str. 17,1,24 and 4, it varied (depending on geographic location) between 30 and 120 stadia. The Egyptian equivalent
jtrw represents the distance over which a towing team was able to tow a boat. With local variations, the average is assumed to be 10.5 km. The name schoinos is based on an etymological misinterpretation: through sound change, the Egyptian
jtrw assimilated with the word for
(i.a.) 'reed' (
jrw). Jansen-Winke…
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Schola
(1,536 words)
derived from the Greek
scholḗ (σχολή;
scholḗ), earliest documented use in Lucil. 756; in general, it refers to leisure, time spent not working (definition of the term in Fest. 470 L.) and is thus used to describe a) a learned treatise, debate or lecture (e.g. Cic. Tusc. 1,8), b) the place where teachers and pupils meet, i.e. the school (Mart. 1,35,2) and c) the followers of a particular teacher or doctrine (as in Plin. HN 20,85). The aspect of leisure and relaxation is also to some extent retained in its use as a technical term in Roman architecture. [German version] [1] Architectural feature …
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Scholae Palatinae
(258 words)
[German version] Mounted guard troops in the service of the Roman emperor from the time of Constantine onwards, according to the
Notitia dignitatum five regiments in the West and seven in the East of the empire, each of 500 men, initially mostly of Germanic origin, which on the whole were not part of the imperial army but were subordinate to the
magister officiorum and were each commanded by a tribune [2]. However, by the time of the emperor Zeno the
SP were used only as parade troops in court ceremonial, and their role as a defensive guard for the emperor had in fact been …
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Scholasticus
(151 words)
(σχολαστικός/
scholastikós). [German version] [1] Advocate in Late Antiquity In Roman procedural law of Late Antiquity a
scholasticus (literally: someone 'schooled') is the advocate of a party, a late successor to the
causidicus , with a certain amount of knowledge of formal rhetoric and law. Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) Bibliography M. Kaser, K. Hackl, Das römische Zivilprozeßrecht, 21996, 563. [German version] [2] Palace official in Constantinople, from 422 (in Latin sources
Scholasticus or
Scholasticius), a palace official in Constantinople, first recorded i…
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Schole
(864 words)
[German version] (σχολή/
scholḗ, of unknown etymology; Lat.
otium). Leisure or free time in general. Specifically: leisure time activities, intellectual activities, lecture, lesson, therefore school as well (as early as in Alexis 163 PCG; cf. Diog. Laert. 3,28; used in inscriptions from
c. 200 BC, SEG 1, 368), the Lat. transcription is
schola (
int. al. in the sense of lecture, lesson, school). Schole, usually regarded to be just as reprehensible as ἀργία (
argía), idelness, laziness, is nevertheless "what humans love the most" (cf. Eur. Hipp. 384; Eur. Ion 634). The …
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Scholia
(2,530 words)
(τὰ σχόλια/
tà schólia, Lat.
scholia). The sg. σχόλιον (
schólion), a diminutive of σχολή (
scholḗ, Leisure), appears at first in the sense of 'learned discussion' (Cic. Att. 16,7,3); later 'note' to an author (Marinus, Vita Procli 27), then 'marginal note' (Anastasios Sinaites, Viae Dux 3,1,1-3; 24,134-136). Scholia are thence exegetical comments, written beside the text in the margins of medieval manuscripts and attested since the 6th cent. AD. I. Greek [German version] A. General Scholia survive on a number of Greek authors. They were excerpted from ancient commentar…
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Scholia Bembina
(175 words)
[German version] Appr. 1500 marginal and interlinear scholia in the Terence MS (Terentius) of the Codex Bembinus (4th/5th cent., Vat. lat. 3226), on all the comedies of Terence except
Hecyra. The SB can be dated on palaeographical grounds to the 6th cent. and can be allocated to two scribes, who are separated by approximately half a cent. [1. 4]. They were probably not compiled directly from a detailed commentary on Terence, but go back to marginal notes in older Terence MSS ([1. 117]: only one source; contra: [4. 343-347])…
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School
(3,376 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Near East See Scribes Christes, Johannes (Berlin) II. Greece [German version] A. Terminology The Greek language had no actual term for the school as educational institution. Although the English word 'school' is a loan-word from Greek, the word σχολή/
scholḗ (s. addenda) at first meant 'free time', and only came to denote what we understand as a school by way of the Latin
schola . The expression
didaskaleîon denoted not the institution but the building in which children were taught (at first choral singing; Antiph. 6,11; Thuc. 7,29; Pl. …
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Schools
(2,574 words)
Keck, Rudolf W. [German version] A. Definition and Demarcation (CT) The term 'school system' denotes the totality and interconnection of all schools, school types and levels, as well as their administration and supervision on the basis of the constitution and educational law, to which private independent schools are also subject. The school system is constitutionally established insofar as it must conform to basic principles of higher social-democratic rank, such as educational justice with regard to the equitable distribution of educational op…
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School Textbooks
(1,797 words)
Fritsch, Andreas (Berlin RWG) [German version] A. Definition and Scope (CT) The purpose of school textbooks is to present the instructional material established in curricular plans in didactically elaborated form, whether as a teaching text, a workbook or a practice manual. Textbooks are usually reviewed and adopted by a school's supervisory authority. Since instructional texts build upon curricular guidelines, textbooks can be understood as 'concretised lesson plans'. As a matter of fact, they are often '…
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School Timetables
(1,002 words)
