Brill’s New Pauly

This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Macedonia, Macedones | Moesi, Moesia | Rome (Σκοῦποι/ Skoûpoi, Lat. Scupi). [German version] I. Location, Roman Period City of the Illyrian Dardani [4] on the Axius, on the road from Stobi to Naissus (Ptol. 3,9,6; 8,11,5; Scunis, Tab. Peut. 7,4; Hierocles, Synecdemos 655,8), 5 km northwest of present-day Skopje. S. was a Roman colonia beginning in the Flavian Period (AD 69-96; ILS 2461), fortified under Hadrianus (ILS 3860). As evidenced by veteran inscriptions, S.…

see Entertainers

(Σκύλαξ; Skýlax). [German version] [1] From Caryanda, explorer 519/18 BC S. from Caryanda. Discoverer of shipping routes and geographer, in 519/512 BC [5. 78] in the service of Darius [1], he sailed  down the Indus [1] from Caspapyrus to the Indian coast, then - rounding the Arabian peninsula for the first time - through the Erythra Thalatta [1] to modern Suez (Hdt. 4,44) in 30 months [1. vol. 1, 33, 52 f.; 1. vol. 2, 14 f.; 2. 622 f.]. S. wrote about Heraclides of Mylasa (Suda s.v. Σ.), and therefore died after 480 BC ([2. 634 f.]). Seven fragments on India (FGrH 709) are ascribed to his Pe…

[German version] (Σκύλης/ Ský l ēs). Scythian King around the mid 5th cent. BC, son of a Greek woman from Istros and of Ariapeithes whose realm he inherited. However, due to his Greek way of life, S. was forced to flee to Sitalces [1] who turned him over to S.' half-brother Octamasades, who had S. put to death (Hdt. 4,78-80). The name of S. has been transmitted on a gold ring. Several bronze emissions from Niconia are attributed to S. Peter, Ulrike (Berlin) Bibliography V. A. Anochin, Die Münzen der skythischen Könige, in: Hamburger Beitrage zur Archäologie 18, 1991, 141-150 (esp. 142-144)  F.…

(Σκύλλα/ Skýlla, Σκύλλη/ Skýllē, Lat. Scylla). [German version] [1] Sea monster Sea monster, daughter of Crataeis or Hecate and Phorcys; originally a young woman, transformed by Circe, Amphitrite or Poseidon into a monster (Hom. Od. 12,73-92; Anaxilas fr. 22,4 PCG 2; Verg. Ecl. 6,74-77; Verg. Aen. 3,426-432; Isid. Orig. 11,3,32; Them. Or. 22,279b-d compares the various depictions) out of jealousy when she was wooed by Glaucus [1] (Ov. Met. 13,900-968; 14,1-74; Hyg. Fab. 199). S. lived in a cave opposite Ch…

[German version] (Σκύλλαιον; Skýllaion). Promontory in the extreme east of Argolis between Hermione and Troezen (Str. 8,5,1; Paus. 2,39,7; Plin. HN 4,17; Ptol. 3,16,11: Σκύλαιον; Mela 2,49,50;  Thuc. 5,53), modern Cape Skyli. 3 km to the west at modern Phurkaria there is a Mycenaean and Hellenistic-Roman settlement. Tausend, Sabine Bibliography N. Pharaklas, Ancient Greek Cities, vol.. 10, 1972, app. 2, 2.

[German version] (Σκυλλήτιον/ Skyllḗtion, Σκυλλάκιον/ Skyllákion, Latin Scolacium). City on the east coast of Bruttia on the gulf named after it ( kólpos Skyllētikós; [1. 63]; today still Golfo di Squillace); ground plan of the Roman city and building foundations from  the 1st/2nd cent. AD near modern Roccelletta di Borgia. In ancient tradition S. was seen as the northernmost place in Italía (Antiochos FGrH 555 F 5; Aristot. Pol. 1329b 13 f.; Str. 6,1,4). S. (founded in the second half of the 6th cent. BC) was at first dependent on Croton, then on Locri …

(Σκύμνος; Skýmnos). [German version] [1] Author of a periegesis of Asia and Europe, 2nd cent. BC Probably a son of Apelles from Chios, who in 185/4 BC became a Delphic próxenos ( Proxenía ; Syll.4 585, 86) [1. 661]. In conjunction with Hecataeus [3] [1. 671 f.] he wrote a periegesis ( Periēgḗtēs ) of Asia and of Europe with the Outer Sea in many books. The nine surviving fragments [1. 664-671] also show an interest in history, i.e. in the foundings of cities (fr. 3 and 8) and sanctuaries (fr. 1), in mythology (fr. 5) and vegetation (fr. 9 on Britain after Pytheas [4] [1. 670]). Gärtner, Hans Ar…

[German version] A modern term derived from Greek σκύφος/ skýphos, 'cup', for a late Byzantine dish-shaped coin. In the course of the 11th cent. AD - after initial mintings under Michael IV (1034-1041) - under Constantine IX (1042-1055) Byzantine gold coins ( histámena) increasingly took on this form and towards the end of the 11th cent. gold coins were minted exclusively as scyphates [1; 2]. This type was retained well into the Palaeologan period (from mid 13th cent.) [3]. As well as those made of gold, there were also scyphates made of elektron, silver and copper [1; 3]. Eastern Celtic t…

[German version] (Σκῦρος; Skŷros). Infertile island (limestone, slate, the Breccia marble popular in the Roman Imperial period) with many bays, to the east of Euboea [1] (202 km2; Str. 2,5,21; 9,5,16; Ptol. 3,13,47; Plin. HN 4,69; 72), rising in the south to 792 m, surrounded by several islets. The island was settled from the Mesolithic onwards (e.g. finds on Achilli Bay), in the Neolithic it was a staging post for trade in obsidian from Melos to the northern Aegaean (Aigaion Pelagos). The ancient polis of S., on the sit…

