Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Sacra
(286 words)
[German version] The customary Latin term for all kind of religious rituals (Macrob. Sat. 1,16,8). Its usage in old priestly titles is a sign of its antiquity (
e.g.
rex sacrorum ). Roman scholars made a distinction between
sacra publica and
sacra privata (Fest. 284 L.). The former were listed in the local calendar and were divided into two main types: The first group were rituals which were carried out by magistrates and priests at public expense for the
populus, but which did not require the public’s participation, the second group comprised festivals, such as the Fornac…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sacramentarium
(402 words)
[German version] The terms
sacramentarium and
sacramentorum liber etc. refer to a type of Christian liturgical book that developed in Late Antiquity, made up of
libelli (individual sheets or booklets) and containing prayers recited by the bishop or priests, especially during the celebration of the Eucharist. Sometimes it also contains other liturgical texts intended for certain feasts, periods and occasions. The oldest preserved codices date from the 2nd half of the 6th cent. The most important types of sacramentary in …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sacramentum
(1,721 words)
[German version] I. General remarks In contrast to
ius iurandum , which in Latin generally refers to the oath itself and the act of swearing an oath, the
sacramentum ('oath') has to do with the obligations an individual assumes
vis-à-vis the god who is invoked (usually Iuppiter (I. B) in his function as Dius Fidius or 'all gods'). The
sacramentum threatens that one may become
sacer , in thrall to a god and consequently outlawed, by taking an oath affirming a false statement or failing to keep a promise made under oath (assertive or promissory oath) [1. 76-84]. Eder, Walter (Berlin) …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sacred wars
(585 words)
[German version] (ἱεροὶ πόλεμοι/
hieroì pólemoi). As a concept
hieròs pólemos is first encountered in the late 5th cent. BC and according to Aristophanes (Av. 554ff., particularly 556 with schol. = Philochorus FGrH 328 F 34 b) means 'war against divinity', whereas Thucydides (1,112,5; with the addition of καλούμενος/
kaloúmenos, 'so-called') uses it to describe the Spartans' intervention in Delphi in 448 on the pretext of protecting the sanctuary of Apollo [1. 1-14]. Accordingly there was no idea of a religious campaign for a deity [2. 67-87].…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sacrifice
(10,943 words)
I. Religious studies [German version] A. General Sacrifice is one of the central concepts in describing ritual religion in ancient and modern cultures. In European Modernity, the term sacrifice (directly or indirectly influenced by Christian theology of the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ to redeem mankind) also has an intimation towards individual self-giving ('sacrifice of self'). The range of nuances in the modern meaning stretches to include discourses that have lost their religious motif and hav…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sacrilegium
(283 words)
[German version] In Roman law, temple robbery or, more specifically, unlawful removal (
furtum) of (movable): (a) objects (
res) that were
sacrae (
sacer ) from a place that was
sacer (
aedes,
templum: Quint. Inst. 7,3,10), perhaps even from private ownership (Cic. Inv. 1,11); and (b) private property, such as money, that had been deposited in a temple (thus Cic. Leg. 2,22 and 41). However, the latter was controversial: Septimius Severus and Caracalla ruled that such a crime be classified only as
furtum (Dig. 48,13,6). The theft of
sacra privata was not among the deeds constituting th…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sacriportus
(84 words)
[German version] Town in Latium (Luc. 2,134; App. B Civ. 1,87: Ἱερὸς λιμήν/
Hieròs Limḗn) on the upper reaches of the Tolerus (present-day Sacco) on the
via Labicana between Praeneste and Signia, possibly near Piombinara. Here, Cornelius [I 90] Sulla crushed the army of Marius [I 2] in the spring of 82 BC (Plut. Sulla 28,4; App. B Civ. 1,87; Liv. Per. 87; Vell. Pat. 2,26; Luc. 2,134). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 651 G. Tomassetti, La Campagna Romana, vol. 3, 1910, 459 (repr. 1976).
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Sacrosanctus
(301 words)
[German version] According to Festus (318, s. v.
s.)
s. described objects or persons who were protected by oath (
Sacramentum ) in such a way that by harming them the culprit came under the threat of the death penalty. As examples Festus gives the tribune of the plebs (
Tribunus plebis ) and, incorrectly, also the plebeian
aediles. From their inception (in 494 BC; Struggle of the orders), the people's tribunes were protected by the
lex sacrata (Liv. 2,33,1 and 3; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 6,89,2-4; Cic. Rep. 2,58), i.e. by an oath of the plebs to have every injury to a tribu…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sacrum Imperium
(2,738 words)
Kunst, Christiane (Potsdam) [German version] A. Imperial Designation (CT) The imperial designation Sacrum Imperium (S.I.) was first officially used by the Hohenstaufen chancellery of Emperor Frederick I in Italy in March 1157 (MGH legum sectio IV, vol. 1, constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum 1, ed. L. Weiland, Hannover 1893, p. 224, l. 19 = Constitutio Friderici I 161) on the occasion of the call for a campaign against Milan, without displacing the titles
imperium or
imperium Romanum. The new designation "retained loose but consistent currency in the Hohens…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sadalas
(293 words)
(Σαδάλας;
Sadálas). [German version] [1] King of the Odrysae, 87/86-80/79 BC King of the Odrysae in 87/86-80/79 BC, successor of Cotys [I 4]. Sadalas supported Cornelius [I 90] Sulla against Mithradates [6] VI at Chaeronea (Cic. Verr. 2,1,63; [1. 258; 318; 337; 2. 114; 3]). Peter, Ulrike (Berlin) [German version] [2] King of the Odrysae, 45/44-42 BC Grandson of Sadalas [1], king of the Odrysae in 45/44-42 BC, who supported Pompeius [I 3] the Great at Pharsalus by order of his father Cotys [I 5] (Caes. B Civ. 3,4,3); Sadalas is attributed with the …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sadducees
(1,027 words)
(Σαδδουκαῖοι/
Saddoukaîoi; Lat.
