Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Sciritae
(211 words)
[German version] (Σκιρῖται;
Skirîtai). The S., perhaps ethnically Arcadian, came from the sub-region or district (χώρα/
chṓra) of Sciritis in the Peloponnese (Diod. Sic. 15,64,3; cf. Thuc. 5,33,1), of which the principal fortified place in the 2nd quarter of the fourth cent. BC was Oeum (Xen. Hell. 6,5,24f.). At the battle of Mantinea in 418 BC, 600 S. fought on the side of the Spartans (Thuc. 5,67,1; 5,68,3; 5,71,2). By then, they had won the right to occupy the extreme left of the Lacedaemonian
phálanx line (Thuc. 5,67,1; cf. Diod. Sic. 15,32,1); after 378,…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sciritis
(115 words)
[German version] (Σκιρῖτις;
Skirîtis). Northern border region of Laconia (Thuc. 5,33,2) between the eastern Arcadian and Spartan basins, in the north about 13 km wide and in the south about 4 km, a slate region of the northwestern slopes of the northern Parnon mountains without any larger settlements. It was originally counted as part of Arcadia (Steph. Byz. s. v. Σκίρος). In the 5th cent. BC the Sciritae had the status of Spartan
períoikoi . In 369 BC it was annexed to Megale polis (Xen. Hell. 6,5,24 ff.; 7,4,21; Diod. Sic. 15,64,3 ff.; Syll.3 665,31 f. from 164 BC). Lienau, Cay (Münst…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sciron
(172 words)
[German version] (Σκίρων/
Skírōn, Σκείρων/
Skeírōn). Either a son of Henioche [4] and Canethus (Plut. Theseus 10,1-4; 25,4) or son of Poseidon or son (or grandson) of Pelops [1] (Apollod. Epit. 1,2). Eponym of the 'Scironian Cliffs' (Scironides petrae) and the 'Scironian Way' to the Gerania (Hdt. 8,71). Whereas S. was originally considered by the Megarians as a benevolent hero and constructor of the Way (Paus. 1,44), with the blossoming of the Theseus legend he transformed into the well-known monster…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scironides
(107 words)
[German version] (Σκιρωνίδης;
Skirōnídēs). Athenian who, as
strategos, together with Phrynichus [2] and others led an offensive to reconquer Miletus [2] in the summer of 412 BC. In spite of victory in the land battle, the offensive was broken off - contrary to the votes of S.
i.a. - because of the superiority of the Spartan fleet (Thuc. 8,25-27). As commanders of the fleet at Samos, he and Phrynichus were dismissed at the beginning of 411 (Thuc. 8,54,3). His attitude to the oligarchy of the Four Hundred (
Tetrakósioi ) is unclear. Walter, Uwe (Cologne) Bibliography D. Kagan, The Fall of th…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scironides petrae
(98 words)
[German version] (Σκειρωνίδες πέτραι/
Skeirōnídes pétrai, 'Scironic rocks'). Tall cliff on Mount Gerania above the Saronic Gulf (Hdt. 8,71; Pol. 16,16,4; Str. 9,1,4) west of Megara [2], still referred to as Kaki Skala ('dangerous climb') to the present day. The coastal pass from which - according to legend - Sciron pushed travellers into the sea (cf. Diod. Sic. 4,59,4) was notoriously dangerous. It was widened for traffic by Hadrianus (in AD 117-138) (Paus. 1,44,6). Meyer, Doris (Strasbourg) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten 1, 949 F. Geyer, s. v. Skironische Felsen, RE 3 A, …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scissors
(168 words)
[German version] (ψαλίς/
psalís; Latin
forfex,
forpex,
forficula). Scissors, made of iron or bronze, were used in sheep and goat shearing, for cutting cloth and metal, hair and beards, in cobbling and in agriculture, for chopping plants and fruits and separating grapes from the vine. Scissors seem to have come into use from the early 5th cent. BC in Greece, and in Italy (according to written sources) from around 300 BC (Varro, Rust. 2,11,9), though the plucking of fleeces was still common in sheep-shea…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sclavinia
(283 words)
[German version] (Σκλαβηνία/
Sklabēnía, Latin
Sclavinia). A term, common since the 6th cent. AD in Greek and Latin, derived from the demonym Σκλαβηνοί/
Sklabēnoí or
Sclavi (Slavs) and used to describe communities formed of Slav tribes inside and outside formerly Roman territories in the Balkan peninsula, Carinthia, Pannonia and Transsylvania. They were for the most part organised in warlike tribal associations without fixed territorial borders and also included members of non-Slavonic peoples; some were autonomous, othe…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sclerias
(49 words)
[German version] (Σκληρίας/
Sklērías) or Sclerius (Σκλήριος/
Sklḗrios), tragic poet cited by Stobaeus (TrGF I 213), dates unknown. It is unlikely that the Skolion (PMG 890) which only Stobaeus ascribes to S. (TrGF I 213 F 5) is in fact by him (testimonies in PMG 651). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
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Scodra
(254 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Commerce | Moesi, Moesia | Punic Wars | Balkans, languages Illyrian city (Liv. 44,31; Vibius Sequester 148; It. Ant. 339,4; Tab. Peut. 7,1 f.; Pol. 28,8,4: Σκόδρα/
Skódra; Ptol. 2,17,12; Hierocles, Synekdemos 656,4; Liv. 45,26:
Scodrenses) southeast of Lacus Labeatis (modern Liqeni Shkodres), 17 Roman miles (
c. 28 km; Plin. HN 3,144; Geogr. Rav. 5,14) from the coast of the Ionios Kolpos, in the area of the mouths of the Drilon and the Barbanna (modern Bojanna), modern Shkodra (i…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scolus
(180 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Boeotia, Boeotians (Σκῶλος;
Sk
ôlos). Settlement in Boeotia (Hom. Il. 2,498:
kṓmē), to the south of modern Neochorakion, to the north of Asopus [2] (Paus. 9,4,4; finds from the Mycenaean to the Roman periods [2; 4; 5; 6; 7], otherwise [1; 8]; relocated in 395 BC: [3]). S. was in the territory of Thebae, but from time to time of Plataeae (Str. 9,2,23 f.; as