(Σκύθαι/ Skýthai). I. Archaeology and culture [German version] A. Introduction; heartlands Economic systems with a strong nomadic element developed from Mongolia in the east to the Carpathian Alps in the west during the 1st millennium BC. This led to the emergence of a characteristic material culture with defining features of striking similarity across great distances. As far as is known so far, armed warriors on horseback can be assumed to have emerged in eastern Europe in the second quarter of the 2nd mi…

[German version] The scythe ( falx faenaria; Greek: χορτοδρέπανον/ chortodrépanon) was regarded in Antiquity as a kind of sickle and distinguished from it terminologically only by means of an adjective. Its use remained limited to Italy and the northern and western parts of the ancient world; in Greece, by contrast, it was unknown in Antiquity. Scythes were used for mowing grass and hay (Varro Rust. 1,49,1). Plinius distinguishes a shorter Italian type and a longer Gaulish one (Plin. HN 18,261: “falcium …

(Σκύθης). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles Third son of Heracles [1] (or Zeus: Diod. 2,43,3) and Echidna, brother of Agathyrsus and Gelonus [1]. Is the only son able to accomplish the task, set by his father, of drawing his bow and putting on his belt, and so becomes the king of Hylaea and the eponym of the Scythae (Hdt. 4,8-10; Steph. Byz. s. v. Σκύθαι; IG 1293 A 95 f.; cf. Sen. Herc. f. 533; Sen. Herc. Oetaeus 157). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography 1 A. Nercessian, s. v. S. (1), LIMC 7.1, 794. [German version] [2] Tyrant of Cos, c. 500 BC Tyrant of  Cos c. 500 BC; in 494/3 he handed his…

[German version] [1] See Scythae See Scythae. Rhodes, Peter J. (Durham) [German version] [2] Group of slaves in Athens, c. 400 BC In late 5th and early 4th cent. BC Athens used a body of Scythian archers as public slaves (Demosioi) who were to keep order at the meetings of the Council and Assembly (e.g. Aristoph. Ach. 54; Equ. 665). They were also called Speusínioi after their alleged founder Speusinus (Suda, s.v. τoξóται; Poll. 8,132). A force of 300 was bought in the mid 5th cent. (And. Or. 3,5 = Aeschin. Leg. 173). According to the lexica they lived on th…

[German version] (Σκυθῖνος; Skythînos). iambic poet from Teos (Steph. Byz. s. v. Τέως), perhaps 5th or 4th century B.C. S. composed a poem expounding Heraclitus' [1] philosophy (cited in Diog. Laert. 9,16 = fr. 46 Wehrli), perhaps entitled On Nature (περὶ φύσεως), as in the lemma of Stob. 1,8,43 citing fr. 2 W. on 'time', either in prose or in corrupted trochaic tetrameters [1], the metre of S.' two lines about Apollo's lyre cited Plut. de Pyth. or. 16,402a. Ath. 11,461e cites an account of Herakles' conquests from an apparently prose ‘ historía’ (FGrH 13 F 1). Iambographers  Bowie, Ewen (O…

see Beisan

[German version] The world inhabited by Graeco-Roman Antiquity was essentially determined by its geographical centre, the Mare Nostrum and the large adjacent seas, the Ionios Kolpos, the Aigaion Pelagos, and the Pontos Euxeinos; the peripheral seas - Mare Germanicum, Mare Suebicum, Caspian Sea, Erythra Thalatta and the adjacent seas Arabios Kolpos (the modern Red Sea), the Persian Gulf, and the Oceanus - formed fundamentally different worlds (particularly the Persian Gulf at the time of the Near E…

see Chrysophrys

see Fish dishes (and seafood)

[German version] A. Overview The modern category of sea gods has no direct ancient equivalent. This does not automatically make it unusable, but it is inadequate as an attempt to classify and systematize religious organisations in order to understand ancient polytheistic systems (Polytheism). Moreover, scholars tend to concentrate on Greek deities, while possible Roman equivalents are viewed as secondary and derived from Greek gods; therefore they are frequently denied independent discussion. Phillips, C. Robert III. (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) [German version] B. Greek The mo…

[German version] The various ancient names do not admit reliable classification into particular species. Nevertheless, based on Aristot. Hist. an. 5,9,542b 17, Plin. HN 10,91 suggests gavia as the Latin equivalent of λάρος/ láros (λαρίς/ larís) and mergus of αἴθυα/ aíthya ( mergulus, mergunculus with the etymology in Varro, Ling. 5,78: "because it catches its food by diving into the water"). However, since the habit of diving is far more typical of the grebe family, which likewise has several species, these may be what both Pliny and Alb…

see Hippocampus

[German version] (φώκη/ phṓkē, Latin vitulus marinus, 'sea-calf', or phoca, Manil. 5,661) was the term in Antiquity for the monk seal, Monachus monachus, up to 4 m long with a whitish underside  and rare in the Mediterranean. Only Tac. Germ. 17 seems to allude to the pelt of the common seal ( Phoca vitulina). The monk seal is known as early as Homer (Hom. Od. 4,404-06, cf. H. Hom. 3,77 φῶκαί τε μέλαιναι/ phôkaí te mélainai, 'the black seals'), but also in Aristophanes (Vesp. 1035; Pax 758) and Theocritus 8,52. Despite their innocuousness  (Diod. 3,41) they were hunted…

I. Ancient Near East [German version] A. General The art of carving stone is known to scholars of the Ancient Near East as 'glyptics'; the more appropriate term 'sphragistics' (from the Greek sphragís ) has not become widely accepted. Given the large number of attested original seals, and their impressions or rolled impressions from all periods, and given the great variety of types determined by their functions, seals constitute one of the most important sources in the cultural history of the Ancient Near East. Blocher, Felix [German version] B. Forms, materials, manufacture Two main f…