Biehl, Jörg [German version] A. Definition (CT) School timetables define the extent of instruction and class hours in required and elective subjects for a specific number of school years [3. vol. 7. 3]. They exhibit a dual organisation by classes and subjects, or they set the total number of class hours by classes and subjects in relation to the total duration of the course. School timetables in the sense of this definition are known only since the end of the 18th cent. Their predecessors were the so-c…
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Schulprogramme
(986 words)
[English version]
Schulprogramme (annual reports of schools) were a specific type of publication, namely volumes produced by
Gymnasien, predominantly in German-speaking countries. In the 16th/17th cents.,
Gymnasien began to print invitations to their public disputations and orations (lectures on formal occasions), which might contain not only the program for the event as such and the themes for debate, but also small studies (dissertations) arising from the work of the school, or news about the school itself. Later ther…
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Sciathos
(174 words)
[German version] (Σκίαθος/
Skíathos). Westernmost of the northern Sporades (45 km2, length 11 km, maximum elevation 435 m; Hdt. 7,176,1; 179; 183,1 f.; 8,7,1; 92,1; Scyl. 58; Scymn. 580 ff.; Mela 2,106; Plin. HN 4,72; Ptol. 3,13,47), today also S. The island was settled in the 8th cent. BC by settlers from Chalcis [1]; Palaesciathos was laid out at that time (not located, recorded until the 5th/4th cent. BC). In the 6th/5th cents. BC, the polis of S. was founded on the east coast with a strategically imp…
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Science
(3,548 words)
[German version] I. Mesopotamia The framework for the emergence of science, i.e. of a socially organized, systematic search for discoveries and their transmission, existed in Mesopotamia from the early 3rd millennium BC. It included social differentiation and the development of a script (Cuneiform script) which was soon applied outside administrative and economic contexts. The potential of numeracy and literacy, sustained by the professional group of scribes, was developed beyond concrete, practical…
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Scillus
(208 words)
[German version] (Σκιλλοῦς/
Skilloûs). Town, settled from as early as the Mycenaean period, in Triphylia to the south of Olympia and possibly to the west of modern Makrisia on the Agios Elias (not at modern Skilluntia, where there are remains probably of the Temple of Athena Skilluntia of Phellon: Str. 8,3,14). Being allied with Pisa (Pisatis) (Paus. 5,6,4; 6,22,4), S. is said to have built the temple of Hera in Olympia (Paus. 5,16,1). After S. had been destroyed by Elis in about 570 BC (Paus. 5,6,…
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Scilurus
(126 words)
[German version] (Σκίλουρος/
Skílouros). King in the second half of the 2nd century BC of the Scythian-Taurian state in Crimea with capital Neapolis (modern Simferopol). His coins suggest a temporary protectorate over Olbia ([2]; contra [1. 146-148]). When S. devastated the
chṓra of Chersonesus [2], its inhabitants called on Mithridates [6]. One of S.' many sons, Palacus, fought Mithridates' general Diophantus [2] without success (Str. 7,4,3 and 7; 7,3,17; Syll.3 709 = IOSPE 2, 352; SEG 39, 692). His daughter Senamotis was married to a Bosporan Greek ([3]; SEG 37, 674). Scythae II. Pet…
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Scione
(189 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Delian League (Σκιώνη/
Skiṓnē). City on the southern coast of Pallene [4] between Nea Skioni and Agios Nikolaos. According to local tradition (Thuc. 4,120,1; cf. Konon FGrH 26 F 13; Polyaenus, Strat. 7,47) S. was founded after the Trojan War by Achaei from Pellene. In the winter of 480/79 BC S. took part in the defence of Potidaea against the Persians (Hdt. 8,128). S. then appears consistently with six talents in the …
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Scipio
(36 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen ('gnarled stick, staff') in the Cornelii family (Cornelii [I 65-85] Scipiones); a representation of a staff was also used as the family emblem. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 19 f.; 91; 345.
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Scipionic circle
(181 words)
[German version] Modern term for a circle of friends (of debatable historicity) supposedly surrounding P. Cornelius [I 70] Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (
cos. 147, 134 BC). Its members - including C. Laelius [I 2] (
cos. 140), L. Furius [I 28] Philus (
cos. 136), Sp. Mummius [I 4] and P. Rupilius [I 1] (
cos. 132) - are supposed to have been connected by a particular interest in Greek culture (Philhellenism) and a more humane Roman foreign policy (influenced by Stoic teachings as transmitted by Panaetius [4]). The idea of a fixed group can be t…
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Scipionic inscriptions
(379 words)
[German version] Term referring to the nine extant sarcophagus inscriptions of the so-called 'Tomb of the Scipios', the burial place of the Cornelii Scipiones from
c. the mid 3rd cent. to the end of the 2nd cent. BC (CIL I2 6-16, ILLRP 309-317). The earliest texts are the eulogies for L. Cornelius [I 76] Scipio Barbatus (
cos. 298) and his son L. Cornelius [I 65] Scipio (
cos. 259), each consisting of a painted name followed by a chiseled poem in saturnian metre (most scholars date the eulogy to the father
later than the one to the son; for a contemporaneous creation [7]). Other than…
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Sciras
(88 words)
[German version] (Σκίρας/Skíras). Poet of 'Italic comedy' [1. test. 1] from Tarentum, who in a late record [1. test. 2] is, along with the phlyakes poet Rhinthon and the poet (of Menippian satire?) Blaesus named as a Pythagorean, which is not very credible. Of his work, only two iambic trimeters from the mythological play Μελέαγρος (Meléagros) have survived, a parody of Eur. Hipp. 75f. Hardly any clues exist regarding S.' biographical dates. He is usually associated with Rhinthon (c. 300 BC) Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 CGF 190.
