Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Salus
(358 words)
[German version] ('Well-being') was a deified characteristic (Personification) - depicted as a female deity, often enthroned, with a sceptre, bowl, snake or ear of corn - associated primarily with the security and welfare of the Roman state, its citizens and later its rulers. The city of Rome's temple to S. on the Mons Quirinalis, vowed by C. Iunius [I 19] Bubulcus in 311 BC during the second of the Samnite Wars, was dedicated by him on 5 August (Cic. Att. 4,2,4; Cic. Sest. 131) 302 BC (Liv. 10,1…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Salustius
(665 words)
(Σαλούστιος;
Saloústios). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian Greek grammarian (perhaps 4th/5th cents. AD [3. 31]); author of a commentary on Callimachus' [3]
Hekale (fr. 9; 29; 179 Hollis), the use of which can still be detected in the Suda [4. 13-18]. The attribution of an edition of the hymns of Callimachus [5. 78] and of the hypothesis to Sophocles'
Antigone and
Oedipus in Colonus [6. 17-20] is probable. Likely identical to the S. mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium s. v. Ἄζιλις. Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) Bibliography Editions:
1 A. S. Hollis, Callimachus. Hekale, 1990
2 R. P…
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Salutatio
(446 words)
[German version] ('Greeting'). The morning reception allowed clients (
cliens,
clientes ) to pay their respects to their
patronus , and to receive advice (Hor. Epist. 2,1,102) and support, e.g. money (
sportula ). It took place during the first two hours of the morning (Mart. 4,8); the client (
salutator) had to attend in
toga (Juv. 3,126 f.); hence Martial (3,46,1) calls the clients' duties the
togata opera. The visitors gathered in the
vestibulum or
atrium of the house of their
patronus and awaited admission (Hor. Epist. 1,5,31). Friends and prominent individuals were grant…
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Salvianus
(171 words)
Roman
cognomen, extension of Salvius. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] S. of Massilia Christian theologian at Massilia, died after 465 (modern Marseille), probably born after AD 400 at Trier, evidence of his presence on the Lérins Islands, married, later ascetic, wrote the treatise
Ad Ecclesiam (‘To the Church’; Pseudepigraphy [II]) after 435, exhortating all Christians to donate all inheritance for ascetic reasons for the work of the church. S. then lived at Marseille as a priest until his death (after
c. 465), there composing
De gubernatione Dei (‘The Government…
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Salvidienus
(396 words)
Italian
nomen gentile, derived from Salvidius. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] Q. S. Rufus Salvius Before Agrippa, Octavian's principal commander (second
cognomen indication of adoption or standardized form of S.? [1. 375]), Roman knight (Vell. Pat. 2,76,4; legendary Cass. Dio 48,33,2), friend of the young Octavian (Augustus [1]) and his principal commander before Agrippa. S., then possibly an officer in Caesar's army [1. 398], was in Apollonia with Octavian in 45-44 BC and was his adviser after Caesar's d…
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Salvium
(142 words)
[German version] City in the territory of the Dalmatae (CIL XIII 6538; 14249,2:
S. [1. 121]; Ptol. 2,17,9: Σαλουία/Salouía; It. Ant. 269,4:
Salviae). After the Roman conquest in AD 6-9, it was in the province of Dalmatia on the Salona - Servitium road, modern Podgradina near Glamoc̆polje or Halapić (in Bosnia).
Municipium from the time of Hadrianus onwards (CIL XIII 6538). Cult of Silvanus Silvestris (CIL XIII 13985; cf. [2]). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography
1 C. Patsch, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der römischen Provinz Dalmatia, in: Wissenschaftli…
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Salvius
(1,168 words)
Common given name of Oscan or Umbrian origin not used by the Roman upper class (abbreviated in inscriptions as
Sa. or
Sal.), later appears as a
nomen gentile; also a slave name. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican Era [German version] [I 1] Slave leader (Slave leader) see Tryphon [2]. Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] Centurion named only by Plutarch as one of Pompeius' murderers Centurion named only in Plut. Pompeius 78,1 and 79,4 as one of Pompey's murderers. Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [I 3] Freedman and probable agent of Caesar Freedman probably active as …
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Samara
(101 words)
[German version] River in Picardy (France), modern Somme, rises north-east of St. Quentin and flows into the
mare Britannicum (English Channel) at Abbeville. The form
S. itself is not attested but reconstructed from the name of the city Samarobriva. Other forms of the name:
Sambra (Not. Dign. Occ. 38,8:
classis Sambrica),
Somena (Ven. Fort. 7,4,15),
Sumena (Greg. Tur. Franc. 2,9),
Sumina,
Sumna,
Summana (
cf. [1. 1335 f.]). In Not. Dign. Occ.