[German version] I. Description The term 'Sea People' or 'Sea Peoples' originates from Egyptian royal inscriptions of the 19th and 20th Dynasties, where it is used as an addition to ethnonyms characterizing the tribal warrior-groups that, as sea-faring invaders 'from the middle of the sea' (or 'from the islands in the middle of the sea'), plagued Lower Egypt and the Egyptian sphere of influence in southern Syria from the beginning of the 14th until far into the 12th cent. BC. Among the groups of 'no…

(ὧραι, hôrai; tempora anni). [German version] I. Asia Minor/ Egypt The definition of seasons and of a year as a unit of time was largely governed by regularly recurring natural events, such as the floods of the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia (a short vegetation period and summer drought, the topic of the Sumerian poem about the dispute between summer and winter, see Kindler 19, 604) and of the Nile in Egypt (Nile inundation, vegetation period, summer heat, each lasting for four months). The prevalent…

[German version] Essential item of furniture for sitting on in the sparsely furnished ancient household, mainly made of wood (maple, beech, oak), but sometimes also of bronze and partially or entirely of gold (Hdt. 1,14; Ath. 12,514) or marble. Occasionally individual parts of the chair also consisted of other materials such as ivory or onyx (Plin. HN 36,59), metal or precious metal. There were also woven seats made of willow branches (Plin. HN 16,174). Depictions and stone copies show what they looked like. In Antiquity the principal forms (cf.. Ath. 5,192e-f) were the díphros …

[German version] (ἐχῖνος ὁ θαλάσσιος/ echînos ho thalássios; Latin echinus). This echinoderm (member of the class of Echinodermata) is considered by Aristotle (Hist. an. 4,4,528a 7) to be crustaceous (ὀστρακόδερμα/ ostrakóderma) and described in several species, including the edible Echinus esculentus L., (ibid. 4,5,530a 32-b 20). Their eggs, which were eaten particularly by the Romans as a delicacy (Plaut. Rud. 297; Hor. Sat. 2,4,33 on the best being from Misenum; Sen. Epist. 95,26), are mentioned in Aristot. Hist. an. 5,12,544a 18-23…

[German version] (Σεβαστή/ Sebast ḗ). City in Phrygia, founded under Augustus by means of synoikismós (involving, i.a., Διοσκωπητεῖς/ Dioskōpēteís, probably also Φλημεῖς/ Phlēmeís; [1. 85 f. no. 16]) on the eastern edge of the valley of the Sinder (Σινδρός/ Sindrós, coins HN 684; modern Banaz river) (IGR IV 635; 682 l. 18). Hellenistic wall remains at modern Selçikler, 2 km to the southwest of Sivaslı (cf. name!) suggest that a polis already existed there. A portion of the ancient road to the east of Selçikler has been discovered. Bishopric in Late Antiquity (Hierocles, Synekdemos 6…

[German version] (Σεβάστεια/ Sebásteia, Σεβαστά/ Sebastá, Σεβάστηα/ Sebástēa, Σεβάσμεια/ Sebásmeia or Σεβάσμια/ Sebásmia). Games in the Roman Imperial Period, for which inscriptions from a few Greek cities are the only evidence. One inscription from Sparta, in which the word S. (σεβαστός/ sebastós is a Greek synonym for the Latin augustus) appears linked with the name of an emperor (CIG I 1424: Σεβάστεια Νερουανίδεια/ Sebásteia Nerouanídeia, 'S. in honour of Nerva'), shows that the games were celebrated in honour of the emperor. On the programme and procedur…

[German version] [1] Senior officer, 2nd half of the 4th cent. A senior officer during the 2nd half of the 4th cent. AD. From 356 to 358 as dux Aegypti he was ordered to proceed against the followers of Athanasius (Athan. Hist. Ar. 59-63; 72; cf. Lib. Ep. 318; 520). On 24 December358 he drove them from the churches (Historia acephala 2,4). From 363 to 378 he was comes rei militaris, in 363 took part in the Persian campaign of Iulianus [11] Apostata (Amm. Marc. 23,3,5), and in 368 in the operation of Valentinianus I against the Alamanni (Amm. Marc. 27,10,6). After …

(Σεβαστόπολις; Sebastópolis). [German version] [1] City in Caria City in the mountainous country of southeastern Caria between Tabae and Themisonium on the road from Heraclea [6] and Apollonia Salbace to Cibyra, at modern Kızılca. The original place name is unknown; in the Imperial period the city was renamed S. and is recorded in inscriptions and on coins (HN 624; [1. 150 f.]). In literature it is first mentioned in the early Byzantine period (Hierocles, Synékdēmos 689). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 F. Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Münzen, 1901/2. L. Bürchner,…

[German version] (Σεβαστός/ Sebastós). Originally a Greek equivalent for the Latin title Augustus, was not introduced as a title in the Byzantine court until the 11th century AD; after 1081 it was conferred - also in combinations such as sebastokrátōr - by the Comnenian emperors predominantly on family members. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography A. Kazhdan, s.v. S., ODB 3, 1862 f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Σεβεννῦτος/ Sebennŷtos). Town in the central Nile Delta, on the Damiette arm of the Nile, Egyptian Ṯb-nṯr, Assyrian Ṣabnūti, modern Samannūd. As a city (its name was also used to denote the 12th district of Lower Egypt) S. is not recorded before the 8th century BC - as the residence of local Libyan princes. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC it became one of the most important towns of the Delta. The kings of the 30th dynasty (380-342)…

[German version] River in Campania, flowing into the Tyrrhenian Sea between Naples (Neapolis [2]) and Herculaneum ( Sebethos: Stat. Silv. 1,2,263; Vibius Sequester 151 R.; ΣΕΠΕΙΘΟΣ on coins from Naples: HN 40); modern Fiume della Maddalena or also Sebeto. According to a myth, S.' daughter ( Sebethis nympha: Verg. Aen. 7,734; Colum. 10,134) bore Telon a son, Oebalus [2]. An aedicula to S. is mentioned in the  inscription CIL X 1480. Sauer, Vera (Stuttgart) Bibliography M. Frederiksen, Campania, 1984, 19 (edited and revised by N. Purcell).