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Sciri
(118 words)
[German version] Germanic tribe on the Vistula (Plin. HN 4,97), which in the 3rd cent. BC advanced as far as the Black Sea (Syll.3 495, Z. 100 from Olbia). From the 4th cent. AD the S. settled on the northern edge of the Carpathians, came to be dependent on the Hunni and undertook incursions into the Roman Empire (Zos. 4,34,6; Sozom. Hist. eccl. 9,5,5; Sid. Apoll. Carm. 7,322). After the death of Attila in AD 453 the S. were defeated by the Goti; some were accepted into Moesia (Iord. Get. 265; Moesi), the rest moved with Odoacer to Italy (Procop. Goth. 1,1,3; Iohannes Antiochenus fr. 209,1). Graßl,…
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Sciritae
(211 words)
[German version] (Σκιρῖται;
Skirîtai). The S., perhaps ethnically Arcadian, came from the sub-region or district (χώρα/
chṓra) of Sciritis in the Peloponnese (Diod. Sic. 15,64,3; cf. Thuc. 5,33,1), of which the principal fortified place in the 2nd quarter of the fourth cent. BC was Oeum (Xen. Hell. 6,5,24f.). At the battle of Mantinea in 418 BC, 600 S. fought on the side of the Spartans (Thuc. 5,67,1; 5,68,3; 5,71,2). By then, they had won the right to occupy the extreme left of the Lacedaemonian
phálanx line (Thuc. 5,67,1; cf. Diod. Sic. 15,32,1); after 378,…
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Sciritis
(115 words)
[German version] (Σκιρῖτις;
Skirîtis). Northern border region of Laconia (Thuc. 5,33,2) between the eastern Arcadian and Spartan basins, in the north about 13 km wide and in the south about 4 km, a slate region of the northwestern slopes of the northern Parnon mountains without any larger settlements. It was originally counted as part of Arcadia (Steph. Byz. s. v. Σκίρος). In the 5th cent. BC the Sciritae had the status of Spartan
períoikoi . In 369 BC it was annexed to Megale polis (Xen. Hell. 6,5,24 ff.; 7,4,21; Diod. Sic. 15,64,3 ff.; Syll.3 665,31 f. from 164 BC). Lienau, Cay (Münst…
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Sciron
(172 words)
[German version] (Σκίρων/
Skírōn, Σκείρων/
Skeírōn). Either a son of Henioche [4] and Canethus (Plut. Theseus 10,1-4; 25,4) or son of Poseidon or son (or grandson) of Pelops [1] (Apollod. Epit. 1,2). Eponym of the 'Scironian Cliffs' (Scironides petrae) and the 'Scironian Way' to the Gerania (Hdt. 8,71). Whereas S. was originally considered by the Megarians as a benevolent hero and constructor of the Way (Paus. 1,44), with the blossoming of the Theseus legend he transformed into the well-known monster…
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Scironides
(107 words)
[German version] (Σκιρωνίδης;
Skirōnídēs). Athenian who, as
strategos, together with Phrynichus [2] and others led an offensive to reconquer Miletus [2] in the summer of 412 BC. In spite of victory in the land battle, the offensive was broken off - contrary to the votes of S.
