Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Sesame
(217 words)
[German version] (Greek τὸ σήσαμον/
tò sḗsamon, from Semitic, Latin
sesamum). The oleiferous seeds of
Sesamum indicum L. of the
Pedaliaceae family, which grows around the Mediterranean, in Mesopotamia and in Egypt, according to Plin. HN 18,96 originally introduced from India (Greek σησάμη/
sēsámē or σησαμίς/
sēsamís). Solon 40 West and Aristoph. Vesp. 676 record its early use in Greece. Theophrastus (Hist. pl. 8,3,1-4) describes the leaves, the stem, the (white) foxglove-like flowers and the seeds in the elongated bilocular capsules (ibid.…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sescuncia
(126 words)
[German version] (also
sescunx;
sesqui unciae = 1 1/2
unciae ). Roman unit for 1/8 of a larger whole. As a weight it equals 1/8 of a
libra [1] = 40.93 gr. (value mark I-L; AE 1968, 258), as a length, 1/8 of a
pes = 37 mm, as an area, 1/8 of a
iugerum = 315 m2. In the eastern Mediterranean the
sescuncia as a weight was also equal to 12 Attic drachmai (value mark I-B). In coinage, the
sescuncia corresponds to 1/8 of an
as , later also 1/8 of a
denarius . As a coin the
sescuncia is found in Venusia (SNG Munich, 1970, 550) and in Paestum (SNG Copenhagen, 1969, 1346). Schulzki, Heinz-Joachim (Mannheim) Bibliog…
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Sesklo
(171 words)
[German version] Village, about 10 km to the north of the Pagasetic Gulf on the threshold of the Plain of Thessaly. The place of settlement, which has been excavated there since 1905, gave its name to a long prehistoric epoch of Greece (6th-4th millennia BC). It had been settled since the pre-ceramic Neolithic, and flourished with up to 3000 inhabitants in the middle Neolithic. Typical of the culture of S. are rectangular houses, a central megaron building and a special pottery (finds in the archa…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sesonchosis
(202 words)
(Σεσόγχοσις, Σεσόγχωσις/
Sesónchosis, Sesónchōsis). Greek form of Shoshenq, Egyptian
šš(
n)
q, name of probably five rulers of the 22nd/23rd dynasties. [German version] [1] Shoshenq I, Egyptian ruler, second half of the 10th cent. BC The best known is Shoshenq I (
c. 945-924 BC) [1. 287-302], who according to 1 Kg 14,25 f. (there called Shishak) laid waste to parts of Judaea and was prevented from conquering Jerusalem by being paid large amounts of gold. A list preserved on the Bubastite Gate in Karnak names places in Judah and Israel allegedly conquered by him. Quack, Joachim (Berlin) …
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Sesonchosis Romance
(102 words)
[German version] Conventional title for a Greek prose work, known to us from a number of papyrus fragments (POxy. 1826, end of the 3rd or beginning of the 4th century AD; POxy. 2466 and 3319, 3rd century AD). The main character was Sesonchosis (Sesostris); the legend ascribed to him acts of pharaohs of various dynasties. The narrative exhibits analogies to the Ninus Romance, but the style of the fragments places it close to the New Testament and Apocryphal acts of the Apostles (New Testament Apocrypha). Novel Fusillo, Massimo (L'Aquila) Bibliography S. A. Stephens, J. J. Winkler (ed.)…
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Sesostris
(282 words)
[German version] (Σεσῶστρις;
Sesôstris). Greek form of the name of three Egyptian rulers of the 12th Dynasty, Egyptian z
(j)-n-Wsrt: S. I (1956-1911/10 BC), S. II (1882-1872 BC) and S. III (1872-1853/52 BC). In Hdt. 2,102-110 and Diod. Sic. 1,53-58, S. appears as the greatest general of Egypt, who conquered large parts of Asia and Europe. An alleged settlement of Egyptians in Colchis is reported to go back to his campaigns. He is supposed to have been brought up together with all other Egyptian men who were born o…
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Sestertius
(698 words)
[German version] 'Sesterce', Roman coin, abbreviated from
semistertius = 'third half' = 2 1/2 asses (Varro Ling. 5,173; Volusius Maecianus 46; Prisc. De figuris numerorum 17 f.; Vitr. De arch. 3,1,42). The sestertius was introduced around 214-211 BC together with the denarius, as one quarter of the latter, which weighed 1/72 of a Roman pound and was equivalent to 10 asses in the sextantal standard, which was introduced at the same time. The sestertius was minted as a small silver coin at 1/288 of a pound = 1
