Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Selli
(156 words)
[German version] (Σελλοί/
Selloí). Inhabitants of Dodona, priests of the oracle of Zeus there. The S. appear as early as in Homer as its interpreters (Hom. Il. 16,234 f.; cf. Soph. Trach. 1166 f.; Callim. H. 4,286; Callim. Fr. 186,14). Their attributes (not washing their feet and sleeping on the ground) suggest a ritual connexion with the earth. The archaic priesthood of the S. later passed to the female Peleiades (Str. 7,7,12). As a variant name
Helloí is recorded (ScholiaIl 16,234; Pind. Fr. 59; Callim. Fr. 675; Str. 7,7,10); it is often assumed that there is an ety…
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Sellisternium
(137 words)
[German version] Comparable with the Roman banquet of the gods called the
lectisternium. According to ancient table manners (men reclined on beds, women sat), at the
sellisternium statuettes of the goddesses were placed on
sellae (chairs, stools) and a meal was offered to them.
Sellisternia are particularly transmitted as a component of the
ludi saeculares (CIL VI 32323; 32329). Likewise they could be performed after ominous portents. Coins struck under Titus and Domitian refer to a
sellisternium linked to a
lectisternium on the occasion of an epidemic, a fire in Rome, as w…
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Sellius
(48 words)
[German version] A. S. Clodianus. Senator, who is probably identical to the Asellius Claudianus mentioned in the
Historia Augusta (HA Sept. Sev. 13,1). Suffect consul before 193 AD, the year in which he is recorded as
curator operum publicorum (AE 1974, 11; [1. 236]). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 Kolb, Bauverwaltung.
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Selymbria
(218 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Xenophon | Colonization | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) (Σηλυμβρία/
Sēlymbría). City in Thrace on the Sea of Marmara, 60 km to the west of Byzantium/Constantinople, modern Silivri. The original Thracian settlement, whose name can be interpreted as 'city of Selys', was colonised by Greeks from Megara [2] even before Byzantium, i.e.
c. 700-660 BC. S. was conquered by the Persians after the Ionian Revolt in 493 BC, was later a member of the Delian L…
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Semachidae
(86 words)
[German version] (Σημαχίδαι;
Sēmachídai). Attic asty(?) deme of the Antiochis phyle, with one
bouleutḗs . According to Philochorus in Steph. Byz. s. v. Σ., situated in Epacria, the mountainous north of Attica, (at modern Vredou [2]?). A second S., attested at the end of the 2nd/beginning of the 3rd cent. AD, was not a regular Attic deme [1. 13, 94 f., 121 no. 37]. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Traill, Attica, 13, 54, 69, 94 f., 112 No. 126, 121, No. 37, Table 10
2 J. S. Traill, Demos and Trittys, 1986, 139, 149.
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Semele
(454 words)
[German version] (Σεμέλη/
Semélē, Etruscan
Semla; also Θυώνη/
Thyṓnē). Daughter of Cadmus [1] and Harmonia, sister of Agave, Autonoe, Ino and Polydorus (Hes. Theog. 975-978). S. is of significance due to the Theban myth of the birth of Dionysus: when she was pregnant by Zeus (Actaeon is said to have been her first suitor: Hes. fr. 217A M.-W.), she was persuaded by Hera to ask him to show himself in his true form. The weather god appeared as a thunderbolt, with which he killed her. He removed the unborn …
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Sementivae feriae
(232 words)
[German version] Roman movable holiday (
Feriae ) to promote the growth of the seed, which Ovid discusses in relation to 24-26 January (Ov. Fast. 1,657-704) with reference to the Fordicidia of 15 April [1. 142 f.]. The festival included sacrifices to Tellus and Ceres on two days separated by seven days (Lydus, Mens. 3,9); it was celebrated following the first spring sowing within 91 days of the vernal equinox (Varro, Rust. 1,34) and before the second spring sowing in late January or …
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Semilibral standard
(68 words)
[German version] Reduction stage of the Roman-Italian
aes grave, introduced in 217 BC, according to which the libral
as weighed only half of the original anymore (RRC 38/1,
c. 132 g). Stumpf, Gerd (Munich) Bibliography
1 RRC, p. 615 f.
2 R. Thomsen, From Libral 'Aes Grave' to Uncial 'Aes' Reduction. The Literary Tradition and the Numismatic Evidence, in: Les 'dévaluations' à Rome. Epoque républicaine et impériale (Congr. Rome 1975), 1978, 9-30.
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Semiotics
(2,678 words)
Arweiler, Alexander [German version] A. General (CT) Semiotics is the theory of linguistic and non-linguistic signs and systems of signs. In the 20th cent., the term 'semiotics' largely prevailed over
semiology, preferred by French authors, and there is no reason to distinguish between the two with regard to content [20]. Whereas general semiotics studies the theoretical and historical foundations of the discipline [15. 109], applied semiotics studies the subjects of individual sciences with regard to the processes and syste…
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Semipelagianism
(761 words)
[German version] A. Concept Semipelagianism is a modern term (probably first used toward the end of the 16th cent. [2]) for a movement in theological thought that emerged in the 5th/6th cents. in the monasteries of southern Gaul, rejecting the teachings of Augustinus (cf. [7]) on grace and predestination. The term Semipelagianism remains academically useful, if one takes account of the following reservations: 1) There is no evidence of direct historical links to the Pelagius [4] who was convicted in…
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Semiramis
(450 words)
[German version] (Σεμίραμις;
Semíramis). Legendary Assyrian queen, the protagonist of numerous ancient, medieval and modern tales. Whereas Hdt. 1,184; 3,155 mentions her only briefly (alleged building activity in Babylonia), Ctesias gives a detailed biography (extant e.g. in Diod. Sic. 2,4-20). According to this account, she was the daughter of the Syrian goddess Derketo, who abandoned her; fed by doves and raised by herdsmen, she grew to become a great beauty, married the Assyrian officer Onnes an…
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Semis
(263 words)
[German version] (late Latin
semissis, 'half'). In coinage half an
as (= 6
unciae ). A
semis occurs in almost all series of the Italian
aes grave ; in the decimal sequence, it appears in the place of the
quincunx , particularly in eastern Italy. In the Roman
aes grave (from
c. 280 BC),
semisses have a value indication 'S'. Until
c. 231 BC they bear various images, from
c. 225 BC (introduction of the Prora series of
aes grave ) a head of Saturn on the obverse and Prora on the reverse. Until the introduction of the Sextantal Standard (
c. 214-212 BC),
semisses were cast, after that stamped.