i.a. - because of the superiority of the Spartan fleet (Thuc. 8,25-27). As commanders of the fleet at Samos, he and Phrynichus were dismissed at the beginning of 411 (Thuc. 8,54,3). His attitude to the oligarchy of the Four Hundred (
Tetrakósioi ) is unclear. Walter, Uwe (Cologne) Bibliography D. Kagan, The Fall of th…
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Scironides petrae
(98 words)
[German version] (Σκειρωνίδες πέτραι/
Skeirōnídes pétrai, 'Scironic rocks'). Tall cliff on Mount Gerania above the Saronic Gulf (Hdt. 8,71; Pol. 16,16,4; Str. 9,1,4) west of Megara [2], still referred to as Kaki Skala ('dangerous climb') to the present day. The coastal pass from which - according to legend - Sciron pushed travellers into the sea (cf. Diod. Sic. 4,59,4) was notoriously dangerous. It was widened for traffic by Hadrianus (in AD 117-138) (Paus. 1,44,6). Meyer, Doris (Strasbourg) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten 1, 949 F. Geyer, s. v. Skironische Felsen, RE 3 A, …
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Scissors
(168 words)
[German version] (ψαλίς/
psalís; Latin
forfex,
forpex,
forficula). Scissors, made of iron or bronze, were used in sheep and goat shearing, for cutting cloth and metal, hair and beards, in cobbling and in agriculture, for chopping plants and fruits and separating grapes from the vine. Scissors seem to have come into use from the early 5th cent. BC in Greece, and in Italy (according to written sources) from around 300 BC (Varro, Rust. 2,11,9), though the plucking of fleeces was still common in sheep-shea…
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Sclavinia
(283 words)
[German version] (Σκλαβηνία/
Sklabēnía, Latin
Sclavinia). A term, common since the 6th cent. AD in Greek and Latin, derived from the demonym Σκλαβηνοί/
Sklabēnoí or
Sclavi (Slavs) and used to describe communities formed of Slav tribes inside and outside formerly Roman territories in the Balkan peninsula, Carinthia, Pannonia and Transsylvania. They were for the most part organised in warlike tribal associations without fixed territorial borders and also included members of non-Slavonic peoples; some were autonomous, othe…
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Sclerias
(49 words)
[German version] (Σκληρίας/
Sklērías) or Sclerius (Σκλήριος/
Sklḗrios), tragic poet cited by Stobaeus (TrGF I 213), dates unknown. It is unlikely that the Skolion (PMG 890) which only Stobaeus ascribes to S. (TrGF I 213 F 5) is in fact by him (testimonies in PMG 651). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
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Scodra
(254 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Commerce | Moesi, Moesia | Punic Wars | Balkans, languages Illyrian city (Liv. 44,31; Vibius Sequester 148; It. Ant. 339,4; Tab. Peut. 7,1 f.; Pol. 28,8,4: Σκόδρα/
Skódra; Ptol. 2,17,12; Hierocles, Synekdemos 656,4; Liv. 45,26:
Scodrenses) southeast of Lacus Labeatis (modern Liqeni Shkodres), 17 Roman miles (
c. 28 km; Plin. HN 3,144; Geogr. Rav. 5,14) from the coast of the Ionios Kolpos, in the area of the mouths of the Drilon and the Barbanna (modern Bojanna), modern Shkodra (i…
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Scolus
(180 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Boeotia, Boeotians (Σκῶλος;
Sk
ôlos). Settlement in Boeotia (Hom. Il. 2,498:
kṓmē), to the south of modern Neochorakion, to the north of Asopus [2] (Paus. 9,4,4; finds from the Mycenaean to the Roman periods [2; 4; 5; 6; 7], otherwise [1; 8]; relocated in 395 BC: [3]). S. was in the territory of Thebae, but from time to time of Plataeae (Str. 9,2,23 f.; as
pólis only in Steph. Byz. s. v. Σ.). S. was part of a region of the Boeotian League that depended on Thebae. Its population was evacuated to Thebae in 43…
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Scombrus
(47 words)
[German version] (Σκόμβρος;
Skómbros). Heavily forested mountains with ore deposits in the west of Thrace (Thuc. 2,96,3;
Scopius, Plin. HN 4,35), modern Vitoša south of Sofia. Aristot. Mete. 350b 16f. mistakenly locates the sources of the Nestus [1] and the Hebrus there. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
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Scopadae
(169 words)
[German version] (Σκοπάδαι;
Skopádai). Noble family from Crannon, which, beside the Aleuadae, was one of the leading clans of Thessaly in the 6th century BC. On account of their wealth from cattle and pasturing (cf. Theoc. 16,36-39) the S. were from time to time at the lead of the Thessalian League (Tagos). As in the case of Aleuas, constitutive measures in establishing the organisation of the Thessalian army are also ascribed to their mythical/historical founder, Scopas I, (cf. Xen. Hell. 6,1,19; …
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Scopas
(1,000 words)
(Σκόπας/
Skópas). [German version] [1] Sculptor from Paros, mid 4th cent. BC Sculptor from Paros, active in the mid 4th cent. BC, working mostly in marble and very occasionally in bronze. In the opinion of the ancient world, S. was one of the most important masters of Greek sculpture. Written records ascribe to him approximately 25-30 individual works and major projects, which should probably be allotted to several sculptors with the same name of different generations. The extant pediment sculptures from th…
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Scopelianus
(132 words)
[German version] (Σκοπελιανός;
Skopelianós). Sophist from Clazomenae, active
c. 80-115 AD. According to Philostr. VS 1,21,514, our only source, S. was taught by Nicetes [2], presumably in Smyrna where S. too taught (his pupils included Polemon) and declaimed. Renowned especially for subjects drawn from the Persian Wars, S. had a vigorous style (apparent also in his epic Γιγαντία (
Gigantía), criticised as 'dithyrambic'. Like his ancestors he was high priest of the province of Asia (ἀρχιερεύς/
archiereús). Often an envoy to emperors,
c. 92 AD he successfully opposed Domitian's…
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Scopelus
(64 words)
[German version] (Σκόπελος;
Skópelos). Foothills of the Amanus between Rhosus and Seleucia [2] Pieria (Ptol. 5,15,2) with the cape Ras al-Ḫinzīr. It formed the natural boundary, and in Late Antiquity, also the political boundary between Syria and Cilicia; in the Middle Ages, there were Greek, Syrian, Armenian, and Latin monasteries in this region. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography Hild/Hellenkemper, s. v. Ras al-Hinzir, s. v. Skopelos.