loc. cit., the modern Somme is referred to as
Sambra [2]; in Ptol. 2,9,2, the river is called Φροῦδις/
Phroûdis. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliog…
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Samaria, Samaritans
(1,265 words)
[German version] I. Samaria (Hebrew
Šomron, LXX Σαμάρεια/
Samáreia), seat of government of the kings of the Northern Kingdom of Israel from the reign of Omri (882-871 BC; Judah and Israel). The newly-founded city, whose name (root
šmr, 'to guard, protect; watch-tower') refers to its strategic location, was not, as is often assumed, a Canaanite city-state alongside Jezreel as the Israelite centre. S. was the Israelite royal seat, and Jezreel a royal demesne. As is evident from Assyrian and OT texts, the rulers of S. were compelled to deliver tribute to the Assyrians b…
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Samaria ware
(111 words)
[German version] Modern technical term for typical Iron Age luxury crockery of the Phoenician Levant. The name is taken from the unusual finding place of Samaria. SW keeled bowls and dishes, which had very thin walls, were produced in mould dishes and engraved with lines. Red slip painting (Red slip ware) was usually combined with a blanked area. Finds of SW on Cyprus, in Carthage and in southern Spain mark the earliest horizon of Phoenician western expansion. There are local adaptations of SW in Carthage. Phoenicians Docter, Roald Fritjof (Amsterdam) Bibliography P. Bikai, The Pott…
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Samaritan
(200 words)
[German version] Special form of Hebrew, in which the Samaritans (Samaria) wrote the Pentateuch and a revised version of the book of Joshua. The Samaritan Pentateuch, which is distinguished from the Masoretic Hebrew text by orthographic variants and religiously based textual changes, was earlier occasionally considered to represent a more original version; yet proto-Samaritan Hebrew text versions have been found in Qumran. The texts from Qumran - which are, with the exception of the Masada Fragmen…
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Samarobriva
(526 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Gallia/Gaul Principal town of the
civitas of the Ambiani, Late Antique Ambianis, modern Amiens (Dépt. Somme) at a crossing (
-briva) over the Samara (Caes. B Gall. 5,24,1; 47,2; 53,3; Cic. Fam. 7,11,2; 12,1,16; Tab. Peut. 2,3; CIL XIII 3490; Notae Tironianae 73 Zangenmeister; Honorius, Cosmographia 36 B1 Riese; in Ptol. 2,9,4 alternatively: Σαμαρόβριγα/
Samaróbriga; ILS 5839; It. Ant. 379,9 f.; 380,1:
Samarabriva). No evidence of a preceding Celtic settlement has been found [1]. Its geographical charact…
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Samarra
(509 words)
[German version] (
Sāmarrā; Theophanes Continuatus 3,36: Σάμαρα/
Sámara). Area of ruins of
c. 60 km2 and modern town on the left bank of the Tigris, 100 km north of Baghdad (cf. map). At this site, known since the neo-Assyrian Period (Mesopotamia III D), the emperor Julian [11] the Apostate fell in AD 363 in battle against the Sassanids. It was in this area, mainly inhabited by Nestorians (Nestorius), that the Nahrawān canal, dug in the time of Chosroes [5] Anushirvan (period of rule 531-579) began, which be…
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Sambation
(177 words)
[German version] (also
Sanbation or
Sabbation; Greek Σαββατικός/
Sabbatikós, Jos. BI 7,5). Mythical river, behind which the ten tribes of Israel (Judah and Israel) were said to have been exiled by the Assyrian king Salmanassar. According to Jewish legend, this river had the miraculous property of resting on the Sabbath, while on all other days its current was so strong that it hurled stones (among others, BerR 11,5; cf. already Plin. HN 31,24). Iosephus [4] Flavius describes the river, which according t…
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Sambethe
(259 words)
[German version] (Σαμβήθη/
Sambḗthē or Σάββη/
Sábbē). Name, probably derived from Hebrew
šabbat (Sabbath) [7. 622 ff.], of the Jewish Sibyl, who can be identified with the Egyptian, Persian and Babylonian Sibyls [2. 317 ff.]. A Sabbe is first recorded in Pausanias' [8] list of four Sibyls (
c. AD 160) (Paus. 10,12,1-9), drawing on Alexander [23] Polyhistor. She can be identified with a prophetess known as a 'Noah's daughter' in Or. Sib. 3,823 ff., Or. Sib. prooemium 33 and Or. Sib. 1,289. The 12 books of the