scripulum . The images correspond to the denarius and …
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Sestinum
(95 words)
[German version] Etruscan township in the upper Pisaurus (modern Foglia) valley, modern Sestino, until the 4th cent. AD a flourishing
municipium of the
r
egio VI (Plin. HN 3,114),
tribus Crustumina (CIL XI, p. 884). Etruscan and Roman burial finds, building foundations, sculptures, coins, inscriptions (CIL XI 5996-6025). Santi Amantini, Luigi (Genoa) Bibliography A. Minto, S., 1940 M. Corbier, De Volsinii à S., in: REL 62 (1984), 1986, 236-274 G. Paci, Due dediche al dio Romulo d'età tardo-antica, in: Cahiers du Centre G. Glotz 7, 1996, 135-144 M. Torelli (ed.), Atlante dei …
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Sestius
(572 words)
Roman
nomen gentile, sometimes confused with
Sextius. The family surfaced as patrician with S. [1] and [5] in the mid 5th cent. BC. In the late Republic, it had only (politically insignificant) plebeian members. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] S., L. In order to illustrate the just administration of the first
collegium of
decemviri , especially the justice of C. Iulius [I 13] Iullus, Livy (3,33,9 f.) and Cicero (Rep. 2,61) tell the anecdote that after a corpse was found buried in the house of S., Iulius - who,…
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Sestus
(242 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Thraci, Thracia | Colonization | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Σηστός/
Sēstós). City on the European shore of the Hellespont (Hom. Il. 2,836) where it is narrowest (known as the
Heptastádion, Str. 2,5,22; 7a,1,52), connected over a stretch of about 60 m by walls with the anchorage of Apobathra (Theop. FGrH 115 F 390; Str. 13,1,22), probably near modern Yalıkavat. Founded
c. 600 BC on the site of a Thracian settlement by Lesbos (Ps.-Scymn. 709 f.). It was …
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Setaea
(121 words)
[German version] (Σήταια;
Sḗtaia). One of the Greeks' Trojan prisoners of war after the capture of Troy. On Mount Sybaris, fearing threatening servitude, she persuades the women captured with her to set fire to the Greek fleet. As punishment she is shackled to a cliff for vultures to feed on (Lycophr. 1075-1082; Tzetz. Ad Lycoph. 921; 1075-1081). The place takes it name, Setaeum, from her (Steph. Byz. s. v. Σηταῖον; EM s. v. Σηταῖον). According to Apollodorus (Epit. 6,15c = Tzetz. Ad Lycoph. 921) t…
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Seth
(494 words)
[German version] As the killer of his brother Osiris, S. is a central figure of Egyptian mythology [8]. He is usually depicted with the head of an unidentified animal (known as the S. animal). He litigates and fights with the son of Osiris, Horus, over Egypt's rule [1]. Together, the two gods embody Upper and Lower Egypt; much more common, however, is the connexion of S. with the desert and foreign lands. In the New Kingdom, this led to his identification with the Syrian Baal, who is associated wi…
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Sethianism
(490 words)
[German version] Sethianism denotes a particular version of Gnosticism is denoted, after the role of Seth, the sone of Adam, within this doctrine and through the critical adoption of an old heresiological term. It is primarily documented in a group of texts that were found near Nag Hammadi. To this group belong the following: the Apocryphon of John, NHCod II,1, III,1, IV,1 (with codex Berolinensis Gnosticus 2 and Iren. Adv. Haereses 29); the Hypostasis of the Archons, NHCod II,4; the Gospel of the…
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Sethlans
(257 words)
[German version] Etruscan god of smithing: on the coins of Populonia - the Etruscan city in which ore was smelted - the head of the god and the tools of a smith (tongs, hammer and double hatchet) were depicted [1. 271 fig. 1]. Representations stretching back to the 6th century BC from Greek myths [2. fig. 112] attribute to S. the role of the Greek Hephaestus [3]. From the 4th century BC the name is attested, with the variants
σ
e
θ
lans (ET Ta S.8),
σ
e
θ
lanś (ET Ta G.3),
σ́
etlans (ET Fa S.4), on Etruscan mirrors and gems; on the bronze Liver of Piacenza (Etrusci, Etruria III. D.), ho…