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Scordisci
(228 words)
[German version] Celtic tribe with Illyrian and Thracian elements. They originally settled in the northern central Balkans (Str. 7,5,12) - the 'Greater S.' to the east of the Noarus as far as the Margus [1] (modern Morava), and the 'Lesser S.' on the right bank of the latter. To the south the territory of the S. extended as far as the sources of the Margus. The precise boundaries of the tribal territory, however, are hard to ascertain; in the 1st cent. BC its nucleus was at the confluence of the Savus and the Danube. About the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC the S. and other Celtic tribes …
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Scorpion
(19 words)
[German version] [1] see Arachnids see Arachnids [German version] [2] see Catapult C. (
scorpio) s. Catapult C.
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Scotland, Law of
(1,697 words)
[English version] The kingdom of Scotland grew between 850 and 1050 from a combination of four peoples: the Picts, the Irish
Scoti of Dalriada, the Britons and the Anglo-Saxons. All four peoples made a contribution to Scots law (SL). But the most important contribution was made by the Gaelic-speaking
Scoti, with Irish or Celtic law. Little written testimony has come down to us from this early period, most of it relating to awards of land in an early feudal society. But several institutions of Celtic law survived as the basis of SL. The beginnings of a specifically Scottish law lie in t…
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Scotti
(80 words)
[German version] (
Scoti, 'Scots'). A Celtic people - wild and bellicose according to Roman reports - which originally settled in the north of Hibernia (Ireland) (Oros. 1,2,81 f.). In the late 4th cent. AD, groups of them ferried across to Britannia (Amm. 18,2,3; 26,4,5; 27,8,1; 29,4,7). The S. had been Christianised before AD 431 in Hibernia by the deacon Palladius (Prosp. 1301) and came to develop a very active monastery culture. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography G. and A. Ritchie, Scotland, 1985.
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Scotussa
(125 words)
[German version] (Σκοτοῦσσα/
Skotoûssa). City in Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, about 20 km to the west of Pherae at modern Skotoússa. (earlier Supli; Cynoscephalae). Attested by finds, remains and myth as very ancient, its first period of prosperity came to an end when the population was massacred by Alexander [15] of Pherae in 367 BC (Diod. 15,75,1; Paus. 6,5,2 f.). S. was not insignificant under Macedonian rule (Pol. 18,20,2-6; Liv. 33,6,8), and in the Thessalian League after 197 (Liv. 36,9,3). After …
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Screw
(531 words)
[German version] The screw appears among the five simple mechanical instruments listed in the
Mechanics of Hero I of Alexandria (1st cent. AD), next to the rotating axle, lever, pulley and wedge (Hero, Mēchaniká 2,5). It is not mentioned either in the description of surgical instruments in Hippocrates (Hippoc. Perì agmôn 31) or in Aristotelian mechanics. Since there is no indication of the use of the screw before Archimedes [1], it can be considered one of the most significant technical inventions of the Hellenistic period. It appears that the principle of the screw was first us…
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Scriba
(604 words)
In Rome,
scribae (plural) were professional literates with higher qualifications; they were thus not simple copiers (
librarii) but secretaries and accountants, in the early period even authors (Fest. p. 446).
Scribae worked in both private and public spheres. [German version] I. Scribae in private households Slaves who assisted their masters in writing tasks were generally called
(servi) librarii (Plin. HN 7,91; ILS 7398; 7401) or
amanuenses (Suet. Nero 44,1; ILS 7395). The expression
s. librarius is only rarely attested (CIL VI 8881). Secretaries entrusted with more …
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Scribes
(4,529 words)
I. Mesopotamia [German version] A. Scribes and schools In the course of the long history of Mesopotamian cuneiform culture from about 3200 BC to the end of the 1st millennium BC, scribes and schools undoubtedly underwent more changes than the continuity of terminology seems to indicate. At the beginning of the 3rd millennium, when cuneiform writing had already been used for more than two centuries, the art of writing itself had not yet become a profession in its own rights. This is evident from texts da…
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Scribonia
(264 words)
[German version] [1] Wife of Octavian, 1st cent. BC Born
c. 66 BC, daughter of L. Scribonius Libo, sister of L. Scribonius [I 7] Libo,
cos. in 34. Her third marriage was to Octavianus (Augustus; Tac. Ann. 2,27) in 40 BC, before that she was married to Cn. Cornelius [I 52] Lentulus Marcellinus,
cos. 56, and P. Cornelius Scipio, the father of her son P. Cornelius Scipio (Suet. Aug. 62, but cf. the genealogy in [2], according to which S.'s second marriage was to P. Cornelius Scipio,
cos. suff. in 35, son of Lentulus). At the end of 39 Octavianus divorced S. - one day after she gave …
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Scribonianus
(63 words)
[German version] S. Camerinus belonged to the family of the Licinii, probably the son of Licinius [II 10] Crassus, who was
cos. in AD 64. S. was apparently killed along with his parents under Nero. Under Vitellius, a slave by the name of Geta claimed to be S. but was exposed and executed (Tac. Hist. 2,72). PIR2 L 241. Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Scribonius
(2,206 words)
Name of a Roman plebeian family, probably from Caudium (CIL I2 1744 f.) and attested from the time of the 2nd Punic War. The branch of the Libones (S. [I 5-7; II 4-7]) attained the consulship with S. [I 7] and was part of the Roman high nobility in the early Imperial period. The Curiones (S. [I 1-4]), prominent in the 2nd and 1st cents. BC, disappeared with the Republic. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] S. Curio, C. As aedile in 196 BC, he built the Temple of Faunus on the Tiber Island.