Oracula Sibyllina, pseudepigraphic apocalyptic literature (Apocalypse…
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Sambra
(132 words)
[German version] [1] River in Gallia Belgica River in Gallia Belgica, mentioned in ancient saints' legends (e.g., MGH Scriptorum rerum Merovingiorum 5,634,12; 5,643,12; details in [1. 1338]), modern Sambre, rising on the western edge of the Ardennes and flowing into the Mosa [1] (Meuse/Maas) near Namur. Identification with the Sabis [1] (Caes. B Gall. 2,16,1; 2,18) is uncertain. Schön, Franz (Regensburg) Bibliography
1 Holder. [German version] [2] Modern Somme Besides the modern Sambre (= S. [1]), the Samara was also called the S. (cf. Not. Dign. Occ. 38,8). T…
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Sambus
(143 words)
[German version] [1] Tributary of the Ganges (Σάμβος/
Sámbos). Tributary of the Ganges (Arr. Ind. 4,4: Megasthenes), possibly identical to the Sarabus (Ptol. 7,1,29; 2,13) corresponding to the Sarayū (Agoranis). Nissen, Hans Jörg (Berlin) [German version] [2] Indian king, 4th cent. BC (Σάμβος/
Sámbos in Arr. Anab. 6,16,3 f., Σάβος/
Sábos in Diod. Sic. 17,102,6 f. and Str. 15,1,33, Σάββας/
Sábbas in Plut. Alexander 64,
Sambus in Curt. 9,8,13 and 9,8,17,
Ambus in Just. Epit. 12,10, etc.). Indian king; his kingdom, with its capital at Sindimana, lay in the mountain …
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Sambyke
(17 words)
[German version] [1] Harp (harp) see Musical instruments [German version] [2] Drawbridge (drawbridge) see Siegecraft
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Same
(156 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Persian Wars | Athenian League (Second) (Σάμη/
Sámē). In Homer, an island in Odysseus' kingdom (name forms:
Sámos, Hom. Il. 2,634;
Sámē is more recent, Hom. Od. 1,246); in the historical period, a city in the east of the island of Cephallenia, modern Sami. In 223/2 BC, an Aetolian colony was dispatched to S. (IG IX 12,1, 2); In 189 BC, S. was besieged and destroyed by Fulvius [I 15] (Liv. 37,50,5; 38,28,5-30,1). Quite recent excavations and (to some extent unpublished Latin) inscriptio…
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Samī
(104 words)
[German version] Site of ruins high in the Baḫtiyiārī Mountains (in Iran),
c. 25 km north of the city of Īẕe (Malāmīr), in ancient Elymais. Among the numerous Hellenistic marble and bronze fragments found in a sanctuary, a bronze statue, somewhat over life size and almost completely preserved, is particularly noteworthy: it is as yet the only surviving large-scale representation in three dimensions of an Arsacid dignitary (prince?) (2nd cent. AD). Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) Bibliography
1 V.S. Curtis, The Parthian Costume and Headdress, in: J. Wiesehöfer (ed.), Das Partherreic…
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Samian Ware
(74 words)
[German version] British term for terra sigillata, a distinctive type of Roman ceramic identified from its pinkish or orange fabric, and characteristic smooth red slipped surface. It was once thought to have originated from the island of Samos, hence the term ‘Samian’, which remains in British usage. Hawkes, Jason Bibliography
1 G. de la Bedoyere, Samian Ware, 1988
2 C. Johns, Arretine and Samian Pottery, 1971
3 P. Webster, Roman Samian Pottery in Britain, 1996
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Samia vasa
(60 words)
[German version] ('Samian vases'). Clay pots known only from Latin literature (Plaut. Bacch. 202; Plaut. Capt. 291; Cic. Rep. 6,2,2; Tib. 2,3,47; Isid. Orig. 20,3,4.6). Their shape is unknown, so they can not be correlated with pots of surviving Roman ceramics. The clay was high-fired and sherds were sharp; SV were used in sacral and profane contexts. Willers, Dietrich (Berne)
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Samicum
(222 words)
[German version] (Σαμικόν;
Samikón). The biggest fort of Triphylia (western Peloponnese) on the western foothills of Mount Kaiapha, between the modern Agoulinitsa lagoon in the north and lake Kaiapha in the south. This is the location of a cave of the Anigriades [4], spring nymphs of the former river Anigrus (
cf. [2]) with sulphur springs (Str. 8,3,19; Paus. 5,5,11; Schol. Hom. Il. 11,721). Sources: Paus. 5,6,1-3; Pol. 4,77,9; 80,12; Str. 8,3,13; 19 f.; 27. The form
Sámos is only attested in Str. 8,3,20 and Schol. Hom. Il. 13,13. S. was probably built by the Eleans in …