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Sethos
(338 words)
(Σέθως;
Séthōs). Name of two pharaohs, Egyptian
Stẖj. [German version] [1] S. I Second king of the 19th dynasty,
c. 1290-1279 BC, already designated successor during the short reign of his father Ramesses [1] I. One of his epithets ('he who repeats creation') suggests that his reign was supposed to be seen as the beginning of a new era, and indeed it was: most of the defining characteristics of the 19th dynasty, which became particularly distinct in the time of his son Ramses [2] II, began with S. He undertook sev…
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Setia
(166 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus | Coloniae | Latini, Latium City in Volsci territory on the Ufens (modern
Ufente) river in the
Ager Pomptinus , modern Sezze. Founded in 382 BC as a Latin
colonia (Vell. 1,14), S. set itself against Rome in the Latin War in 340 (Liv. 8,3) and in the Second Punic War in 209 BC (Liv. 27,9; 29,15,5). In 198 BC slaves together with Carthaginian hostages and prisoners interned in S. revolted (Liv. 32,26,5-18). Parts of the city walls have survive…
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Settings (Musical) of Ancient Texts
(1,981 words)
Draheim, Joachim [German version] A. Overview (CT) Since the Renaissance, Western music has been deeply marked by the literature, mythology and history of Antiquity. This is already attested by the titles of countless operas by Monteverdi (
L'Orfeo,
L'incoronazione di Poppea,
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria), Purcell (
Dido and Aeneas), Georg Friedrich Händel (
Agrippina,
Giulio Cesare in Egitto,
Scipione,
Alessandro,
Ezio,
Atalanta,
Semele and so on), Gluck (
Orfeo ed Euridice,
Alceste,
Paride ed Elena,
Iphigénie en Aulide,
Iphigénie en Tauride), Mozart, Berlioz (
Les Troyens) down…
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Settlement continuity
(490 words)
[German version] By SC the historical study of settlement understands uninterrupted continuation of a society of settlers for any longer period of time in one place, preferably across epoch boundaries. SC arises a) when
one society of settlers adheres to its residential and economic space, or b) when a particular place of settlement is visited by societies of settlers continuously over quite a long period. Corresponding to the modern understanding of the term 'settlement' as a unit of residential and economic area, today the ter…
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Settlement, forms of
(703 words)
[German version] Form of settlement is a term used by archaeobotanists, geographers, historians and archaeologists studying the connexions between residential and economic areas [1. 14 f.] that result from the choice of location of settlement, use of land, and forms of cultivation and production, in short, from the totality of human activities in terms of space, at a particular topographical position. Since the Neolithic Revolution, forms of settlement had been subject to a process of differentiat…
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Seusamora
(88 words)
[German version] (Σευσάμορα/Σεισάμορα;
Seusámora/
Seisámora). One of three cities of Iberia in the Caucasus mentioned by name in Str. 11,3,5; a fortress on the route through the valley of the Aragus (modern Aragvi) to the Portae Caucasiae (modern Dariali), near the modern town of Cicamuri in Georgia. Excavations: Hellenistic city wall and buildings with ashlar foundations (with cramp insets), clay brick walls above and tiled roofs. Harmozice; Iberia [1] Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography O. Lordkipanidze, Das alte Georgien (Kolchis und Iberien) in Strabons …
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Seuthes
(436 words)
(Σεύθης/
Seúthēs). [German version] [1] S. I. Odrysian king, son of Sparadocus, who in 424 BC inherited the kingdom from his uncle Sitalces [1] (Thuc. 2,101,5; 4,101,5) after the latter had ended the fight against Perdiccas [2] in 429 through S.' intervention. In the following, S. was married to Perdiccas' sister Stratonice [1] (Thuc. 2,101,6). Beginning in 410 under Maesades und Teres, partial principalities separated themselves from the Odrysian kingdom which had been quite powerful at S.' accession (Thuc. 2,97,3). S. was succeeded in
c. 410/405 BC by Medocus [1. 119-121; 3. …