pólis only in Steph. Byz. s. v. Σ.). S. was part of a region of the Boeotian League that depended on Thebae. Its population was evacuated to Thebae in 43…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scombrus
(47 words)
[German version] (Σκόμβρος;
Skómbros). Heavily forested mountains with ore deposits in the west of Thrace (Thuc. 2,96,3;
Scopius, Plin. HN 4,35), modern Vitoša south of Sofia. Aristot. Mete. 350b 16f. mistakenly locates the sources of the Nestus [1] and the Hebrus there. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scopadae
(169 words)
[German version] (Σκοπάδαι;
Skopádai). Noble family from Crannon, which, beside the Aleuadae, was one of the leading clans of Thessaly in the 6th century BC. On account of their wealth from cattle and pasturing (cf. Theoc. 16,36-39) the S. were from time to time at the lead of the Thessalian League (Tagos). As in the case of Aleuas, constitutive measures in establishing the organisation of the Thessalian army are also ascribed to their mythical/historical founder, Scopas I, (cf. Xen. Hell. 6,1,19; …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scopas
(1,000 words)
(Σκόπας/
Skópas). [German version] [1] Sculptor from Paros, mid 4th cent. BC Sculptor from Paros, active in the mid 4th cent. BC, working mostly in marble and very occasionally in bronze. In the opinion of the ancient world, S. was one of the most important masters of Greek sculpture. Written records ascribe to him approximately 25-30 individual works and major projects, which should probably be allotted to several sculptors with the same name of different generations. The extant pediment sculptures from th…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scopelianus
(132 words)
[German version] (Σκοπελιανός;
Skopelianós). Sophist from Clazomenae, active
c. 80-115 AD. According to Philostr. VS 1,21,514, our only source, S. was taught by Nicetes [2], presumably in Smyrna where S. too taught (his pupils included Polemon) and declaimed. Renowned especially for subjects drawn from the Persian Wars, S. had a vigorous style (apparent also in his epic Γιγαντία (
Gigantía), criticised as 'dithyrambic'. Like his ancestors he was high priest of the province of Asia (ἀρχιερεύς/
archiereús). Often an envoy to emperors,
c. 92 AD he successfully opposed Domitian's…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scopelus
(64 words)
[German version] (Σκόπελος;
Skópelos). Foothills of the Amanus between Rhosus and Seleucia [2] Pieria (Ptol. 5,15,2) with the cape Ras al-Ḫinzīr. It formed the natural boundary, and in Late Antiquity, also the political boundary between Syria and Cilicia; in the Middle Ages, there were Greek, Syrian, Armenian, and Latin monasteries in this region. Hild, Friedrich (Vienna) Bibliography Hild/Hellenkemper, s. v. Ras al-Hinzir, s. v. Skopelos.
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Scordisci
(228 words)
[German version] Celtic tribe with Illyrian and Thracian elements. They originally settled in the northern central Balkans (Str. 7,5,12) - the 'Greater S.' to the east of the Noarus as far as the Margus [1] (modern Morava), and the 'Lesser S.' on the right bank of the latter. To the south the territory of the S. extended as far as the sources of the Margus. The precise boundaries of the tribal territory, however, are hard to ascertain; in the 1st cent. BC its nucleus was at the confluence of the Savus and the Danube. About the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC the S. and other Celtic tribes …
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Scorpion
(19 words)
[German version] [1] see Arachnids see Arachnids [German version] [2] see Catapult C. (
scorpio) s. Catapult C.
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Scotland, Law of
(1,697 words)
[English version] The kingdom of Scotland grew between 850 and 1050 from a combination of four peoples: the Picts, the Irish
Scoti of Dalriada, the Britons and the Anglo-Saxons. All four peoples made a contribution to Scots law (SL). But the most important contribution was made by the Gaelic-speaking
Scoti, with Irish or Celtic law. Little written testimony has come down to us from this early period, most of it relating to awards of land in an early feudal society. But several institutions of Celtic law survived as the basis of SL. The beginnings of a specifically Scottish law lie in t…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Scotti
(80 words)
[German version] (
Scoti, 'Scots'). A Celtic people - wild and bellicose according to Roman reports - which originally settled in the north of Hibernia (Ireland) (Oros. 1,2,81 f.). In the late 4th cent. AD, groups of them ferried across to Britannia (Amm. 18,2,3; 26,4,5; 27,8,1; 29,4,7). The S. had been Christianised before AD 431 in Hibernia by the deacon Palladius (Prosp. 1301) and came to develop a very active monastery culture. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography G. and A. Ritchie, Scotland, 1985.
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Scotussa
(125 words)
[German version] (Σκοτοῦσσα/
Skotoûssa). City in Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, about 20 km to the west of Pherae at modern Skotoússa. (earlier Supli; Cynoscephalae). Attested by finds, remains and myth as very ancient, its first period of prosperity came to an end when the population was massacred by Alexander [15] of Pherae in 367 BC (Diod. 15,75,1; Paus. 6,5,2 f.). S. was not insignificant under Macedonian rule (Pol. 18,20,2-6; Liv. 33,6,8), and in the Thessalian League after 197 (Liv. 36,9,3). After …
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