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Samius
(121 words)
[German version] (Σάμιος/
Sámios), also Samus (Σᾶμος/
Sâmos). Epigrammatist of the 'Garland of Meleager' (Anth. Pal. 4,1,14), son of Chrysogonus and contemporary of Philip [7] V of Macedonia (Pol. 5,9,4), who condemned him to death (Pol. 23,10,8-10) perhaps because of his criticism (Plut. Mor. 53e). A poem about Philip V dedicating to Heracles the hide and horns of a bull survives (Anth. Pal. 6,116); a variant (ibid. 6,114) on the same theme can probably also be ascribed to him (the attribution to Simi…
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Sammael
(188 words)
[German version] (Hebrew
Sammāel). Negative angel figure in Jewish tradition, often identified with Satan. S. is mentioned for the first time in Ethiopic Henoch 6, where he is one of a group of angels that rebels against God (cf. the name Σαμμανή/
Sammanḗ or Σαμιήλ/
Samiḗl in the Greek version). According to Greek Baruch 4,9, he planted the vine that led to the fall of Adam; S. was therefore cursed and became Satan. In the 'Ascension of Isaiah', S. is identified with the figure of Beliar (4,11). Rabbinical literature represents S. in the s…
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Sammai, Shammai
(150 words)
[German version] (
c. 50 BC-AD 30). Significant representative of Pharisaic Judaism (Pharisaei). Š. figures in the traditional rabbinical chain from the revelation of the Torah of Moses (Pentateuch) to the 'Five Pairs' (
zugot; cf. mAvot 1,15); his counterpart is Hillel, to whom Š. is opposed in a cliché fashion in rabbinical literature: in questions of law, whereas Hillel made rather lenient decisions, Š. is characterized by strictness and rigour (cf. bShab 31a). Rabbinical tradition sees Š. as the founder of a school of scholars (Hebrew
bēt-Šammai) that is likewise contrasted wi…
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Sam(m)onium
(133 words)
[German version] (Greek: Σαμ(μ)ώνιον/
Sam(m)ṓnion). Promontory on the northeastern tip of Crete, modern Kavo Sidero. Strong winds often prevented seafarers from rounding the cape. S. served ancient authors as a fixed point of reference for geographical information and the communication of distances between the islands of the Aegean Sea (cf. Str. 2,4,3; 10,3,20; 10,4,2 f.; 10,4,5; 10,4,12; 10,5,18; Dionys. Per. 110; Mela 2,112; Plin. HN 4,58; 60 f.; 71:
promunturium Samonium; Ptol. 3,17,5; Stadiasmus maris magni 318 f.; 355; Acts 27:7: Σαλμώνη/
Salmṓnē in connection with the…
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Samnites, Samnium
(1,710 words)
[German version] I. Name, ethnos, geography The S. called their country
Safinim, and themselves probably
Safineis (inscriptions: Vetter 149; coins: [1. 149 f.]); the Greeks, respectively,
Saunîtis (Σαυνῖτις, Pol. 3,90,7) and
Saunîtai (Σαυνῖται, Philistus FGrH 556 F 41 f.; according to Fest. 436 L, derived from
saúnion, 'spear'); the Romans called them
S. (ILS 1). While etymologically related, these terms do not have the same geographical meaning. Common to
Safineis and the ethnics
Sabini and
Sabelli is the Indo-European root *
Sabh (cf. the god Sabus, Cato HRR fr. 50 f.).…
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Samos
(1,981 words)
Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) Archaeological investigations on Samos (S.) date back to the 18th cent. They were initially superficial, and limited to finding and identifying the few remains still standing. As the sources provide very little in the way of concrete information, the quest at first concentrated on the monuments described by Herodotus (3,60) as the greatest structures in all Hellas: Eupalinus' tunnel, the harbour mole and the temple of Hera. The ancient …
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Samos
(1,590 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Theatre | Ionic | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Phoenicians, Poeni | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (ἡ Σάμος/
hē Sámos, Lat. also
Samus). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] I. Geography Island in the southeastern Aegean Sea, only
c. 2 km from the mainland of Asia Minor (at Mycale); connected in prehistoric times; total area 476 km2. The island is crossed by a chain of mountains (Ampelus according to …
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Samosata