[German version] (Σε(μ)βρῖται/ Se(m)brîtai). According to Str. 16,4,8 and 17,1,2 the term ('foreigners') for (allegedly 240,000) Egyptian soldiers who under Psammetichus [1] I (664-610 BC) deserted from their garrison in Elephantine (cf. Hdt. 2,30 and Diod. Sic. 1,67) and settled in Sudan. As for the precise location of this settlement the sources conflict (cf. apart from Str. also Plin. HN 6,191 ff.; Ptol. 4,20 ff.). The historicity of Herodotus's account can not be confirmed from Egyptian sources…

[German version] Roman tradition terms as secessio (from Latin secedere, 'to go away, to withdraw') the remonstrative exodus of the Roman plebeians from the urban area delimited by the pomerium on to a neighbouring hill. This action was on a number of occasions the culmination of confrontation between the patricians ( patricii ) and the plebs . The first secessio in particular may have been instrumental in the formation of a self-conscious plebeian community under the leadership of at first two, later apparently five people's tribunes ( tribunus plebis ), to whose…

[German version] I. Concept A term often used by modern scholarship, particularly for the Greek culture (esp. literary culture) during the Roman Empire between AD 60 and AD 230 when 'Sophistic declamation' (μελέτη/melétē) became one of the most prestigious cultural activities in the Greek world. Philostratus (Philostr.VS 1 praefatio 481, cf. 1,18,507) first uses (and, it seems, coined) the term 'Second Sophistic' to distinguish the declamatory conventions that he claims were introduced by Aeschines ( i.e., for example, the adoption of 'personae' of oligarchs, tyrants o…

[German version] A 'separated room', a court room that generally was closed to the public in the Roman administrative buidling ( praetorium ), mentioned in this sense as early as in AD 303 (Lactant. De mort. pers. 15,5; cf. [2. 166]). Bars ( cancellum: Amm. Marc. 30,4,19; Lydus, Mag. 3,37) were used to divide the public from the secretarium, which could further be closed off completely by curtains ( vela). Access was permitted, however, to certain persons of rank ( honorati). Ebner, Constanze (Innsbruck) Bibliography 1 A. Checchini, Scritti giuridici e storico-giuridici, vol. …

[German version] A. Ancient Near East Xenophon (Cyr. 8,2,10ff.) tells of undercover informants, the “eyes and ears of the king”, who reported to the Persian king. Antecedents of this Achaemenid institution can be found in Mesopotamia: soothsayers (Mari 18th cent. BC) and state officials (Assyria 8th/7th cents.) undertook in their oath of office to report to the king any moves or actions against him. The extent to which fear of the “eyes and ears of the king” was an encumbrance to contemporaries can be…

[German version] ('liquidation of assets') is the model for the Roman collection of debts ( missio in possessionem ) executed against debtors in Roman law. If someone, esp. a tax collector ( publicani ), owed money to the state, all his assets were liquidated. The buyer had to assume the debt. The purchase price went to the treasury ( aerarium ). Guarantors ( praedes) whom the state debtor often had to procure were subject to SB as well. Debt Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) Bibliography M. Kaser, K. Hackl, Das römische Zivilprozeßrecht 21996, 389 f.

see Ludi (K.); Saeculum

Common Roman cognomen, originally designating the second-born child. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Saturninius S. Salutius Praef. praet. Orientis 361-365 and 365-366 ( iterum), from a non-senatorial family in Gallia, a non-Christian. Between 324 and 350, he held several offices at court as well as governorships in the western part of the empire. In 355-359, he held the quaestura sacri palatii at the court of Caesar Iulianus [11] (CIL VI 1764 = ILS 1255) in Gallia who came to trust S. and, upon his rise to Augustus after the death of Co…

[German version] The axe, sign of authority ( imperium ), carried by the lictors ( lictor ) together with the fasces (bundles of rods), was used in the early Roman period for beheadings (according to literary tradition the final instance at Rome being that of the sons of Junius Brutus (Iunius [I 4]), Liv. 2,5,5). Later it was mostly used only outside Rome. Early in the 3rd cent. AD, Ulpian succinctly states: animadverti gladio oportet, non securi ('[execution] must be carried out with the sword, not with the axe', Dig. 48,19,8,1). But around the same time, Caracalla had…

[German version] Imperial Roman personification of general public and political 'security', based upon stable rule and the governing continuity of the Imperial house (frequent motif in times of domestic political crisis). Alongside the sparse literary and epigraphic attestations (Vell. Pat. 2,103,4; Tac. Agr. 3,1; CIL VI 2051,1,30), coins and medallions of the Emperor are particularly prominent sources. Earliest secure evidence: bronze coin of Nero (AD 54-68) inscribed Securitas Augusti (other customary addenda Securitas Augg., perpetua, publica, temporum etc.). Securit…

see Surety; Fiducia; Hypotheke; Pledge, law of; Pignus

see Litter

[German version] M. S. Severianus Iulius Rufinus Acer Metilius Nepos Rufinus Ti. Rutilianus Censor. A senator from the city of Limonum in Aquitania (AE 1981, 640), he was probably admitted to senatorial status from equestrian status. After quaestorship, people's tribuneship and praetorship he achieved command of a legion, the cura viae Flaminiae and praetorian governorship in Dacia (AD 150/1-153) and in 153 consulship. He was dispatched as consular legate to Cappadocia  by Antoninus [1] Pius. There he and his army were defeated by the Parthian…