Sadducaei). [German version] I. Name and Origins Along with the Pharisees (Pharisaei) and Essenes, the Sadducees make up the third inner-Jewish circle and definitively shaped the religious and political fortune of Jewish Palaestina from the mid 2nd cent. BC to the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in AD 70. The Greek name
Saddoukaîoi (attested only in plur.) supposedly comes from Zadok, the chief priest at the time of David [1] (Σαδδουκ/
Saddouk, LXX), whose family held the office of high priest hereditarily down to the 2nd cent. BC…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sadyattes
(361 words)
(Σαδυάττης/
Sadyáttēs). Luwian name: prefix *
sādu- 'efficient', final part -
atta either 'father' as in Hittite, then 'stalwart father', or - more likely (-
atta is a suffix) - 'a person who possesses stalwartness [1. 450]. The occurrence of the name after 1200 BC is proof of the survival of Luwian culture in West Anatolia until the Achaemenids in
c. 550 BC. [German version] [1] Last king of Lydia from the house of the Heraclidae, murdered in c. 680 BC Last king of Lydia from the house of the Heraclidae, murdered by Gyges [1] in
c. 680 BC. His epithet Candaules probably alludes to Hermes…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Saeculum
(750 words)
('Age'). [German version] I. General Censorinus [4] takes up ancient theories on
saeculum in ch. 17 of
De die natali (AD 238) in the framework of chronographic remarks. His sources include Varro, who, according to Serv. Aen. 8,526, was the author of a text,
De saeculis. Censorinus, DN 17,2, defined
saeculum as 'the length of the longest possible human lifetime' (
spatium vitae humanae longissimum partu et morte definitum). Censorinus makes a clear distinction between Etruscan (17,5-6) and Roman traditions (17,7-15;
Roman(or)um saeculum: 17,7): the ritual staging of the beginn…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Saena
(120 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria City in Etruria (Tab. Peut. 4,3:
Sena Iulia; Ptol. 3,1,49: Σαίνα/
Saína), present-day Siena. The earliest traces of settlements date from the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age. Extant are late Etruscan hypogaea (Porta Pispini, Corancina, Porta S. Marco, Porta Camollia). S. was an Augustan
colonia (CIL IX 332) of
regio VII (Plin. HN 3,51),
tribus Oufentina (Tac. Hist. 4,45). A dedication of the
ordo Saenensium dates from AD 394 (CIL VI 1793). Thermae are located near Pieve a Bozzona on the Via Cassia. Mo…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Saenianus
(62 words)
[German version] Roman orator from the Early Imperial Period whose origin and life are obscure. Seneca the Elder, to whom we owe the few testimonies (Sen. Controv. 5,2; 7,5,10; 9,2,28; Sen. Suas. 2,18) denounces him as 'crazy', 'feeble-minded' and 'vulgar'. Allowing for personal animosity on Seneca's part, it still seems that S. preferred abstruse and non-pertinent arguments. Walde, Christine (Basle)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Saenius
(344 words)
Name of an Italic
gens of Etruscan origin [1. 93; 228]. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] S., L. Senator in 63 BC, obtained evidence against the Catilinarian Manlius [I 1] Senator (from Etruria?) in 63 BC, who obtained evidence from Faesulae against the Catilinarian Manlius [I 1] (Sall. Catil. 30,1). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] S., L. Consul suffectus, 30 BC Probably a son of S. [I 1], possibly recorded as a senator in 39 BC (MRR 3,34). In 30 he became
cos. suff. with Octavian (Augustus: InscrIt 13,1,510), possibly as a reward for his services against…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Saepinum
(187 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Oracles Samnite town (Ptol. 3,1,67: Σαίπινον/
Saípinon; Tab. Peut. 6,4:
Sepinum), modern Altília north of Sepino (differently [1]). Conquered by the Romans in 293 BC (Liv. 10,44 f.). A
municipium beginning in 89 BC (CIL IX 2451 f.; 2457; 2565); a
colonia from AD 2 on;
regio IV (Plin. HN 3,107; CIL IX 2443),
tribus Voltinia. The settlement of the 4th and 3rd cents. (Terravecchia) was surrounded by a wall (
opus polygonale). The remains of the forum, with public buildings such as a
tribunal columnatum (CIL IX 6368) and a …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Saepta
(104 words)
[German version] A large rectangular square, surrounded by porticoes, on the Field of Mars (Campus Martius) in Rome, on which (allegedly since the time of the mythical kings) the citizens fit to bear arms met in the context of the
c
omitia
centuriata in order to elect the magistrates; there is evidence of a structure from the 6th cent. BC onwards. Under Caesar the square (under the name of
Saepta Iulia) was remodelled with architectural splendour, just as the political and functional body of the
c
omitia centuriata was reduced to a pseudo-Republican relic. Assembly buildings Höcker, Christ…
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Brill’s New Pauly