(191 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Syria | Xenophon | Zenobia | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Legio | Limes | Limes | Pompeius (Σαμόσατα;
Samósata), modern Samsat Hüyüğu (in Turkey), city on the northern bank of the Euphrates [2]; today submerged. A Hittite stele from S. and Assyrian sources attest the name of Kummuḫu (an Assyrian provincial town from the time of Sargon II onwards). Capital city of the Commagene under king Antiochus [16] I. Occupied in AD 72 by Vespa…
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Samothrace
(1,617 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Peloponnesian War | Pompeius | Education / Culture (Σαμοθράκη;
Samothrákē). [German version] I. Geography and history Island (178 km2, with Mount Phengari, 1161 m) in the northern Aegean Sea, 30 km out from the Tracian coast, rich in water, with a narrow and flat beach and lacking in natural harbours. There are isolated traces of Neolithic settlements (near Karyotai and Mikro Vuni), in the Bronze Age it was occupied by Thracians. In
c. 700 BC, S. was settled by Greek colonists, probably by Aeolis [1] of Lesbos, who fou…
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Sampsigeramus
(184 words)
(Σαμψιγέραμος;
Sampsigéramos) [German version] [1] Prince of Emesa and Arethusa, 1st cent. BC The prince of Emesa and Arethusa (Str. 16,2,11) in Syria; was an (unfaithful) ally of Antiochus [14] XIII, whom he captured twice and killed in 64 BC (Diod. Sic. 40,1b). His good relationship with Pompeius [I 3] prompted Cicero to use his exotic Aramaic name as a nickname for Pompey (Cic. Att. 2,14,1; 16,2; 17,1-2; 23,2-3). S. was named among the princes who supported the rebellion of the Pompeian Caecilius [I 5] Bassus, which began in 46 BC (Str. 16,2,10). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) …
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Samus
(159 words)
(Σάμος/
Sámos). [German version] [1] King of Armenia, 3rd cent. BC King of Armenia first half of the 3rd cent. BC, appears among the paternal ancestors of Antiochus [16] I of Commagene as the father of king Arsames [4] (OGIS 394). S. (and not his homonymous descendant) founded Samosata, later the capital of Commagene, and Samokart in the Armenian region of Arzanene. In
c. 255 BC he hosted the Bithynian prince Ziaelas. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [2] S. Theosebes Dicaeus (Σ. Θεοσεβὴς Δίκαιος/
S. Theosebḕs Díkaios). Great-grandson of S. [1], son of Ptolemaeus [III…
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Sanatruces
(216 words)
(Σανατρούκης/
Sanatroúkēs). [German version] [1] Parthian ruler, 1st cent. BC (Greek literary sources: Σινατρούκης/
Sinatroúkēs, Phlegon of Tralleis, fr. 12 in Photius; Σινατροκλῆς/
Sinatroklês, Ps.-Lucian, Macr. 15; or in the genitive: Σιντρίκου/
Sintríkou, App. Mithr. 104). Son of Artabanus [4] I and brother of Mithridates [13] II, Gotarzes I and Orodes [1] I. In 78/7 BC, in his 80th year, S. was elevated to the Parthian throne by the Sacaraucae and ruled a further 7 years (Ps.-Lucian, Macr. 15). In the conflict between Mith…
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Sanbulus
(110 words)
[German version] According to Tac. Ann. 12,13,3 the place where Gotarzes II defeated Mithridates [15], his anti-king sent by Rome; it is also mentioned that the last battle between Alexander [4] the Great and Darius [3] III was fought in the same place. Reference is made to a fortress near Nineveh (Ninus [2]). S. is a mountain on which Gotarzes sacrificed to Hercules and is presumably close to the field of battle. S. has to date not been identified. Nissen, Hans Jörg (Berlin) Bibliography P. Bernard, Heracles, les grottes de Karafto et le sanctuaire du Mont Sambulos en Ira…
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Sanchuniathon
(318 words)
[German version] (Σαγχουνιάθω/
Sanchouniáthō; Phoenician
sknytn, 'Sakon has given'). Phoenician and source for Herennius Philo of Byblus (= P.), who used him for his
Phoenician History (Euseb.: Φοινικικὴ Ἱστορία/
Phoinikikḕ Historía; Iohannes Lydus, Steph. Byz.: τὰ Φοινικικά), of which we know only through references in Eusebius [7] (Euseb. Praep. evang. 1,9,20-21; 10,9,12 ff. Mras = FGrH 790). S. is said to have lived at Beirut (Berytus, according to the Suda), Tyrus or Sidon (Ath. 3,100) even 'before the Trojan War', and h…
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Sanctio
(163 words)