Semisses also …
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Semites
(187 words)
[German version] The term S., which was not introduced into scholarship until the 18th cent., goes back to Sem, the son of Noah in the 'Table of Nations' (Gn 10,21-31). Noah's sons named therein are regarded today as the eponymous heroes of various Semitic languages. In modern scholarship, the term S. is limited to linguistics; traditionally, scholarship has assumed a group of Semitic languages or a Semito-Hamitic language family (also known as Afro-Asiatic). Due to the unjustified expansion of t…
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Semitic languages
(679 words)
[German version] In 1781, A.L. Schloezer introduced this term for the languages which were associated with the sons of Sem/Shem (Gn 10:21-31; Semites) and which had a common origin with the so-called Hamitic languages of Africa. The term Hamito-Semitic is used interchangeably with Afro-Asiatic. Within the Hamito-Semitic languages, Akkadian, or rather Eblaite (mid-3rd millennium BC), is attested earliest in writing; Aramaic has the longest continuous written tradition; and modern Arabic is most widely spoken. In the literature, the division of the Semitic languages rem…
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Semitic Studies
(2,216 words)
Bobzin, Hartmut [German version] A. Definition (CT) In a general sense, the term 'Semitic Studies' refers to the philological study of the Semitic languages, but today more usually to their purely linguistic investigation. Here, as in Indo-European studies, individual languages are studied each in its own right (Arabic Studies, etc.), while their interrelations in lexicology, morphology and syntax are investigated comparatively. Although such Jewish grammarians as Jehūda ibn Quraiš (10th cent.) or Ibn…
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Semiuncial standard
(89 words)
[German version] Reduction stage of bronze money introduced in 91 BC based on the
lex Papiria (Plin. HN 33,46; RRC, p. 77; 596), according to which the
as was reduced to 1/24 of the Roman pound (Libra [1]) = 13,64 g [1]. A part of these
asses with the head of Ianus on the obverse show the letters L·P·D·A·P on the reverse above the
prora (ship's bow), possibly for the words
lege Papiria de assis pondere (RRC 338/1; p. 611). Stumpf, Gerd (Munich) Bibliography
1 Schrötter, s.v. Semunziaras/Semunziarfuß, 623.
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Semnones
(252 words)
[German version] Tribe of the Suebi between Albis (Elbe) and Viadua (Oder; Str. 7,1,3; Tac. Germ. 39; Tac. Ann. 2,45,1; Ptol. 3,1,22; 51), known to the Romans mainly through Tiberius’ campaign in AD 5 (R. Gest. div. Aug. 26; Vell. Pat. 2,106 f.). Given their size and cultic tradition, they regarded themselves as the oldest and most notable of the Suebi (Tac. Germ. 39; cf. [2.473-479]). As allies of Maroboduus, they fell to the Cherusci in AD 17 (Tac. Ann. 2,45,1), but were considered to be friendl…
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Semonides of Amorgos
(576 words)
[German version] (Σημωνίδης/
Sēmōnídēs: Choiroboskos in Etym. M. 713,17; most citations spell Σιμωνίδης/
Simōnídēs). One of the earliest known composers of iambic poetry (Iambographers) of the 7th cent. The dating of Cyrillus (Contra Iulianum 1,14) to 664-611 BC is to be preferred (cf. Archilochus) to that of the Suda σ 446 to 490 years after the Trojan War, i.e. 693 BC (cf. the information wrongly transmitted under Simmias σ 431). According to the Suda σ 431 he led colonists from Samos to found Minoa, Aigialos and Arkesine in Amorgos. S. wrote
Íamboi and an 'Early History' (Ἀρχαιολογία/
Ar…
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Sempronia
(272 words)
[German version] [1] Daughter of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracchus, 2nd cent. BC Daughter of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracchus and Cornelia [I 1] (Plut., Ti. Gracchus 1,3), from 150 BC in a childless marriage with P. Cornelius [I 70] Scipio Aemilianus, for whose death in 129 BC she is supposed to have been partly to blame (App. B Civ. 1,20 (83); Liv. Per. 59). Despite the threatening demeanour of the people, in 102 or 101 BC she refused to acknowledge L. Equitius [1] as her nephew (Val. Max. 3,8,6). Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography R. A. Bauman, Women and Politics in Ancient Rome, 1994, 48-50. …
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Sempronius
(6,399 words)
Name of a Roman family. According to tradition, its members of the 5th cent. BC (Atratini, S. [I 3-8]) are supposed to have been patricians and champions of patrician privileges (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 10,41,5; 10,42,3), an assumption that may have been a retrospective invention (the Sempronii only became patricians under Caesar or Augustus); in the historical period, we know only of plebeian branches of the family during the Republic (Asellio, Blaesus, Gracchus, Longus, Tuditanus) who played an important role in the 3rd and 2nd cents. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Period …
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Semtheus
(51 words)
[German version] Egyptian village scribe (
Komogrammateus ) and owner of a
dōreá, an estate awarded by the king (PPetrie II 38 a; III 31; PLille I 47,2 f.; 9 f.; 48,2 f.; 8 f.), of about 27.5 sq km (10,000
árourai; Aroura) in 251/0 BC. PP I 837 f.; 841; IV 8387. Ameling, Walter (Jena)
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Semuncia
(188 words)
[German version] Roman unit, 1/24 of a larger whole. As a weight a
semuncia corresponds to half an ounce/
uncia (
“semuncia, quod dimidia pars unciae”, Varro Ling. 5,171) and hence to 1/24 of a
libra [1] = 13·64 g (value indicator S or Σ), as a measure of length to 1/24 of a
pes = 12·3 mm, as a unit of square measure to 1/24 of a
iugerum = 105.1 m2, as a measure of time to 1/24 of an hour, as an interest rate to 1/24 of a
centesima (1 % a month, 12 % a year) = 1/2 %. In the late Roman and Byzantine system of weights a
semuncia corresponds to 12
scripula (value indicator XII, IB;
s
cripulum ) or 3
solidi …
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Semus
(217 words)
[German version] (Σῆμος/
Sêmos) of Delos. Greek antiquarian
c. 200 AD. The Suda s. v. Σ. (where ὁ Ἠλεῖος is a corruption [1; 4]) mentions him as a 'scholar' (γραμματικός/
grammatikós) and the author of
Δηλιακά/Dēliaká (
Delian history, 8 books; in other sources invariably called
Δηλιάς sc.