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Seuthopolis
(184 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Diadochi and Epigoni (Σευθόπολις/
Seuthópolis). Residence city of king Seuthes [4] III of Thrace, 3,5 km to the south of modern Koprinka (municipality of Kazanlak in Bulgaria) at the confluence of the Goljama Varovica and the Tonzos (modern Tundža). A city wall of 890 m enclosed a pentagon (orthogonal city layout) of 5 hectares. In the agora there was a temple to Dionysus, with a great altar in its centre. In the northern part of S. there was a fortress defended by a wall of its own (4620 m2) with the residence …
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Seven against Thebes
(864 words)
[German version] Mythological subject matter, first treated in Greek epic (
Thebaids in the epic cycle, EpGF p. 21-27;
Thebaid by Antimachus [3]) and then in tragedy; extant: Aeschylus 'Seven against Thebes', Ἑπτὰ ἐπὶ Θήβας/
Heptà epì Thḗbas,
Septem contra Thebas; Soph. Ant.; Soph. O. C.; Eur. Phoen.; Eur. Supp.; Eur. Hypsipyle (fr.). The lyric poets Stesichorus (PMGF p. 180-183; 213-218) and Pindar (O. 6,13-17; N. 9,8-27) also used aspects of this material as their theme. The story was already known to Homer (Hom. Il. 4,376-410 and e…
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Seven Sages
(413 words)
[German version] Plato (Prot. 343a) is the first to mention seven names. Of those Thales of Miletus, Pittacus of Mytilene, Bias [2] of Priene and Solon [1] of Athens firmly belong to the circle of the SS (οἱ ἑπτὰ σοφοί/
heptà sophoí; Latin
septem sapientes), whereas Cleobulus [1] of Lindus, Myson of Chen and Chilon [1] of Sparta compete with altogether ten others (primarily Pythagoras [2]) (Diog. Laert. 1,40-42). In contrast to Plato, Demetrius [4] of Phalerum (10,3 DK) replaces Myson with Periander of Corinth. With this the final catalog…
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Severan dynasty
(979 words)
[German version] The SD, also referred to as 'The Severans', 'Severan era', or, owing to the origins of the family in Africa and Syria, the 'African/Syrian emperors', lasted
c. 40 years from the accession of their founder, Septimius [II 7] Severus (AD 193-211), via his sons by Iulia [12] Domna, Caracalla (198-217) and Geta [2] (209-211), to Iulia Domna's great nephews Elagabalus [2] (218-222) and Severus [2] Alexander (222-235). The sequence of Severan emperors was interrupted for about a year (April 217-mid 218) by the rul…
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Severe style
(600 words)
[German version] [1] Writing style Name given by [6. 124] to a group of Greek majuscule book-hands (Majuscule); characteristics are stiff, angular strokes, caused by the ‘severe’ letter forms (with a predominance of straight rather than curved strokes), and the contrast between narrow (
e. g. Ε, Θ, Ο, Σ) and broad letters (
e. g. Α, Δ, Κ, Λ, Μ, Ν, Π, Τ). [5] used the term
Bakchylideische Unziale (‘Bacchylidean uncials’), referring to the most famous example, the book roll of Bacchylides' epinicia (PLond. inv. 733 = PLit. Lond. 46). [7. 22], on the other hand, i…
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Severia
(162 words)
[German version] Games recorded many times for Greece (for Roman areas only CIL XIV 474), either under the transliterated spelling Σεβήρια/
Sebḗria or similar forms such as Σεβήρεια/
Sebḗreia, Σευήρεια/
Seuḗreia or Σεουήρεια/
Seouḗreia. The S. are only documented epigraphically and on the reverses of coins, never in literary texts. For this reason only very little is known about them; there has been no recent study. The name and the time of the occurrence of the S. tell us that they were celebrated in honour of the Severan dyna…
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Severianus
(267 words)
[German version] [1] Bishop of Gabala/Syria, c. 400 The bishop of Gabala (present-day Ǧabla) in Syria who appeared from AD 401 as a preacher in Constantinopolis. His name is primarily tied to the acrimonious conflict with Iohannes [4] Chrysostomus after the latter was nominated as ecumenical patriarch. Both were regarded as gifted preachers, and their rivalry, characterised by reciprocal slights and their open competition for the favour of Empress Aelia [4] Eudoxia, finally led to the deposition and ex…
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Severinus