[German version] (Hebrew/Aramaic, literally 'great world order' in contrast to the less comprehensive work Seder ôlām zuṭâ , 'small word order'). Midrash work presenting a chronological record of dates from the creation of the world to the Bar Kochba revolt (AD 132-135;; Bar Kochba). The Persian Period conspicuously comprises no more than 34 years, and the dates of Alexander [4] the Great to Bar Kochba are presented in summary only. The work, attributed to the Rabbinic scholar Jose ben Ḫalaftâ (c…

[German version] Cicero defines seditio, perhaps by analogy with the Greek term stásis, as “dissensio civium, quod seorsum eunt alii ad alios” ("discord among citizens who separate and go different ways": Cic. Rep. 6,1). Normally, however, seditio designates a serious disturbance of public order, in other words 'rebellion', in the military domain also 'mutiny' (Frontin. Str. 1,9). Attempts at a legal precaution against seditio can be traced back to the Twelve Tables, which forbade coetus ( nocturni) ('night-time gatherings') (Lex XII tab. 8,26-27 Bruns = 14 f. Crawford)…

[German version] Christian Latin poet. Author of an abecedarian hymn in honour of Christ and a salvific history poem consisting of epanaleptic elegiac couplets. His main work is the Carmen Paschale, probably written in the first half of the 5th century, a biblical poem (Biblical poetry) of 1750 hexameters in the Vergilian manner. Book 1 cites a series of Old Testament miracles, which prefigure, in a typological sense, the grace of God, which would become effective in the New Testament. Books 2-5 (the division is disputed) ar…

[German version] Celtic tribe on the upper Rhône in the modern Swiss canton of Valais (Liv. 21,38,9), who fought against Caesar (Caes. Gall. 3,1,1 ff.; 3,7,1) and were subjected by Augustus (Plin. HN 3,137); Their Late Antiquity capital Sedunum (modern Sion) was named after them. Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 309-311.

[German version] Visigoth king in 415 AD, brother of Sarus, successor to Ataulfus but assassinated after a few days, probably because of his pro-Roman attitude (Oros. 7,43,9). Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl) Bibliography 1 PLRE 2, 987 2 P. Heather, Goths and Romans, 1991, 197 f.

[German version] [1] City in Sicily This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Theatre | Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages (Σέγεστα/ Ségesta, Ἔγεστα/ É gesta, Αἵγεστα/ Haígesta). City (elevation 318 m) of the Elymi, like Entella and Eryx [1] in the west of Sicily (with map), 10 km to the southwest of Castellammare; the acropolis towers over the city to the northwest on Monte Bàrbaro (431 m). In traditional rivalry with Selinus [4] (earliest verifiable conflict 580/576 BC; Diod. Sic. 5,9), S. opposed Greek occup…

[German version] Most important pro-Roman leader of the Cherusci, opponent of Arminius. Like the latter and like Flavus [1], S. held Roman citizenship (Tac. Ann. 1,58,1). He warned P. Quinctilius [II 7] Varus, in vain, of Arminius's conspiracy  (Vell. 2,118,4; Flor. Epit. 2,30,33; Cass. Dio 56,19,3) and advised taking all the leaders (including Arminius and S. himself) into custody (Tac. Ann. 1,55,2; 58,2). After the Varus catastrophe in 9 AD S. had - according to his account before Germanicus [2]…

[German version] Roman goddess (from * sēi, 'sow (seed)': [1. 285]; from seges: Plin. HN 18,8; cf. Isid. Orig. 17,2,7). Linked to a triad in Aug. Civ. 4,8 (= Varro Antiquitates rerum divinarum fr. 166 Cardauns) in the context of a  polemical account of the multiplicity of Roman gods: Seia is stated to be responsible for the grain in the ground, S. for the same on the culm and Tutilina for it when harvested. The images ( simulacra) of these deities could be seen in circo (Plin. HN. 18,8), possibly referring to reliefs on columns (Tert. De spectaculis 8,3; cf. Macrob. Sat. 1,16,8…

[German version] Leader of the Cherusci, father of Arminius, also recorded as Sigimerus. (Vell. Pat. 2,118,2). It is unclear whether the S. who is mentioned by Cassius Dio (56,19,2) as a co-conspirator of Arminius is identical with this S. or with the identically named brother of Segestes; this S., with his son Sesithacus, capitulated to the Romans in AD 15 (Tac. Ann. 1,71,1; Str. 7,1,4). The 'conspirator' may even be a third S. [1. 142] Losemann, Volker (Marburg/Lahn) Bibliography 1 D. Timpe, Arminius-Studien, 1970.

[German version] Son of Segestes, the leader of the Cherusci (Str. 7,1,4). Elected priest of the imperial altar of the Ubii (Ara Ubiorum) in AD 9, he tore up his priest's fillets during Arminius' revolt and fled to the rebels (Tac. Ann. 1,57,2). The priestly office and the altar may be evidence of an Augustean province of Germania; they underline the close cooperation between the Cherusci and the Romans. In AD 15 his father, under siege by Arminius, sent him to seek help from Germanicus [2]. Germa…

[German version] Station on the road from Tarraco to Asturica at modern Sasamón (Str. 3,4,13; Plin. HN 3,26; Ptol. 2,6,50; CIL II Suppl. p. 932 f.). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography P. Barceló, Das kantabrische Gebirge im Altertum, in: E. Olshausen, H. Sonnabend (eds.), Gebirgsland als Lebensraum (Geographica Historica 8), 1996, 53-61, plate XIX  F. J. Lomas Salmonte, Asturia prerromana y altoimperial, 1989, 87  TIR K 30 Madrid, 1993, 207 f.