συγγραφή/
Dēliás sc.
syngraphḗ) and a work
On Delos (FGrH 396 F 1-22, for the most part from Athenaeus). It dealt with cultural and religious antiquities and curiosities on and near Delos, presumably in a periegetic structure. Of his work
On Paeans a further fragment (FGrH 396 F 24 = Ath. 14, 62…
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Senaculum
(56 words)
[German version] In Rome, together with the Curia, the assembly place of the Roman Senate (
Senatus ) at the Comitium (Forum [III 8] Romanum); beyond this specific location in the City of Rome and independent of it, a general term for a place where the Senate met. Assembly buildings Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography Richardson, 348.
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Sena Gallica, Senagallia
(174 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Umbri, Umbria | Coloniae | Punic Wars | Regio, regiones City in Umbria to the south of the mouth of the Sena on the Ionios Kolpos (Adriatic) coast (Lucan. 2,407; Sil. Pun. 8,453; in its lower reaches the Sena is the modern Misa) in the Ager Gallicus region, modern Senigallia. The Romans founded a
colonia maritima there, probably in 289 BC (Pol. 2,19,12; Liv. Per. 11; Str. 5,2,10). In 207 SG was used by the Romans as fixed quarters (Liv. 27,46,4; Punic Wars), before the battle of the Metaurus [2] (
proelium…
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Senatus
(2,467 words)
(the Roman Senate). [German version] I. Age of kings According to Roman tradition, the
senatus existed as an advisory body for governing the state from the age of the kings onwards. Romulus [1] was said to have established a council of 100 members (Liv. 1,8,7; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,12,1; Fest. s.v.
patres, p. 288; Ov. Fast. 3,127) which was later expanded to 300. The individual pieces of information about this are probably later constructions. It is plausible that a council of older men (
senatus is related to
senex: [1.513 f.]; cf. the appellation
patres, 'fathers') existed early on, c…
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Senatus consultum
(910 words)
[German version] [1] A formal resolution of the Roman Senate (SC; sometimes
senatus sententia: ILS 18; 35a; 8208; informally also
senatus decretum, e.g. Cic. Mil. 87; Cic. Sest. 32, or in archaic form
senati decretum: Sall. Cat. 30,3 and
passim). The formal resolution by which the Roman Senate pronounced advice or instructions at the request (
consulere) of magistrates; while not binding legally, it was in practice: in the Imperial Period, to some extent it even acquired force of law (Gai. Inst. 1,4; Pompon. Dig. 1,2,12; cf. [3. 432]). An SC that was…
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Senatus consultum de Bac(ch)analibus
(539 words)
[German version] Edict of the consuls Q. Marcius [I 17] Philippus and Sp. Postumius [I 8] Albinus, on the basis of a Senate ruling (
senatus consultum ) of 7 October 186 BC, ordering the suppression of the Bacchanalia in Rome and Italy (ll. 2 f.). The sole surviving copy of the edict, found at Tiriolo (province of Catanzaro) in 1640, is directed towards the authories in the Bruttian
ager Teuranus (ll. 30), and orders official announcements to be made on at least three market days (l. 22 f.). The bronze tablet, measuring 27 x 28 cm and contained in a Baroque frame…
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Senatus consultum de Cn. Pisone patre
(304 words)
[German version] Text of a decision of the Senate dated 10 December AD 20, recording the trial of Cn. Calpurnius [II 16] Piso and the verdict of the
senatus against him. Piso had been accused of the murder by poison of Germanicus [2] and of
maiestas [C], and had taken his own life on 8 December. The SC, 176 lines in length, starts, after the prescript and verdict motion (
relatio) of Tiberius, with describing the facts of the case, and goes on to recount the penalties imposed on Piso and his 'followers' (
comites), Visellius Karus and Sempronius Bassus and the acquittal of Piso's childr…
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Senatus consultum Hosidianum
(270 words)
[German version] Senatorial decision, named after the AD 47 suffect consul, Cn. Hosidius [4] Geta [1. 609-612]. It provided for public regulation of private construction work (Building law B.). The bronze tablet with the text of the SC was excavated at Herculaneum around 1600 and is now lost. Like the somewhat later SC Volusianum (AD 56), which was recorded on the same tablet, the SC Hosidianum penalized the purchase of
domus and
villae for the purpose of demolition with subsequent resale at a higher price of the materials and land, to stop the speculation in urban…
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Senatus consultum ultimum
(295 words)
[German version] This modern term derives from Caesar (B Civ. 1,5,3) and Livy (3,4,9), and means the 'final' or 'highest' decree of the Senate, by which the Senate declared a state of emergency at Rome and charged the senior magistrate(s) present in the city at the time to act against the emergency. The commission was usually given to one or both of the consuls, and occasionally to other officials (
interrex; praetores; magister equitum). The crux of the decree, the wording of which probably varied, was the formula (
consules)
dent operam or
videant, ne quid detrimenti res publica capiat. The…
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Seneca
(4,709 words)
[German version] [1] L. Annaeus S. The Elder, Latin rhetor and historian, first years of Principate (Seneca the Elder,
Seneca
Rhetor). Calboli, Gualtiero (Bologna) [German version] I. Life Latin orator, born at Corduba (modern Córdoba) between 61 and 55, probably 55 BC (it was only because of the civil war that he was unable to hear Cicero, Sen. Controv. 1 praef. 11). He came from a wealthy equestrian family, and owned estates (wine, olives) in the same region [8. 6]. He made two lengthy sojourns at Rome (Sen. Controv. 4 p…
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Senecio
(51 words)
[German version] Brother of Bassianus [3], allegedly incited him to rebel against Constantinus [1] (Anon. Vales. 15). Whether he can be identified with the dux S. recorded by ILS 664 as in Noricum in 310 AD is the subject of discussion. PLRE 1, 820 (S. 1). Bleckmann, Bruno (Strasbourg)
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Senecta, Senectus
(58 words)
[German version] (Latin 'old age'; Greek Γῆρας/
Gḗras). Daughter of Erebus and Nyx/Night (Cic. Nat. D. 3,17,44), personification of old age (Hor. Epod. 8,4), often mentioned in connection with illnesses and human suffering (cf. Sen. Epist. 108,28: “senectus enim morbus est”): Verg. Aen. 6,275; Sen. Herc. f. 696; Sil. Pun. 13,583 et passim. Walde, Christine (Basle)
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Senia
(114 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Port in Liburnia, modern Senj in Croatia, a Roman
oppidum (Plin. HN 3,140), but possibly a
colonia (cf. Tac. Hist. 4,45: “colonia Sienensis”), there were
Augustales [1] there. S. was a toll station “(portiorum publicum Illyrici”, CIL III 3016 f.). The officials of S. were from Italic families (Gavii, Gessii, Verridii); in the 2nd/3rd cent. AD families from eastern provinces settled in S. (evidence of a Jew from Tiberias, a Greek from Nicomedia). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, …
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Senis
(142 words)
[German version] (Σῆνις;
Sênis; Demotic
Snj). Greek form of the Egyptian toponym
Snm.t, which is documented under various names, particularly Τμουσάνις/
Tmousánis ('the island of
Snj').