[German version] (from Latin
sancire: 'to consecrate', 'render inviolable'), originally in the sacral sense: confirmation by oath of a treaty (
foedus ... sanciendum, Liv. 1,24,6); in the context of a
lex ('law'),
sanctio means the totality of clauses to ensure implementation (Cic. Att. 3,23,2-3), then generally legal consequence, esp. of prohibitory laws, esp. penalty. The categorization of
leges (Ulp. Reg. 1-2, v. here
lex, leges D.1.) according to the type of
sanctio into
leges imperfectae (without
sanctio),
minus quam perfectae (penalty only) and
perfectae (act declared nul…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sanctuaries
(1,134 words)
[German version] I. General The word 'sanctuary' is derived, like the French
sanctuaire, Italian
santuario, etc., from the Latin
sanctus ('set off'). On the other hand, the German collective term for a wide variety of types of cult places,
Heiligtum, traces back to the Germanic adjective *
heila-, *
heilu- ('whole', 'complete') [1. 78]. In 20th-cent. German-language scholarship of religion, the German term eventually came to be used synonymously with the above-mentioned terms derived from
sanctus. This is connected with, among other things, the archaeological and lite…
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Sanctus
(392 words)
[German version] (originally the perfect passive participle of the Lat. verb
sancire, 'dedicate, make inviolable').
Sanctus is not identical with
sacer , but the use of
sanctior as the comparative of
sacer and the formation of the compound
sacrosanctus point to a connexion going back to the Indo-European
*sak- ('endowed with existence'). Three phases of the ancient use of
sanctus and the substantive
sanctitas can be identified. 1.
Sanctus qualifies things, places or offices defined or safeguarded in their existence, usually in a law, by a
sanctio (e.g., walls, …
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Sancus
(371 words)
[German version] Semo S. Dius Fidius (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4,58,4; CIL VI 30994), also called Dius Fidius, S. or Semo S. A god of mysterious origin and nature, assumed to be of Sabine extraction (Ov. Fast. 6,213-18; Varro, Ling. 5,66). The name S. (also transmitted as
Sanctus) is derived from Latin
sancire, 'to make steadfast, fix' (but it is also explained as the Sabine word for 'heaven': Lydus, Mens. 4,90; [4. 116]). Semo is of unknown derivation, but is associated with
semen ('seed') and understood to indicate a god of sowing ([3]
contra [2. 204]). The god, along with Salus Semonia …
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Sandalphon
(187 words)
[German version] (Hebrew
sandālfōn). Name of one of the most important angels in rabbinic angelology. S.'s size spans from earth into the heavenly realm and he surmounts his angel companions by 500 years 'while making wreaths for his creator' (bHag 13b with the interpretation of Ez 1:15; PesR 20 [97a]). Related traditions identified these wreaths with the prayers of Israel that S. presents to God (Bet ha-Midrasch 2,26 Jellinek). It is highly probably that his name is derived from the Greek συνάδελφος/
synádelphos, 'fellow brother' (in the community of angels or specifically o…
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Sandals
(579 words)
[German version] (πέδιλον/
pédilon, σανδάλον, -ιον/
sandálon, -ion; Lat.
sandalion,
solea, all usually plur). Sandals (soles attached with straps to the feet and reaching up to the ankles or just above) were certainly the most common ancient footwear and were made in various variations. Greek sandals were tied with thin laces up to the ankles [2. 270, fig. 5]; only in the Roman Imperial Period did there emerge ribbon-like leather straps, crossing or running diagonally over the foot. The straps were often …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sandhi
(887 words)
[German version] The Indian word sandhi- (masc.) 'putting together, linking', a term used by Indian grammarians, was adopted by European linguistics in the middle of the 19th cent. in view of the lack of a corresponding term from Classical Antiquity. It describes (1) the 'coming together' of word-final phonemes with word-initial phonemes, esp. of words in a syntactic relationship (hence also the term 'sentence phonetics'), and also words occurring as members of nominal and verbal compounds; (2) (m…
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Brill’s New Pauly