[German version] Germanic people, mentioned only by Caesar (Caes. Gall. 6,32,1 f.) together with the Condrusi, between the Treveri and the Eburones, who assured him by means of an embassy in 53 BC, that they would not make common cause with the Germani on the left bank of the Rhine. Their presumed place of settlement was in the Luxemburgish and Belgian Ardennes. Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography J. B. Keune, s. v. S., RE 2 A, 1075 f.  Ch.B. Rüger, Germania inferior, 1968, 35 f.

[German version] [1] Ibero-Roman city Ibero-Roman city (Str. 3,4,13: Σεγοβρίγα/ Segobríga; Ptol. 2,6,56: Σεγουβία/ Segoubía; Plin. HN 3,25), Ruins - including an amphitheatre - on the Cabeza del Griego hill, 2 Roman miles to the south of Saelices (province of Cuenca). S. was a member of the  conventus of Carthago Nova (CIL II 4252). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) [German version] [2] Bishopric at Castellón Bishopric at Castellón, suffragan to Tarragona, later to Cartagena, modern Segorbe [1]. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography 1 M. Almagro, Historía de Albarracín y su sierra…

[German version] Ligurian Celtic people settled around the mouth of the Rhodanus, whose king Nannus and his son Comanus appear in the founding legend of Massalia  (Iust. 43,3,4-13,  cf.  Aristot. fr. 503 R.). A connection with terms such as Segovii, Segobriga and Segovia is discussed. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 207 f.  D. Pralon, La légende de la fondation de Marseille, in: M. Bats et al. (eds.), Marseille greque et la Gaule (Études Massaliètes 3), 1992, 51-56.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Capital of the Ruteni in Aquitania (Ptol. 2,7,21: Σεγόδουνον/ Segódounon; Notae Tironianae 87,46: Segundunum or Secundunum; Tab. Peut. 2,3: Segodum or Segoduni), modern Rodez on the Aveyron. The economy of the surrounding area comprised mining and artistic pottery (centre of production of Terra Sigillata at La Graufesenque in the Tarn valley, 2 km to the south of Millan). Polfer, Michel (Ettelbrück) Bibliography J. B. Keune, s. v. S. (1), RE 2 A, 1078-1080  Villes et agglomérations urbaines antiques du Sud-Oues…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: City of the Celtiberian Arevaci, mansio on the Caesaraugusta–Toletum road, modern Sigüenza. In 195 BC besieged by Cato [1] (Liv. 34,19,10), also significant in the Sertorian War (77-72 BC, Sertorius; App. B Civ. 1,110; Plut. Sertorius 21). A bishop's see in the Christian Period. Ferrer Maestro, Juan José (Castellón) Bibliography Tovar 3, 365  TIR K 30 Madrid, 1993, 208.

[German version] Celtic tribe, probably in the southeast of Britain, which surrendered to Caesar in 54 BC (Caes. Gall. 5,21). Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography A. L. F. Rivet, C. Smith, The Place-Names of Roman Britain, 1979, 453 f.

[German version] One of the main forts of the Roman occupation of North Wales [1], modern Caernarfon at the southwestern end of the Menai Strait. The first building phase dates from the governorship of Iulius [II 3] Agricola ( c. 77/8 AD). The living quarters exhibit at least three building phases from the early 2nd century AD onwards. Rebuilding in stone took place under Hadrianus (117-138). The 2nd cent. garrison was evidently small. One of the main buildings from the Antonine period was probably the officium of a procurator [2]. After being destroyed and rebuilt the fort was he…

[German version] Mansio or vicus of the civitas of the Pictones in the province of Aquitania, 33 leagues (72·6 km) from Lemonum and 18 leagues (39·6 km) from Portus Namnetum (modern Nantes) or from Iuliomagus (modern Angers) (Tab. Peut. 2,3). Of 12 different proposed locations, that of La Ségourie (community of Le Fief-Sauvain, département of Maine-et-Loire) is the most likely. Polfer, Michel (Ettelbrück) Bibliography A. Champigneulle, Le problème de S., in: Annales de Bretagne 70, 1963, 69-92  M. Provost, Carte Archéologique de la Gaule 49, Maine-et-Loire, 1988, 32 u…

[German version] A vicus , attested only in an inscription, presumably near the Worringen district of Cologne (CIL XIII 8518: vicani Segorigienses; today the inscription has disappeared). Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück) Bibliography J. B. Keune, s. v. S., RE 2 A, 1087 f.

[German version] Celtic tribe in the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis in the area between the Rhodanus and the Druna (modern département of Drôme). With the founding of the province the S. were absorbed into the civitas Valentinorum or the colonia Valentia founded under Caesar or Augustus (Plin. HN 3,34; Ptol. 2,10,12: Σεγαλλαυνοί). Str. 4,1,11 subsumes them under the name Cavari. Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography Evans, 254-257, 272-277  J. Whatmough, The Dialects of Ancient Gaul, 1970, 80, 185  G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, in…

[German version] Celtic name containing the morpheme sego-, 'power, strength, audacity' (cf. also CIL II 2871: Secovesus [1. 254-255; 2. 1452]). Brother of Bellovesus and son of Ambigatus' sister. According to the Celtic migration legend recorded in Livy (5,34,3-6), it fell to S.' lot to advance with his group eastwards into the Hercynian Forest (Hercynia silva) in about 600 BC. According to ancient tradition, modern southern Germany was as a consequence settled by Celts. The historical content of this legend is highly disputed. Celts Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography…

Celtic place name (possibly 'fortress'); ethnic: Segoviensis. [German version] [1] City of the Celtiberian Arevaci This item can be found on the following maps: City of the Celtiberian Arevaci (Plin. HN 3,27; Ptol. 2,6,56; It. Ant. 435,5; but Liv. fr. 21: Segoviam et in Vaccaeorum gentem) at the confluence of the Eresma and Clamores on the northern slopes of Guadarrama between Madrid and Valladolid, now also S. The city is mentioned in the context of the battles between the Lusitani under Viriathus and Rome from 147-139 BC (Frontin. Str. 4…

[German version] Tribe in the Alpes Cottiae, mentioned on the Augustus Arch in Segusio (CIL V 7231; [1. 77]). Not located, presumably at Montgenèvre in the French Alps. Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography 1 J. Prieur, La province romaine des Alpes Cottiennes, 1968, 77.