Snm.t denoted the island of Bīǧa (possibly also an originally larger group of islands) in the First Cataract of the Nile on the border between Egypt and Nubia to the west of Philae. Bīǧa is primarily known through rock inscriptions from the Middle Kingdom; there is also written evidence of a border fortification. Remains of a temple date …
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Sennacherib
(332 words)
[German version] (Assyrian
Sîn-aḫḫē-erība, '[the moon god] Sîn has replaced the brothers'; 2 Kg 18,13:
Sanḥērib; 2 Kg 19,20:
Snḥrb; LXX: Σεν(ν)αχηριμ/
Sen(n)achērim u. ä.; Hdt. 2,141: Σαναχάριβος/
Sanacháribos; other forms of the name: [4. 2271]). Son of Sargon [3] II, Assyrian King from 705 to 681 BC. After ascending the throne, he moved the royal residence to Nineveh (Ninus [2]) which was then generously expanded. The main political problem of his regency was the conflict with Babylon. In 689 BC, after several futile at…
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Sennea
(63 words)
[German version] (Σεννέα;
Sennéa). Settlement which can be identified, on the basis of an inscription [1], with a ruin site at Gölcük Ören on the Melas (modern Manavgat) between Side and Cotenna [2]. Martini, Wolfram (Gießen) Bibliography
1 H. Swoboda et al., Denkmäler aus Lykaonien, Pamphylien und Isaurien, 1935, No. 109 col. III
2 H. Brandt, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft Pamphyliens und Pisidiens im Altertum, 1992, 106.
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Senones
(630 words)
[German version] [1] Celtic people in Umbria and Picenum Celtic people which migrated at the end of the 4th cent. BC from the south of Gaul into the area between the Apennine mountains and the Ionios Kolpos (Adriatic) in the region of the Rivers Sena and Tinna in Umbria and Picenum (Liv. 5,35,3). As allies of the Samnites in the third Samnite War, they were defeated by the Romans in 295 BC, and their territory was seized by Rome; they were expelled a few years later (
Ager Gallicus ). Rome founded Sena Gallica there probably in 289 BC (Pol. 2,19,12; Liv. Epit. …
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Senonia
(68 words)
[German version] At the end of the 4th cent. AD a province (officially
Lugdunensis S.: Notitia Galliarum 4,1; Notitia Dign. Occ. 3,31; 22,19;
Senonica: ibid. 1,117; cf. Laterculus 2,16) of the
Septem Provinciae dioikesis of the
Galliae praefectura with the
civitates of Senones (as a centre of administration, formerly Agedincum), Autessiodurum, Tricasses, Meldi, Parisii, Carnutes and Autricum (modern Chartres) and Aureliani (modern Orléans). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
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Sententia
(465 words)
[German version] [1] Aphorism, v. Gnome [1] II A; Proverbs Aphorism, v. Gnome [1] II A; Proverbs Paulus, Christoph Georg (Berlin) [German version] [2] Legal verdict Literally etymologically derived from the root
sin, the sense of something uttered; in Roman legal terminology, e.g. the sense of a private legal action (cf. e.g. Dig. 28,1,1 on a testament) or a law (cf. Dig. 23,2,44,5).
Sententia in particular meant the verdict, in civil or criminal law, delivered by a judge (
iudex ,
arbiter ). In this sense,
sententia was already used for the process of the
legis actio …
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Sentinum
(155 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria (Σέντινον;
Séntinon). City in Umbria on the left-hand tributary of the Aesis of the same name;
municipium ,
Regio VI (Str. 5,2,10; Plin. HN 3,114; Ptol. 3,1,53),
tribus Lemonia [1. 274], remains 1.5 km to the northeast of Sassoferrato. The Romans won a victory there in 295 BC in a battle deciding the Third Samnite War (Pol. 2,19,6; Liv. 10,17 ff.) and therefore built a sanctuary at Civitalba (temple terracottas, 3rd century BC). In 41 BC S. was destroyed by Q.…
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Sentius
(937 words)
Italian family name, attested at Rome from the 1st cent. BC, but of political importance only from the time of Augustus, with S. [II 4-6] (Schulze, 228). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] S., L. Mint magistrate in 101 BC (RRC 328) and
praetor urbanus c. 93-89 (ILS 8208; Syme, RP 2, 608 f.). Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] S. Saturninus Vetulo Proscribed in 43 BC, took refuge on Sicily (Val. Max. 7,3,9). With his cousin Scribonius [I 7] Libo he led the embassy to Antonius [B I 9] for Sex. Pompeius [I 5] in 40 B…
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Sephres
(110 words)
[German version] (Σεφρής/
Sephrḗs, Manetho (Sync. 107); Egyptian
Sḥw-R/
Sahure). Second king of the 5th dynasty (
c. 2496-2483 BC), probably the brother of Userkaf and a son of Queen Khentkaus. His pyramid temples near Abū Ṣīr are preserved relatively well, esp. their relief decoration; they are representatives of the canonical type (pyramid).The sun-temple of S. is known from written sources, but has not yet been found. Finds of isolated groups of statues probably originate from there. Several expeditions to Sinai and Nubia are documented in annals and expedition inscriptions. Se…
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Sepias
(130 words)
(Σηπιάς/
Sēpiás). [German version] [1] Coastal strip of the Magnesia Peninsula Strip of the coast of the southeastern Magnesia [1] Peninsula, where a Persian fleet moored in 480 BC and suffered great losses due to a storm (Hdt. 7,183-191). Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) [German version] [2] City in the south of the Magnesia Peninsula City in the south of the Magnesia [1] Peninsula (Hdt. 7,183), which was incorporated into the
synoikismós of Demetrias [1] in about 290 BC (Str. 9,5,15). Its ruins are near modern Puri. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) [German version] [3] Cape on the sout…
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Sepphoris
(393 words)
[German version] (Σέπφωρις/
Sépphōris, cf. Jos. Ant. Iud. 14,5,9 et passim) a city in Galilaea, on the east-west link between Ptolemais [8] (Akko) and Tiberias. Settled by the Iron Age, S. was heavily fortified under Alexander [16] Iannaeus
c. 100 BC. Presumably, S. was the most important city of Galilaea even before the institution of one of the five synhedria as the government of Judaea by the Roman governor Gabinius [I 2] in 57 BC. In 37 BC it fell to Herodes [1]. After his death in 4 BC there was unrest, which was suppressed by…
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Septem
(208 words)
[German version] (also
Septem Fratres). Term for a chain of seven mountains on the African coast near the Straits of Gibraltar (Ptol. 4,1,5: Ἑπτάδελφοι ὄρος/
Heptádelphoi óros; Mela 1,5; Plin. HN 5,18; It. Ant. 9,3), and later probably for the settlement there, the modern Spanish Ceuta (by way of Arabic
Sabṭa). Archaeological remains bear witness to S. as a significant ancient centre for producing salted fish [1]. From the late Roman period there is a basilica [2]. After a failed attempt at conquest by the Visigoth king Theudis in 534, the emp…
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Septem aquae
(51 words)
[German version] (
Septaquae).