Praetor urbanus in 183 and the second plebeian to be elected
curio [2] maximus …
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Scrinium
(711 words)
[German version] I. Meaning The etymology may be related to the Latin
scribere, 'to write' [1; 2]: a closable Roman cupboard or a container for scrolls, letters, documents, etc., then also an archive or office (Plin. Ep. 7,27,14; 10,65,3) and, since Diocletian (end of the 3rd cent. AD), specifically an office in the imperial court administration or in a civil administration or military authority outside the court with a large scope of files to manage in official correspondence. Gizewski, Christian (Berlin) [German version] II. Book container The
scrinium (or
capsa) was a rectangul…
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Scriptio plena
(103 words)
[German version] ('full mode of writing'). Technical term for writing systems in which consonants and vowels both are represented by characters (as opposed to:
scriptio defectiva, where only consonants are denoted). In Semitic linguistics in particular,
plene writing refers to the writing of words with the inclusion of the usually omitted vowel letters, the so-called
matres lectionis, while vowels otherwise were indicated only, if at all, by diacritical marks. In papyrology and codicology,
scriptio plena refers to the unusual writing-out of normally abbreviated words.…
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Scriptorium
(940 words)
[German version] The present-day use of the term scriptorium refers to the writing workshop for the production of books in the period prior to the invention of the printing press. For Antiquity, there is no evidence of the word
scriptorium in this sense; the first record is Isid. Orig. 6,9,2 (in the sense of a writing stylus). However, we know that ancient libraries must have had such an establishment since the book supply for the library was not acquired from booksellers but was produced on site. In an anecdote transmitted by Galen,…
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Scriptura
(124 words)
[German version] (literally 'that which is written down'), in the field of law, denoted all Roman documents, and (as literacy increased) from the Principate, but esp. in late antiquity, e.g. the testament, the note of hand (
cheirógraphon ), generally the contract, but also a legal opinion or a legal ruling, provided that these were given in writing. In a narrower sense, probably arising from the fact that the Roman tax farmers (
publicani ) 'marked down' transactions of relinquishment of public pasture to private (sub-)lessees,
scriptura was the payment the lessee had to make for…
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Scripulum
(258 words)
[German version] (also
scrupulum, 'little stone', from
scrupus; Greek γράμμα/
grámma, cf. English 'scruple'). Roman unit of weight of 1/24
uncia = 1/288
libra [1] ('pound') = 1·137 g. The
scripulum is probably the unit used for a number of central-Italian and Etruscan gold and silver coins. In Rome, the
quadrigatus , the gold oath-scene coins which accompanied it and the earliest
denarius with the associated Mars/eagle gold issue were based on the
scripulum. The
quadrigatus corresponded to 6
scripula, the
denarius to 4, and the
sestertius to 1
scripulum. Because of the popularity o…
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Scroll
(1,258 words)
[German version] (κύλινδρος/
kýlindros, Lat.
rotulus, volumen). Greek papyrus scrolls from Egypt, most in a fragmentary state, survive from as early as the late 4th cent. BC. It is uncertain to what extent the oldest scrolls were similar to the examples preserved from the Hellenistic period. Depictions on 5th-cent. BC vases show scrolls written parallel to the narrow side (Lat. technical term:
transversa charta), thus differing from the standard type, in which the text was arranged parallel to the long side, along the entire length of the scroll, in columns (
selis, Lat.
pagina) succeed…
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Sculpting, technique of
(1,584 words)
[German version] I. Near East The oldest examples of a developed sculptural technique in stone from the Ancient Near East are from the later 4th millennium BC (Uruk). The most important genres of monuments are free-standing sculpture and relief (stele, rock reliefs, orthostats, obelisks). The material was worked with metal tools and probably hard stone tools. Traces of tools are rarely preserved due to smoothing and polishing of the surface with abrasives. Surfaces could be shaped through the incisio…
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Sculptor
(546 words)
[German version] In Graeco-Roman culture sculptors were less artists than technicians, as were, in the early period at least, architects and inventors. The ancient terms for them relate to the materials they use, e.g.
lithourgós/
sculptor (for stone),
chalkourgós/
aerarius (bronze),
plástēs or
koropláthos/
fictor (clay),
ceroplastes (wax), and the social esteem of the product, e.g.
lapidarius (stonecutter),
agalmatopoiós and
andriantopoiós (artist of pictures of people and gods) and
toreutḗs (maker of small bronzes). Signatures occasionally give information about…
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Sculpture
(5,548 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Near East Stone figures and reliefs, in part large-sized, are authenticated in Palestine, Anatolia and Upper Mesopotamia as early as the Aceramic Neolithic Age (7th millennium BC), although in Mesopotamia not until the 6th millennium in the form of small idols. As the context of the finds suggests, they were part of cult buildings, and in the Levant also of a grave cult. The early Sumerian anthropomorphic stone sculpture from Uruk (late 4th millennium) and the early Elamian…
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Scultenna
(64 words)
[German version] Right-hand tributary of the Padus (Po) in Aemilia, which flows down from the Apennines from the territory of the Ligures Friniates (Liv. 41,12,18) into the region of Mutina. In the valley of the S. sheep were bred (particularly soft wool, cf. Str. 5,1,12: Σκουλτάννα). Today the river is called Scoltenna in the mountains, Panaro on the plain. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
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Scupi
(504 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Macedonia, Macedones | Moesi, Moesia | Rome (Σκοῦποι/
Skoûpoi, Lat.