[German version] Celtic tribe between the Allobroges, Vellavii, Arverni, Haedui and Ambarri with three oppida (Essalois, Crêt-Chatelard, Jœuvre) controlling the Liger (Loire), which flowed north-south through their territory. As clientes of the Haedui (Caes. Gall. 7,64; 75) they also came to the aid of Vercingetorix at Alesia in 52 BC. Under Augustus a civitas libera of Gallia Lugdunensis (Plin. HN 4,107; CIL XIII 8862; 8864), they had to surrender part of their territory to the founding of the colony of Lugdunum in 43 BC. Several roads (Tab. Peut.…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Limes | Rome Main centre of the Segusini in the Alpes Cottiae, modern Susa (Plin. HN 3,123: …

[German version] Township at the confluence of the modern Buëch and the Druentia, modern Sisteron, in the département of Basses-Alpes, without a doubt a vicus of the civitas of the Vocontii in the Roman province of Gall…

[German version] I. Geographic location, borders Luwian-speaking (Luwian) state in Northwestern Asia Minor documented in Hittite transmission in the 15th-13th cents. BC. Its core area comprised the valleys of the Hermus [2] and the Caecus [1] (merging near the coast), and its name is derived from one of these two rivers. The Hittite designation is Sēḫas utnē (in Akkadian orthography KUR ÍD ŠE-E-ḪA) 'the land of S.,' while the name 'river land of S.', often found in secondary literature, is based on the inappropriate translation of the determinative ÍD 'river.' In the north, S. borde…

[German version] 70 km nw der syrischen Bezirkshauptstadt Dair az-Zaur am Ostufer des al-Ḫābūr in der syrischen Steppe (35°37'N, 40°45'O) gelegene Stadt. In mittel- und neuassyrischer Zeit (1300-612 v. Chr.) gleichzusetzen mit dem Prov.- und Verwaltungszentrum Dūr-Katlimmu; im 7. Jh. v. Chr. aram. {{Aramaic}} Zweitname Magdalu, der in hell.-parthisch-röm. Zeit (3. Jh. v. Chr. - 3. Jh. n. Chr.) zu Magdala abgewandelt wird. Magdala (Nachträge) Kühne, Hartmut (Berlin)…

see Sallustia

see Aelius [II 19]

[German version] (σεισάχθεια; s eisáchtheia). Greek authors used the term seisachtheia (lit.'shaking off of burdens') from at least the 4th cent. BC to denote the abolition or mitigation of debts by Solon [1]. The portrayal of Solon's measures in Aristotle suggests that the word was in general use in the 4th cent. (Aristot. Ath. pol. 6,1). While according to Androtion (FGrH 324 F 34; Plut. Solon 15,4), it was coined by those who had been freed from part of their debts by means of a reduction in interest, D…

[German version] [1] S. Fuscianus Senator, from early youth a friend of Marcus [2] Aurelius with whom he also studied philosophy together (SHA Aur. 3,8). S. was cos. suff. no later th…

[German version] Egyptian goddess, wife of Ptah (Ptah) and mother of the lotus god Nefertem. S. is usually depicted as a lion-headed woman; her main cult site is Memphis. As her name ('the powerful') suggests, S. is a dangerous goddess par excellence. She is the ruler of the demons, especially the ḫ.tiw ('slaughter demons', the seven invisible decan stars; Astronomy B.2.). Hence statues, primarily in the late period (713-332 BC), often represent her on a throne the sides of which are decorated with decan figures in the form of snakes. Identifie…

[German version] (literally the 'inhabitation [of God]' from Hebrew šāḵan, 'dwell, inhabit'). Rabbinical term for the presence of God in the world; follows notionally from the description of God's dwelling in the Temple (Jes 8,18; Ez 43,7-9) or in his people (Ex 29,45) (cf. also the comparable reception of the concept in John's theology of incarnation, Jo 1,14). The concept of Šekinā is used to describe the immanence of an intrinsically transcendental deity. Proceeding from the idea of the continuous presence of the Šekinā in the Temple (according to [1] …

see Measure of volume III.

[German version] (Σελήνη/ Selḗnē, Μήνη/ Mḗnē, cf. Latin Luna [1]). In Greece in the Archaic and Classical Periods the moon (thought of as female), although generally known as the nocturnal counterpart of the sun (Helios/Sol), was barely personified (Personification): she is neither present as a deity either in the epic tradition, where night (Nyx) virtually replaces S., nor (with two exceptions) in the elegiac and lyric poets. Hesiod seems to fit S. into his cosmology almost as an afterthought, namel…

[German version] (Σελήνης ὄρος; Selḗnēs óros). "Mountains of the Moon, from which the lakes of the Nile receive melt water" (Ptol. 4,9,3) - according to the coordinate data in Ptol. l.c. probably modern Kilimanjaro (5895 m elevation) in northeastern Tanzania. …