Pagus ('district') in the territory of the Sabini at Reate (CIL IX 4206 f.; 4399), with its springs and lakes a centre of tourism (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 1,14), also visited by Cicero in 54 BC (Cic. Att. 4,15,5; Rosea rura). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 474.
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Septem Maria
(87 words)
[German version] Area of lagoons (seven at the time of naming) at the mouths of the Padus and the Atesis (Plin. HN. 119f.), modern Laguna Veneta in the Atria region, enhanced by the Etrusci with the waters of the Sagis, and still navigable in the Roman Imperial period, partly by means of
fossae, between Ravenna and Altinum.
Statio on the Via Popilia to the east of Atria (It. Ant. 126,6; Tab. Peut. 4,5). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography L. Bosio, I S. M., in: Archeologia Veneta 2, 1979, 33-44.
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Septempeda
(102 words)
[German version]
Municipium in Picenum,
tribus Velina,
Regio V, established in the 2nd cent. BC on the left bank of the upper Flusor (modern Potenza) (Str. 5,4,2; Ptol. 3,1,52; Plin. HN 3,111); located 2 km to the east of San Severino Marche near Macerata. S. was on a connecting road between the Via Salaria and the Via Flaminia (It. Ant. 312; 316; cf. CIL IX 5936). Remains of the city wall survive. The existence of a 7th cent. BC Piceni settlement with a necropolis at Pitino 4 km to the northeast of S. has been demonstrated. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography M. Landolfi, S., 1991.
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Septemviri
(465 words)
[German version] ('College of seven men'). Founded at Rome in 196 BC by resolution of the people, initially as a college of three men (Liv. 33,42,1), later (perhaps under L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla) enlarged to seven, and finally, by Caesar, to ten members (Cass. Dio 43,51,9), the Roman urban priestly college known as the
tresviri, later
septemviri
epulonum (e.g. InscrIt 13,2 p. 114 f.) or
epulones (
epulo ; e.g. Liv. 33,42,1; Paul. Fest. 68 L.), took its name from its arrangement of the
Iovis epulum , the sacrificial banquet (
ludorum epulare sacrificium: Cic. De or. 3,73) for Jupiter, …
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Septerion
(307 words)
[German version] (Σεπτήριον/
Septḗrion), not Stepterion (Στεπτήριον/
Steptḗrion), was the name of a nine-yearly sequence of festivals and rituals, in the course of which a boy would set fire to a wooden construction beneath the temple of Apollo in Delphi, would then himself be led in a procession into the Thessalian Tempe valley to be ritually purified there of his 'offence' with accompanying sacrifices in the river Peneius. A central constituent was the plucking at the sanctuary to Apollo there of a l…
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Septicius
(91 words)
[German version] C. S. Clarus, equestrian. Plinius [2] the Younger dedicated the first book of his letters (Plin. Ep. 1,1) and Suetonius his book
De vita Caesarum (cf. Lydus, Mag. 2,6) to him.
C. AD 120-122
praef. praet. of Hadrian beside Marcius [II 14] Turbo. According to an account in
Historia Augusta (SHA Hadr. 11,3), he and Suetonius overstepped the boundaries of court etiquette with respect to the emperor's wife Sabina. Dismissed, therefore, from his post, presumably while he and Hadrian were staying in Britain. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography Syme, RP 3, 1283-1285.
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Septimius
(3,206 words)
Nomen gentile, probably originally Etruscan, occurred at Rome only from the 1st cent. BC onwards. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] A certain S. from Camerinum was commissioned to recruit followers for Catilina at Picenum in 63 BC, presumably because he was of the Umbrian-Picenan municipal nobility (cf. CIL I2 1921; 1929) (Sall. Catil. 27,1). Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] Friend of Horace's; he hoped to enter the
cohors amicorum of a member of the imperial household through his relationship with the latter (Hor. Carm.…
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Septimontium
(293 words)
[German version] Roman festival on 'seven hills', celebrated on December 11 (=
III ID. DEC.). Already in Antiquity, the S. was associated with the foundation of the city of Rome (Antistius Labeo in Fest. p. 474; Paul. Fest. p. 459 L.; Plut. Quaest. Rom. 69). The hills to which
feriae ('holidays') applied (Palatinus, Velia, Fagutal, Cermalus, Caelius, Oppius, Cispius) [2. 203 f.] were not identical to the 'classical' seven hills of the city which subsequently became canonical. The idea of a proto-urban settlement of Rome on t…
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Septimus
(88 words)
[German version] Must be a former Roman individual name (see below) which in the classical period no longer appears as a praenomen. Etymologically, it corresponds to the Latin ordinal
septimus, 'the seventh' (cf. Quintus, Sextus). A synonymous name exists in Umbrian (old-Umbrian nom.