Scupi). [German version] I. Location, Roman Period City of the Illyrian Dardani [4] on the Axius, on the road from Stobi to Naissus (Ptol. 3,9,6; 8,11,5;
Scunis, Tab. Peut. 7,4; Hierocles, Synecdemos 655,8), 5 km northwest of present-day Skopje. S. was a Roman
colonia beginning in the Flavian Period (AD 69-96; ILS 2461), fortified under Hadrianus (ILS 3860). As evidenced by veteran inscriptions, S.…
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Scylax
(311 words)
(Σκύλαξ;
Skýlax). [German version] [1] From Caryanda, explorer 519/18 BC S. from Caryanda. Discoverer of shipping routes and geographer, in 519/512 BC [5. 78] in the service of Darius [1], he sailed down the Indus [1] from Caspapyrus to the Indian coast, then - rounding the Arabian peninsula for the first time - through the Erythra Thalatta [1] to modern Suez (Hdt. 4,44) in 30 months [1. vol. 1, 33, 52 f.; 1. vol. 2, 14 f.; 2. 622 f.]. S. wrote about Heraclides of Mylasa (Suda s.v. Σ.), and therefore died after 480 BC ([2. 634 f.]). Seven fragments on India (FGrH 709) are ascribed to his
Pe…
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Scyles
(114 words)
[German version] (Σκύλης/
Ský
l
ēs). Scythian King around the mid 5th cent. BC, son of a Greek woman from Istros and of Ariapeithes whose realm he inherited. However, due to his Greek way of life, S. was forced to flee to Sitalces [1] who turned him over to S.' half-brother Octamasades, who had S. put to death (Hdt. 4,78-80). The name of S. has been transmitted on a gold ring. Several bronze emissions from Niconia are attributed to S. Peter, Ulrike (Berlin) Bibliography V. A. Anochin, Die Münzen der skythischen Könige, in: Hamburger Beitrage zur Archäologie 18, 1991, 141-150 (esp. 142-144) F.…
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Scylla
(385 words)
(Σκύλλα/
Skýlla, Σκύλλη/
Skýllē, Lat.
Scylla). [German version] [1] Sea monster Sea monster, daughter of Crataeis or Hecate and Phorcys; originally a young woman, transformed by Circe, Amphitrite or Poseidon into a monster (Hom. Od. 12,73-92; Anaxilas fr. 22,4 PCG 2; Verg. Ecl. 6,74-77; Verg. Aen. 3,426-432; Isid. Orig. 11,3,32; Them. Or. 22,279b-d compares the various depictions) out of jealousy when she was wooed by Glaucus [1] (Ov. Met. 13,900-968; 14,1-74; Hyg. Fab. 199). S. lived in a cave opposite Ch…
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Scyllaeum
(58 words)
[German version] (Σκύλλαιον;
Skýllaion). Promontory in the extreme east of Argolis between Hermione and Troezen (Str. 8,5,1; Paus. 2,39,7; Plin. HN 4,17; Ptol. 3,16,11: Σκύλαιον; Mela 2,49,50; Thuc. 5,53), modern Cape Skyli. 3 km to the west at modern Phurkaria there is a Mycenaean and Hellenistic-Roman settlement. Tausend, Sabine Bibliography N. Pharaklas, Ancient Greek Cities, vol.. 10, 1972, app. 2, 2.
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Scylletium
(161 words)
[German version] (Σκυλλήτιον/
Skyllḗtion, Σκυλλάκιον/
Skyllákion, Latin
Scolacium). City on the east coast of Bruttia on the gulf named after it (
kólpos Skyllētikós; [1. 63]; today still Golfo di Squillace); ground plan of the Roman city and building foundations from the 1st/2nd cent. AD near modern Roccelletta di Borgia. In ancient tradition S. was seen as the northernmost place in
Italía (Antiochos FGrH 555 F 5; Aristot. Pol. 1329b 13 f.; Str. 6,1,4). S. (founded in the second half of the 6th cent. BC) was at first dependent on Croton, then on Locri …
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Scymnus
(282 words)
(Σκύμνος;
Skýmnos). [German version] [1] Author of a periegesis of Asia and Europe, 2nd cent. BC Probably a son of Apelles from Chios, who in 185/4 BC became a Delphic
próxenos (
Proxenía ; Syll.4 585, 86) [1. 661]. In conjunction with Hecataeus [3] [1. 671 f.] he wrote a periegesis (
Periēgḗtēs ) of Asia and of Europe with the Outer Sea in many books. The nine surviving fragments [1. 664-671] also show an interest in history, i.e. in the foundings of cities (fr. 3 and 8) and sanctuaries (fr. 1), in mythology (fr. 5) and vegetation (fr. 9 on Britain after Pytheas [4] [1. 670]). Gärtner, Hans Ar…
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Scyphates
(209 words)
[German version] A modern term derived from Greek σκύφος/
skýphos, 'cup', for a late Byzantine dish-shaped coin. In the course of the 11th cent. AD - after initial mintings under Michael IV (1034-1041) - under Constantine IX (1042-1055) Byzantine gold coins (
histámena) increasingly took on this form and towards the end of the 11th cent. gold coins were minted exclusively as scyphates [1; 2]. This type was retained well into the Palaeologan period (from mid 13th cent.) [3]. As well as those made of gold, there were also scyphates made of elektron, silver and copper [1; 3]. Eastern Celtic t…
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Scyros
(208 words)
[German version] (Σκῦρος;