(237 words)
[German version] [1] Pupil of Libanius, 4th cent. AD Pupil of Libanius, then lawyer, entered service at the Imperial court (AD 363?), was
comes rerum privatarum to Theodosius I (AD 388-390),
comes sacrarum largitionum in 391 and finally
praef. urbi Constantinopolitanae in 398-399. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography P. Petit, Les étudiants de Libanius, 1956 PLRE 1, 830 f. (S. 3). [German version] [2] S. of Noricum Monk in Noricum ripense, 5th cent. d. 8.1.482 in the monastery of Favianis (Mautern on the Danube) which he had founded. His actual …
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Severus
(1,402 words)
[German version] I Greek (Σευῆρος;
Seuêros). [German version] [1] Platonist, 2nd cent.? Platonist, probably 2nd cent. AD. He wrote a monograph
On the soul [1. 80, 299; 2. 409-13, 428 f., 435 f.] and a commentary on Plato’s
Timaeus [1. 52, 217 f.; 2. 407-9]. He appears in these works to be an original-minded, somewhat stoicizing interpreter of Aristotle’s doctrine of categories [1. 259; 2. 413 f.; 3. 66, 288 f.], and of Plato’s theories of the soul [1. 299; 3. 56, 278 f.] and of the origin of the world [4. 116-18, 417-21]. His works …
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Sex
(986 words)
[German version] [1] see Genealogy see Genealogy King, Helen (Reading) [German version] [2] Sex (medical aspects) The speculations of medical writers on the way in which sex was determined
in utero could reinforce social and cultural assumptions about the relative roles of the sexes. One model which existed in Classical Antiquity in both medical and other works suggested that seed was the prerogative of the male, the female merely contributing 'matter' and a place in which the seed could grow. This is most famously articulat…
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Sexi
(162 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Colonization | Phoenicians, Poeni | Punic Wars Phoenician settlement (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 43: Σίξος/
Síxos; Str. 3,4,2; 3,5,5: Ἐξιτανοί/
Exitanoí; Mela 2,94; Plin. HN 3,8:
Sexi Firmum Iulium; Ptol. 2,4,7: Σέξ/
Séx; It. Ant. 405,3:
Saxetanum) on the southern coast of the Iberian peninsula, probably at modern Almuñécar, to date not excavated. It is scarcely recognisable today owing to considerable sedimentation that the Phoenician settlement was originally on a peninsula or island, su…
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Sextans
(115 words)
[German version] A sixth part of a twelve-part whole, a sixth of a pound, or an
as (Varro Ling. 6,171) = two
unciae . The sextans, obverse a mussel, reverse a
caduceus (herald's wand; RRC, 14/5, Rome, 280-276 BC) or obverse a head of Mercury, reverse a prora (ship's prow; RRC, 35/5, Rome, 225-217 BC) and with two balls as a value indicator on each side, was initially cast, after the reduction of weights (Semilibral standard), from about 215 BC, minted (RRC, 41/9, Rome, 215-212 BC). With the introduction of the semiuncial standard the minting of sextantes was abandoned [1. 2031]. Stumpf, Gerd (…
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Sextantal standard
(186 words)
[German version] Reduction stage of the Roman-Italic
aes grave amounting to 1/6 of the original libral
as, introduced at Rome
c. 214-212 BC along with the
denarius , which was worth 10 sextantal asses (As) (Fest. 468: during the 2nd Punic War). Bronze and silver were hereby set at a fixed rate to one another for the first time. A novel feature are the minor types (letters or symbols). They partly correspond to those of the silver coinage in the
denarius system. This was also the time of the first minting of the large bronze nominals. Some coins (asses and fractions) were und…
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Sextarius
(163 words)
[German version] (later Greek ξέστης/
xéstēs, 'a sixth'). Roman unit of fluid and dry capacity equalling 1/48 of an
amphora [2], 1/6 of a
congius, 2
heminae , 4
quartarii and 12
cyathi (Cyathus [2]; see table); a
sextarius corresponds to approximately 0,546 l. As a measure of volume
sextarius also occurs on ancient measuring vessels. Colloquially
sextarius was also used for 1/6 of anything. The
sextarius was the largest measure of both fluid and dry capacity; higher units had distinct names.