Se(f)tums). The (neo)-Umbrian vocative evolved, with phonetic and graphic variations, into the Etruscan
Sehtume (genitive
Sehtumna). The common genitive
Septumius/
Septimius is a regular derivation from the older Latin *
Septumos. Steinbauer, Dieter (Regensburg) Bibliography Salomies, 111-114…
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Septizodium
(368 words)
[German version] Ostentatious monumental facade, almost 90 m long, at the intersection of the
Via Triumphalis and the
Via Appia , which led into the city, near the Circus Maximus, forming the conclusion of the southeastern slope of the Palatine in Rome (and terminologically often confused with the Septizonium). The splendid facade, presumably of five storeys, consisted of three exedra side-by-side, which were provided with terminations at right angles towards the sides of the monument. The S. wa…
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Septizonium
(44 words)
[German version] District of the city of Rome, mentioned only by Suetonius (Suet. Tit. 1) as the location of the house in which the emperor Titus was born; presumably on the Quirinal. Often confused with the Septizodium. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Bibliography Richardson, 350 f.
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Septuagint
(931 words)
[German version] I. Origin According to the legend of the origin of the Septuagint, which is based on the so-called Letter of Aristeas [2] ([12. 20-37; 15. 677-687; 13]), king Ptolemy [3] II Philadelphus had the Pentateuch translated into Greek for his library by 70 (or 72; 70 = ἑβδομήκοντα/
hebdomḗkonta, Latin
septuaginta interpretes, hence the name S./LXX) scholars over a period of 70 (or 72) days. The name then came to refer to the Greek translation of the entire Hebrew Bible including the Apocrypha (Apocryphal literature). This story is prob…
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Septumuleius
(50 words)
[German version] Rare Roman family name. In 121 BC L. S. delivered the head of C. Sempronius [I 11] Gracchus to the consul C. Opimius [1] and allegedly was given its weight in gold for it (Cic. De or. 2,269; Diod. Sic. 35,29; Plut. C. Gracchus 17,4 f. etc.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
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Sepulchral Art
(2,865 words)
Dlugaiczyk, Martina [German version] A. Columbarium (CT) The columbarium, a wall with niches to receive cinerary urns that was erected
extra muros in accordance with ancient burial law, was the prevailing form of sepulture in the early Empire. The columbarium motif underwent a change in meaning in the modern era after Charlemagne prohibited cremation: the arched wall niche (
loculus) was used as a depository for small objects of art (
antiquarium). In 1678, Moritz von Nassau-Siegen combined the two concepts (form of burial and form of exhibition) in his grave monu…
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Sepulchri violatio
(381 words)
[German version] 'Tomb violation' (e.g. the destruction or damaging of a tomb, the burial of persons other than those permitted by the owner, the use of a tomb as a dwelling, etc.), an offence not recorded in the early period of Roman law (but cf. Cic. Leg. 2,24,61), was, to the jurists of the 1st-3rd cents. AD, an object of a private suit pursued by a personal action granted by the praetor (
actio in personam ). This
actio sepulchri violati was allowed to the party entitled to the tomb by
bonum et aequum ('by equitable discretion',
aequitas ). If this party did not wish t…
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Sequana
(426 words)
[German version] (Σηκοάνας/
Sēkoánas, Σηκουανός/
Sēkouanós), modern Seine. River in Gallia (Caes. B Gall. 1,1,2; Mela 3,2,20; Plin. HN 4,105; 109; Amm. Marc. 15,11,3; Str. 4,1,14; 3,2-5; 4,1; 5,2; Ptol. 2,8,2; 9,1; Cass. Dio 40,38,4) rising - contrary to Str. 4,3,2 - not in the Alps but on the plateau of Langres, then flowing through the Paris Basin and, meandering strongly from Iuliobona (present-day Lillebonne) and broadening into an estuary, arriving at the
mare Britannicum (present-day English Channel). According to literary tradition, the S. formed an ethnic bord…
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Sequani
(512 words)
[German version] (Σηκοανοί/
Sēkoanoí, Σηκουανοί/
Sēkouanoí). A Celtic people, ethnically and culturally related to the north and east Gallic tribes, who in the Prehistoric Period presumably lived on the Sequana [1] (Seine) first, later in present-day Franche-Comté. In the mid 1st cent. BC, the rule of king Catamantaloedes was succeeded by an aristocratic regime (Caes. B Gall. 1,3,4). The S. called the Germani into their country against the Haedui and were forced to cede to them large parts of their t…
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Sequester
(204 words)
[German version] Literally probably (from
secare, 'to divide') a neutral person independent of the parties. According to the late Classical Roman jurist Modestinus (3rd cent. AD),
sequester is the person to whom several entrust an item that is the subject of a dispute (Dig. 50,16,110). Until this period, the parties generally deposited the item whose replevy they disputed voluntarily and out of court. In occasional cases, e.g. Dig. 43,30,3,6 (custody of a child), however, the praetor could also make an official order for…
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Sera
(156 words)
[German version] (Σῆρα;
Sêra). According to Marinus [1] of Tyre, who drew on a Greek travel account (
c. AD 100), the city of S. was at the end of the Silk Road (Ptol. Geog. 1,11,3-6 and 6,13,1); this may refer either to the western or to the eastern end. The western city in question could be expected to be found in the area of modern Kashgar, for the eastern city one could suggest Liangchou in Gansu. In favour of the identification with Kashgar is a description of the Seres as blond and blue-eyed (Plin. HN 6,87). Marinus incorrectly envisaged S., the
mētrópolis tōn Sḗrōn ('capital city of the Se…
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Serapeum
(129 words)
(Σαραπεῖον/
Sarapeîon, Σαράπιον/
Sarápion). [German version] [1] Burial and cult sites of dead Apis bulls in Memphis Term for the burial and cult sites of dead Apis bulls in Memphis (Apis [1]), and generally for cult buildings of the god Serapis derived from it in the Graeco-Roman world. Quack, Joachim (Berlin) [German version] [2] Name of various places As a reflexion of presumably Egyptian terms such as
pr-wsjr-ḥp a place name in Greek and Latin sources (see also [1]). According to the Tabula Peutingeriana there were three such places in the Nile Delta; one w…
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Seraph(im)
(187 words)
[German version] (Hebrew
sārāf, plural
serāfîm, from the verb
srf, 'burn'; Greek σεραφιν/
seraphin, Latin
seraphin). Old Testament term for the cobra (cf. Egyptian Uraeus). Apart from the natural threat from this animal (Dtn 8,15; Nm 21,9) an apotropaic aspect plays a particular role in the Old Testament tradition: a seraph attached to a pole repels a plague of snakes in the Israelites' camp (Nm 21,7-10) {{6-9 in AV, but not saying this}}. Finds of numerous seals, primarily from the 8th century BC, indicate th…
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Serapion
(769 words)
(Σεραπίων;
Serapíōn). [German version] [1] S. of Antioch Mathematical geographer, 1st cent. BC Mathematical geographer to whom Plin. HN 1,2 referred to as
gnomonicus ('measurer of shadows'). In 59 BC, Cicero (who was his contemporary) received S.'s geographical treatise from Atticus as the newest source for his planned
Geographica but was hardly able to understand the content (Cic. Att. 2,4,1). In the treatise, Cicero encountered S.'s fierce criticism of Eratosthenes [2] (ibid. 2,6,1). S. estimated the circumference of the sun to be 18 times t…
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Serapis
(1,264 words)
(Σάραπις/
Sárapis, also Σέραπις/
Sérapis, Latin
Serapis), original Egyptian bull god whose main cult was in Memphis; from the Hellenistic period, it was widespread throughout the Mediterranean region. [German version] I. Egypt The Greek form Sarapis (Σάραπις;
Sárapis), and in later sources Serapis (Σέραπις;
Sérapis), derives from the combination
Wsjr-Ḥp (Osiris - Apis [1]), which is rendered as οσεραπις (
oserapis) in the oldest sources from Memphis, e.g. in the
Curse of Artemisia (UPZ 1; 4th cent. BC). Because the initial sound was understood as the article (ὁ;
ho) it became detac…
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Serbia
(3,479 words)
Kostic, Djordje S. I. General (CT) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) The Serbs came into direct contact with the cultural legacy of Antiquity upon settling in the Balkans. Thanks to the geopolitical location of the territory in which they settled, they were oriented toward both halves of the ancient world. In the first centuries of their cultural development, precedence was given to the Hellenistic element, with which the Serbs were in uninterrupted contact. Strong influences from the Roman cultural …
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Serbs
(615 words)
[German version] (Σέρβοι;
Sérboi). The early history of the S. and the Croatians is known in outline only due to the condition of the sources: Aside from a brief mention in the Carolingian Imperial Annals (Annales regni Francorum, MGH SS 1,209:
ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur) from the 9th cent. AD, we only have the report by Constantinus [1] Porphyrogennetus (de administrando imperio 32 Moravcsik/Jenkins) following the two - contradictory - chapters on Croatia (ch. 30 and 31). The report claims that the S. had…
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Serdica
(587 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Christianity | | Daci, Dacia | Commerce | Moesi, Moesia | Pilgrimage | Rome | Rome | Balkans, languages (Σερδική/
Serdikḗ, modern Sofia). [German version] I. Early history until the Roman Period Settlement of the Thracian Serdi on the Oescus [1] between the Scombrus and Haemus mountain ranges, a nodal point of roads (It. Ant. 135,4; Tab. Peut 7,5; Ptol. 3,11,8); modern Sofia. Settled since the 8th/7th centuries BC, in the 5th/4th centuries BC S. developed under the kings of t…
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Serena
(127 words)
[German version] Born
c. AD 365 in Spain, daughter of Honorius [2], niece of Theodosius I, who held in great esteem the highly educated S., adopted her after the death of her father in 379(?) and in 384 married her to Stilicho. Children of this marriage were Maria [I 3], Eucherius [2] and Thermantia. S. gained significant influence at the court of Honorius [3], who she had cared for when he was a child. In 408 she came into opposition with Stilicho but nevertheless fell into disgrace when he was ki…
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Serenus
(635 words)
[German version] [1] Quinctius S. Sammonicus Author of a collection of recipes (also
Quintus Serenius). Author of the
Liber Medicinalis, a collection of therapeutic recipes which can be neither dated nor identified; Q. has at times been identified with S. [2] Sammonicus or with his son (Septimius [II 6] S. Sammonicus; both died at the beginning of the 3rd cent. AD). The collection (dating between the 2nd and 4th cents. AD) cannot be chronologically ordered with any accuracy. It is written in hexameters and contain…
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Seres
(607 words)
[German version] (Σῆρες/
Sêres, Latin also
Serae), the 'silk people' (cf. Chinese
sī, 'silk' [12]). The mention of silk (σηρικά/
sēriká), formerly ascribed to Nearchus [2] ([1]; FGrH 133 F 19), turned out to be an addition by Strabo [5. 1101]; the citation of Apollodorus of Artemita in Str. 11,11,1 is equally questionable: [1. 347; 5.109]. The silk
parapetásmata ('curtains') of Caesar's games (Cass. Dio 43,24,2) and the Parthians' silk standards in the war with Crassus (Flor. Epit. 1,46,8) are unequivocal cases of Chinese goods. It is Augustan liter…
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Sergia
(40 words)
[German version] Elder sister of L. Sergius Catilina, married to the Roman equestrian Q. Caecilius [I 2], who was allegedly killed by his brother-in-law in 81 (Q. Tullius Cic. commentariolum petitionis 9; cf. {{cf.}} Ascon. 84 C). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
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Sergius
(1,659 words)
Name of an old patrician family. The
tribus Sergia was named after it. The family is attested to have attained consulship in the 5th cent. BC (S. [I 5]) but did not achieve lasting importance in the historical period. The attempt of its best-known member, L.S. Catilina, to attain the consulship once more failed with the Catilinarian Conspiracy. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] S., M. The brother of L.S. Catilina (?) According to Plutarch (Sulla 32,3; Cicero 10,3), the brother of L.S. Catilina, killed by him in 81 and posthumously put on the proscriptions…
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Seriphos
(224 words)
[German version] (Σέριφος/
Sériphos). Island of the western Cyclades (11 km in diameter, 75 km2 in area, with Mount Turlos at 486 m elevation; marble, granite, gneiss) with numerous bays and three islets (modern Bous, Piperi and Seriphopoulo). S. had been settled by the 3rd millennium BC (early Cycladic idols) and the Iones took possession of it in the historical period (Hdt. 8,48). S. resisted Persian demands for tribute and in 480 BC took part on the Greek side in the battle of Salamis [1] (Hdt. 8,46; 48;…
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Serius
(67 words)
Old Italic
nomen gentile (Schulze 229). [German version] [1] C. Iunius S. Augurinus
Cos. ord. in AD 132 (Degrassi, FCIR 38). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] C. S. Augurinus Son of S. [1].
Cos. ord. in AD 156,
procos. of Africa in 169/170 [1. 69 f.]. Presumably he, and his father too, already had patrician rank; cf. CIL VI 1979. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 Thomasson, Fasti Africani.