Skŷros). Infertile island (limestone, slate, the Breccia marble popular in the Roman Imperial period) with many bays, to the east of Euboea [1] (202 km2; Str. 2,5,21; 9,5,16; Ptol. 3,13,47; Plin. HN 4,69; 72), rising in the south to 792 m, surrounded by several islets. The island was settled from the Mesolithic onwards (e.g. finds on Achilli Bay), in the Neolithic it was a staging post for trade in obsidian from Melos to the northern Aegaean (Aigaion Pelagos). The ancient polis of S., on the sit…
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Scythae
(3,516 words)
(Σκύθαι/
Skýthai). I. Archaeology and culture [German version] A. Introduction; heartlands Economic systems with a strong nomadic element developed from Mongolia in the east to the Carpathian Alps in the west during the 1st millennium BC. This led to the emergence of a characteristic material culture with defining features of striking similarity across great distances. As far as is known so far, armed warriors on horseback can be assumed to have emerged in eastern Europe in the second quarter of the 2nd mi…
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Scythe
(193 words)
[German version] The scythe (
falx faenaria; Greek: χορτοδρέπανον/
chortodrépanon) was regarded in Antiquity as a kind of sickle and distinguished from it terminologically only by means of an adjective. Its use remained limited to Italy and the northern and western parts of the ancient world; in Greece, by contrast, it was unknown in Antiquity. Scythes were used for mowing grass and hay (Varro Rust. 1,49,1). Plinius distinguishes a shorter Italian type and a longer Gaulish one (Plin. HN 18,261: “falcium …
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Scythes
(206 words)
(Σκύθης). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles Third son of Heracles [1] (or Zeus: Diod. 2,43,3) and Echidna, brother of Agathyrsus and Gelonus [1]. Is the only son able to accomplish the task, set by his father, of drawing his bow and putting on his belt, and so becomes the king of Hylaea and the eponym of the Scythae (Hdt. 4,8-10; Steph. Byz. s. v. Σκύθαι; IG 1293 A 95 f.; cf. Sen. Herc. f. 533; Sen. Herc. Oetaeus 157). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography
1 A. Nercessian, s. v. S. (1), LIMC 7.1, 794. [German version] [2] Tyrant of Cos, c. 500 BC Tyrant of Cos
c. 500 BC; in 494/3 he handed his…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scythians
(173 words)
[German version] [1] See Scythae See Scythae. Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) [German version] [2] Group of slaves in Athens, c. 400 BC In late 5th and early 4th cent. BC Athens used a body of Scythian archers as public slaves (Demosioi) who were to keep order at the meetings of the Council and Assembly (e.g. Aristoph. Ach. 54; Equ. 665). They were also called
Speusínioi after their alleged founder Speusinus (Suda, s.v. τoξóται; Poll. 8,132). A force of 300 was bought in the mid 5th cent. (And. Or. 3,5 = Aeschin. Leg. 173). According to the lexica they lived on th…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scythinus
(124 words)
[German version] (Σκυθῖνος;
Skythînos). iambic poet from Teos (Steph. Byz. s. v. Τέως), perhaps 5th or 4th century B.C. S. composed a poem expounding Heraclitus' [1] philosophy (cited in Diog. Laert. 9,16 = fr. 46 Wehrli), perhaps entitled
On Nature (περὶ φύσεως), as in the lemma of Stob. 1,8,43 citing fr. 2 W. on 'time', either in prose or in corrupted trochaic tetrameters [1], the metre of S.' two lines about Apollo's lyre cited Plut. de Pyth. or. 16,402a. Ath. 11,461e cites an account of Herakles' conquests from an apparently prose ‘
historía’ (FGrH 13 F 1). Iambographers Bowie, Ewen (O…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sea
(630 words)
[German version] The world inhabited by Graeco-Roman Antiquity was essentially determined by its geographical centre, the Mare Nostrum and the large adjacent seas, the Ionios Kolpos, the Aigaion Pelagos, and the Pontos Euxeinos; the peripheral seas - Mare Germanicum, Mare Suebicum, Caspian Sea, Erythra Thalatta and the adjacent seas Arabios Kolpos (the modern Red Sea), the Persian Gulf, and the Oceanus - formed fundamentally different worlds (particularly the Persian Gulf at the time of the Near E…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sea gods
(1,210 words)
[German version] A. Overview The modern category of sea gods has no direct ancient equivalent. This does not automatically make it unusable, but it is inadequate as an attempt to classify and systematize religious organisations in order to understand ancient polytheistic systems (Polytheism). Moreover, scholars tend to concentrate on Greek deities, while possible Roman equivalents are viewed as secondary and derived from Greek gods; therefore they are frequently denied independent discussion. Phillips, C. Robert III. (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) [German version] B. Greek The mo…
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Brill’s New Pauly