(Σελεύκεια/ Seleúkeia, Latin Seleucia). [German version] [1] S. on the Tigris This item can be found on the following maps: Diadochi and Epigoni | Hellenistic states | India, trade with (Σελεύκεια ἡ ἐπὶ τῷ Τίγρει/ Seleúkeia hē epì tôi Tígrei: Str. 16,738; 743; 750 et passim; Latin Seleucia Magna: Plin. HN 6,43, cuneiform Selukuja [1], modern Tall Umar). On the right bank of the Tigris, c. 60 km north-east of Babylon and 35 km south of Baghdad, at the mouth of the Nahr Malkā (connecting canal between the Tigris and Euphrates) and thus very favourably located …

see Chronography

[German version] The kings who are most often referred to as Seleucids are Antiochus [2-14] and Seleucus [2-8], less often, Demetrius [I7-9] and Philippus [24-25]. The Seleucids, who were frequently related by marriage to other royal families, were the descendents of Seleucus [2], the founder of the Macedonian kingdom and dynasty in Asia Minor, the Middle East and Central Asia; they ruled over the largest kingdom (a maximum of …

(Σέλευκος/ Séleukos, Lat. Seleucus). [German version] [1] Co-regent in the Regnum Bosporanum, c.400 BC Co-regent with Satyrus [2] I in the Regnum Bosporanum, 433/2-393/2 BC (according to Diod. Sic. 12,36,1). As Satyrus is elsewhere (Diod. Sic, 14,93,1) described as a sole ruler, and other sources do not mention his name, his existence is not certain. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography V. F. Gajdukevič, Das Bosporanische Reich, 1971, 231  E. H. Minns, Scythians and Greeks, 1913, 571  R. Werner, Die Dynastie der Spartokiden, in: Historia 4, 1955, 419-421. [German version] [2] S. I Nicator (Νικάτωρ/Nikátōr, 'victor'). Founder of the empire and dynasty of the Seleucids. S. was born c. 355 BC the son of a Macedonian named Antiochus; he took part in the Asian campaign of his king Alexander [4] ‘the Great’, becoming one of the latter's 'companions', and enjoyed particular success in India in 326 (Arr. Anab. 5,13,4). In 324, in the marriages carried out by Alexander between Macedonians and Iranian women, he received as his wife Apama [1], daughter of the Bactrian Spitamenes (Arr. Anab. 7,4,6). All Seleucids descended from this couple. In 323, after Alexander's death, S. received the central but subordinate post of chiliarchos; in 320, however, after being involved in the assassination of Perdiccas [4], who administered the empire, he received the satrapy of Babylon (Diod. Sic. 18,39,6) under the new arrangements agreed at

[German version] Town in the territory of the Vocontii (It. Ant. 357,8; It. Burdigalense 555; Seleucus is the Latin form of a Celtic personal name [1. 1462]) on the road from the Matrona Pass to Valentia (modern Valence) on the Rhodanus, modern La Bâtie-Montsaléon in the département of Hautes-Alpes, about 6 km to the …

[German version] (γνῶσις or ἐπιστήμη ἑαυτοῦ/ gnôsis or epistḗmē heautoû; Latin notitia, cognitio sui; noscere/cognoscere seipsum). The philosophical and popular conceptions of self-knowledge throughout antiquity often refer explicitly to the precept inscribed above the temple of Apollo in Delphi (Delphi, Oracles): 'know thyself' (γνῶθι σ[ε]αυτόν/ gnôthi s[e]autón); the precise date of origin of that inscription, however, is uncertain. The oldest testimony is Soph. fr. 509 P. (θνητὰ φρονεῖν χρὴ θνητὴν φύσιν/ thn ētà phroneîn chrḕ thnētḕn phýsin, "the mortal soul must thin…

[German version] …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Byzantium | Education / Culture (Σέλγη; Sélgē). City in southern Pisidia, c. 1000 m above sea-level in a fertile area (wine, olives; styrax for incense, irises for a medicine: 'Selgitic oil') at modern Altınkaya (formerly Zerk) (Str. 12,7,3; Plin. HN 15,31; 23,95). In the Hellenistic period S. was one of the most significant settlements in Pisidia and followed an independent policy against the Seleucids and the Attalids (Attalus) (Pol. 5,72-77; 31,2-5). In the Roman period S. lost its political significance and fell behind the Pamphylian cities of Perge and Side. Nevertheless S. had its share of t…

see Selinus [4]

(Σελινοῦς/ Selinoûs). Name of several rivers and towns. [German version] [1] Tributary of the Alpheius [1] Southern tributary of the Alpheius [1] which enters west of Olympia, modern Krestena (Xen. An. 5,3,8; Paus. 5,6,6). Lienau, Cay (Münster) [German version] [2] River in Achaea River in Achaea, which originates on Mount Erymanthus near Leontium close to modern Vlasia, flows through the territory of Aegium and enters the Corinthian Gulf east of modern Valimitika. Today again known as S. (Str. 8,7,5 [1. 82 f.]; Paus. 7,24,5). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 R. Baladié, Le P…

[German version] Egyptian goddess ( srq.t); her emblem is an animal interpreted as a scorpion or a water scorpion. Her putative origin is in the western Delta. Together with Isis, Nephthys and Neith she protects the viscera of a dead person in a canopic chest (Canope). Her symbol is found among those in the relief depiction of a ruler's jubilee. In medicine and magic her priest, the 'Exorciser of S'., primarily provides help for snake bites and scorpion stings, against miscellaneous dangerous animals…

see Litter, Sedan chair; Seat; Subsellium

[German version] Folding chair used by Roman magistrates, entirely or partially made of ivory, with curved legs forming an S and without back and arms. The SC is of Etruscan origin and in its function as chariot's and court's chair, it has probably derived its name from the Latin …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Σελ(λ)ασία/ Sel(l)asía). Polis (Diod. 15,64,1) of Spartan períoikoi in the Oenus [1] valley about 10 km to the north of Sparta and 5 km to the east of the modern town of S., governing northern access into Laconica. There is evidence of a fortified settlement on the hill of Palaiogoulas with finds from the 5th-2nd cent. BC, and a phroúrion ('fortress') on Mt. Hagios Konstantinos at an elevation of 831 m [1; 3]. S. was destroyed in 389/8 BC by Chabrias, after the battle of Leuctr…