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Sermaei
(52 words)
[German version] (Σερμαῖοι;
Sermaîoi). A city, mentioned from 450/449 until 432/1 in the Athenian tribute lists (ATL 398 f.) and reassessed in 421 BC, probably to be located on the western side of the Chalcidian peninsula; its later history is unknown. Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) Bibliography M. Zahrnt, Olynth und die Chalkidier, 1971, 223-225.
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Sermon, Homily
(1,744 words)
[German version] I. General remarks, concept and origins The term sermon refers to a type of speech (Greek ὁμιλία/
homilía, Latin
sermo) given, beginning in the 2nd cent. AD, as part of an ancient Christian religious service (Cult, Cultus IV) following readings from the Holy Scriptures (Bible). The sermon dealt either with topics of the readings or with the current feast or festal period of the liturgical year, but also and increasingly with saints (B). Methods of interpretation that had been generally introduced (e…
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Sermylia
(204 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Σερμυλία/
Sermylía). City on the right bank of the Chavrias to the south of modern Ormilia at the northern end of the Gulf of Torone (Hdt. 7,122; Scyl. 66). The earliest evidence for S. is on silver coins minted in the 6th cent. BC (HN 207). Judging by the magnitude of its tribute during its membership of the Delian League (ATL 400 f.), varying between three and seven talents, S. was after Torone the most important Chalcidian city. …
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Serratus
(178 words)
[German version] (from Latin
serra, 'saw': 'saw-shaped', 'jagged like a saw').
Serrati (nummi) is, according to Tacitus (Germ. 5), the term for the Republican Period Roman denarius with a serrated edge. The edges of
serratus blanks were incised before minting. The incisions were meant to show that the coins were entirely of silver, and not a non-precious metal merely coated with silver (Subaeratus). An early example of a
serratus is a denarius of the master of the mint C. Iuventius Thalna (RRC, 202/1b, Rome) from the year 154 BC, which was also minted without se…
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Serrheium
(119 words)
[German version] (Σέρρειον ἄκρα/
Sérrheion ákra, Σέρρειον τεῖχος/
Sérrheion teîchos, Σέρριον/Sérrhion; Latin
Serrheum). Cape (Str. 7a,1,48; App. B Civ. 4,101 f.) and castle on the north coast of the Aegean, in the west of the Plain of Doriscus (Hdt. 7,59) in the area settled by the Thracian Satrae, modern Makri west of modern Alexandroupolis. While occupied by the Delian League, the castle was captured in 346 BC by Philippus [4] II (Aeschin. Or. 3,82; Dem. Or. 6,64; 7,37; 9,15; 10,8; 65; 18,27; 70). In 200 …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sertorius, Q.
(533 words)
[German version] B. 123 BC at Nursia (Samnium), of an equestrian family. He gained military experience in 105/4 under Q. Servilius [I 12] Caepio and C. Marius [I 1] in the wars against the Cimbri and Teutoni, and in 98-93 under T. Didius [I 4] in Spain, where he particularly distinguished himself and acquired intimate knowledge of the country. In 91, S. was quaestor in Gallia Cisalpina, after which he fought in the Social War [3]. In 89 or 88, his candidature for the people's tribunate was thwarte…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Servaeus
(273 words)
[German version] [1] Q. S. Senator, who as a praetorian accompanied Germanicus [2] to the East. There he converted Commagene into a province (Tac. Ann. 2,56,4). In 20 AD he took part in a lawsuit against Calpurnius [II 16] Piso in the Senate (Tac. Ann. 3,13). Later in alliance with Aelius [II 19] Seianus, in 32 after the latter's overthrow he was convicted, to the regret of many in the Senate (Tac. Ann. 6,7,2). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] Q. S. Fuscus Cornelianus Senator from Gightis in Africa. After being a praetor dealing with the
cura viae Salariae ('care for the Salarian …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Servenius
(45 words)
[German version] L. S. Gallus.
Praetor urbanus in AD 62 who had published an edict in the Forum Augusti [1]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 G. Camodeca, La ricostruzione dell'élite municipale ercolanese degli anni 50-70, in: Cahiers du centre G. Glotz 7, 1996, 167-178 (= AE 1996, 407).
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Servilia
(468 words)
[German version] [1] Half-sister of M. Porcius [I 7] Cato, 1st cent. BC Born in
c. 100 BC, daughter of Q. Servilius [I 13] Caepio and Livia [1], half-sister of M. Porcius [I 7] Cato. In
c. 85, she married M. Iunius [I 9] Brutus (d. in 77) and became the mother of the future murderer of Caesar, M. Iunius [I 10] Brutus. S.'s second husband, the lacklustre D. Iunius [I 30] Silanus with whom she had three daughters probably owed his consulate to her. The intelligent, independent and poised woman who remained close to Caesar even aft…
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Servilius
(3,846 words)
Name of a Roman patrician family (epigraphically also
Serveilius), said to have migrated to Rome from Alba Longa under king Tullus Hostilius [4] (Liv. 1,30,2; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,29,7). The oldest branches are the Ahalae and Fidenates in the 5th and 4th cents. BC; the Caepiones and Gemini, from whom the Vatiae (Isaurici) descended, appear in the 3rd cent. The last prominent member of the Servilii Caepiones was the murderer of Caesar, M. Iunius [I 10] Brutus, son of Servilia [1], and himself adopted into the family. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] A fleet commander in the B…
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Servitus
(248 words)
[German version] ('Subserviency') in Roman law meant the encumbrance of a piece of land in the sense that the owner was obliged to tolerate certain impacts enacted by the encumbrancer or was not allowed to impact another piece of land in certain ways (however: there was no obligation towards positive actions,
in faciendo consistere nequit).
Servitus on rural tracts of land (
servitus praediorum rusticorum) included road easements (
iter), paths for driving cattle (
actus), roads for transporting goods (
via), water ducts (
aquae ductus). In the city,
servitus (
servitus praediorum
urban…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Servius
(1,028 words)
[German version] [1] Roman praenomen Rare Roman praenomen; Siglum:
SER, at times confused with
Sergius; carried by King S. Tullius in the 6th cent. BC. Up to the Imperial Period, it was used mainly by the noble families of Cornelii, Fulvii and Sulpicii. The
nomen gentile
Servīlius is derived from S., specifically from an undocumented diminutive of S. The etymology is regarded as uncertain, but an Etruscan origin is unlikely. Present-day scholarship is largely unanimous in regarding the ancient opinion that S. Tullius was the son of a slave as based on the similarity in sound of
servus, 'sla…
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Brill’s New Pauly