Roman units of fluid and dry capacity and their relationships:
sextarius Unit:
cyathus …
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Sextia
(103 words)
[German version] [1] Wife of L. Cornelius [II 59] Sulla Felix, died in 24 AD Wife of L. Cornelius [II 59] Sulla Felix who died in AD 21. When her second husband Mamercus Aemilius [II 14] Scaurus was forced into suicide in 34, she killed herself together with him (Tac. Ann. 6,29,1). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography Raepsaet-Charlier, no. 711. [German version] [2] Sister of S. [1]? Possibly a sister of S. [1]. When her son-in-law L. Antistius [II 12] Vetus was accused in AD 66, she, he and her granddaughter Antistia [3] Pollitta took their own lives (Tac. Ann. 16,10 f.). Eck, Werner (Colog…
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Sextilia
(70 words)
[German version] Married to L. Vitellius,
cos. III in AD 47. Her sons were A. Vitellius, the later emperor, and his brother L. Vitellius. After her son was enthroned in Rome in the summer of 69 she was given the honorary name
Augusta (Tac. Hist. 2,89,2); she died of old age shortly afterwards (Tac. Hist. 3,67,1). Suetonius (Vit. 3) speaks of her approvingly. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography Raepsaet-Charlier, no. 715.
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Sextilius
(473 words)
Name of a Roman plebeian family, historically attested at Rome from the 3rd cent. BC. The name was a common one, but its bearers were politically insignificant. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] Legate of L. Licinius [I 26] Lucullus in 69 BC. Distinguished himself in the Armenian war (Plut. Lucullus 25,4-6; App. Mithr. 381-385), but fell into Parthian hands in 68 (Cass. Dio 36,3,2 f.). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] Praetor before 67 BC, together with his colleague Bellinus, he was kidnapped by pirates (Plut. Pompeius 24,6). Fündling,…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Sextius
(1,175 words)
Roman
nomen gentile, also confused with
Sestius . According to tradition, the family achieved prominence in the 4th cent. BC with S. [I 6] who obtained access to the consulate for plebeians. The family was unimportant under the Republic, with the exception of S. [1 3]; the branch which was best known into the 3rd cent. AD originated with Caesar's follower S. [I 2], but it made spurious claims to be descended from the first plebeian consul S. [I 6] (hence the epithets
Africanus and
Laterensis). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] S., Q. Founder of t…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Sextula
(144 words)
[German version] ('A small sixth' = 1/6 of the
u
ncia ; cf. Varro Ling. 5,171:
aeris minima pars sextula, quod sexta pars unciae). Roman unit of measurement constituting 1/72 of a bigger whole. As unit of weight, the
sextula corresponds to 1/72 of the
libra [1] = 4,55 g, as unit of area to 1/72 of the
iugerum = 35 m2. In the Late Roman and Byzantine weight system, the
sextula was equivalent to four
scripula (value symbol Δ;
scripulum ) or one
solidus (value symbol N).
Sextula also appears as part of the declared weight on silver crockery from Late Antiquity (CIL XIII 3100,5; 10026,25; 29a). Schulzki…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Sextus
(2,046 words)
I Greek [German version] [I 1] Author of a collection of 'gnomes' The name 'Sextus' is associated with a Greek collection of 610 maxims (Gnome) in all, known from two Greek MSS (Patm. 263, Vat. Gr. 742; Pap. Palau Rib. 225v,
c. AD 400 offers 21 'gnomes'); they probably originated
c. AD 200. Origenes [2] is the first to mention the title Σέξτου γνῶμαι (
Séxtou gnômai), remarking among other things that 'most Christians read them' (Orig. Contra Celsum 8,30). In about 399, Rufinus [II 6] Tyrannius translated a collection of 451 maxims into Latin, naming as author…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sexuality
(1,634 words)
[German version] I. Definition The term sexuality - derived from the Latin
sexus '(male and female) gender' - is not an ancient one. It has been in use since the end of the 18th cent. in order to describe the sexual nature of organisms; in the modern sense, it stands for human sexual life in its biological, psychological and social aspects. Recent historical investigations of sexuality reject the view of human sexuality as a biologically determined, historically invariant instinctive behaviour; in line with…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly