Brill’s New Pauly

Get access Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)

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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.

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Tarphe

(48 words)

Author(s): Daverio Rocchi, Giovanna (Milan)
[German version] (Τάρφη/ Tárphē). City in eastern Locris (Hom. Il. 2,533); according to  Str. 9,4,6  the original place name of Pharygae (cf. Steph. Byz. s. v. Τ.; s. v. Φαρύγαι; s. v. Θρόνιον). Location unknown. Daverio Rocchi, Giovanna (Milan) Bibliography E. W. Kase et al., The Great Isthmus Corridor Route, vol. 1, 1991, 88.

Tarquinii

(779 words)

Author(s): Camporeale, Giovannangelo (Florence)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | Villanova Culture | Etrusci, Etruria | Etrusci, Etruria | Italy, languages | Colonization (Tarquinia, Etruscan Tarch(u)na). Etruscan city on the left bank of the Marta, c. 8 km from the coast. The ancient city was on the high plateau Pian di Civita, 4 km SE of the modern Tarquinia. The oldest finds are from the 13th/12th cents. BC; in the 9th-8th cents. (Villanova Culture), the large number of graves (Pozzetto tombs, mostly cremations; urns bic…

Tarquinius

(1,599 words)

Author(s): Schirmer, Brigitte | Müller, Christian (Bochum) | Fündling, Jörg (Bonn)
[German version] [1] Nomen gentile The name T. is the Latinized form of an Ancient Etruscan nomen gentile * tarq/χ u-na, from which the Latin name was derived by means of the -i̯o suffix inherited from the indo-European basic form. In Etruscan itself, the name in the form tarq/χ una is not attested; instances of a basic form * tarq/χ-  from the Archaic period are rare (cf. perhaps tarχ umenaia [1. 251, Cl 2.8], tarχ elnas [1. 86, Vs 1.2]). Inherited forms occur in Late Etruscan in the nomina gentilia tarcna/tarχ na ( cf. tarcnai, tar χ nas from the Tomba delle Iscrizioni, Caere, CIE 5907-5974; t…

Tarquitius

(422 words)

Author(s): Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Haase, Mareile (Toronto) | Eck, Werner (Cologne)
Roman nomen gentile of Etruscan origin (in Antiquity probably seen as a variant of Tarquinius , cf. Fest. 496). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] T. Priscus Technical author, 1st cent. BC? Latin writer perhaps of the 1st cent. BC (cf. Verg. Catal. 5,3); mentioned in Macrobius [1] (Sat. 3,20,3; 5. cent. BC) as the author of an ostentarium arborarium (Etrusci, Etruria III with ill. on Etrusca disciplina), probably an ordered and annotated list of trees and shrubs ( arbores) of significance in divination. T. may also be meant in Plin. HN 2; …

Tarracina

(210 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus | | Coloniae Originally Anxur (Liv. 4,59,4), a city of the Ausoni and the Volsci on a rocky promontory on the coast of Latium Adiectum, modern Terracina (Latina). Conquered in 406 BC by the Romans who established a colonia maritima ( Coloniae C.) there in 329 BC. T. was linked to Rome in 312 BC by a stretch of the via Appia ( decumanus maximus). Municipium of the tribus Oufentina. The city wall survives, as does the 'Forum Aemilianum' (paved by Aulus Aemilius, modern P…

Tarraco

(531 words)

Author(s): Stepper, Ruth
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Coloniae | Commerce | Hispania, Iberia | Limes | Punic Wars | Pyrenean peninsula | Rome | Rome (Ταρράκων/ Tarrákōn). City on the east coast of the Iberian peninsula (earliest mention in Avien. Ora Maritima 512 ff.; Eratosth. in Str. 3,4,7; cf. Plin. HN 3,18; 23; 110; Ptol. 2,6,17; It. Ant. 391,1), modern Tarragona. The city was built in terraces on a sandstone-rock of 160 m height with a harbour to the south west whose bay is sho…

Tarrutius

(74 words)

Author(s): Fündling, Jörg (Bonn)
[German version] T., L. from Firmum Picenum, an accomplished astrologer (author of Greek technical works: Plin. HN Index 18) and philosopher in the 1st cent. BC. For his friend M. Terentius Varro [2] T. drew up the horoscope of Romulus [1] and calculated the day of the founding of Rome, the future fate of which he prognosticated (Cic. Div. 2,98; Plut. Romulus 12,3-6; Manil. 4,773; Solin. 1,18;  Lydus, Mens. 1,14). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn)

Tarsatica

(62 words)

Author(s): Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Liburnian coastal city on the road from Aquileia [1] to Siscia (Plin. HN 3,140; Tab. Peut. 5,1 f.;  It. Ant. 273: Tharsatico), modern Trsat to the east of Rijeka. Oppidum, tribus Sergia ( duoviri, decuriones: CIL III, 3027-3029). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography J. Šašel, s. v. Alpium Iuliarum Claustra, RE Suppl. 13, 11-14.

Tarsus

(522 words)

Author(s): Hild, Friedrich (Vienna)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sassanids | Byzantium | Christianity | Xenophon | Zenobia | | Alexander | Commerce | Ḫattusa | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Rome | Rome | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Ταρσός/ Tarsós, Ταρσοί/ Tarsoí, Latin Tarsus). City with river port in the west of Cilicia Pedias on the lower Cydnus, modern Tarsus in Turkey. T. was located on the route from Antiochia [1] through the Cilician Gates [1] to the western coast of Asia Minor, to Co…

Tartaros

(389 words)

Author(s): Schlapbach, Karin (Zürich)
[German version] (ὁ Τάρταρος/ ho Tártaros, τὰ Τάρταρα/ tà Tártara; Lat. Tartarus). According to Homer and Hesiodus, the T. is the gloomy and fusty prison of the Titans into which they were locked after their defeat against Zeus (Hes. Theog. 729 f.). The T. lies as deeply below Hades as heaven is distant from earth (Hom. Il. 8,16; cf. Hes. Theog. 720). It is surrounded by a bronze wall with iron gates (Hom. Il. 8,15; Hes. Theog. 726; in Verg. Aen. 6,549-551 a triple wall with the waters of the Phlegeton [2]…

Tartarus

(90 words)

Author(s): Buchi, Ezio (Verona)
[German version] River in Venetia, which flows into the sea at Atria (Plin. HN 3,121), modern Tartaro. Its lower reaches used the original bed of the Padus (Po) and was drained by the Fossa Philistina. Caecina [II 1] camped in the protection of the swamps near Hostilia in the autumn of 69 AD, before leading his army against Antonius [II 13] Primus (Tac. Hist. 3,9,1). Buchi, Ezio (Verona) Bibliography A. M. Rossi Aldrovandi, Le operazioni militari lungo il Po, 1983  M. Calzolari, Le operazioni militari a Ostiglia, in: Quaderni di Archeologia del Mantovano 1, 1999, 85-121.

Tartessus

(712 words)

Author(s): Blech, Michael (Madrid)
[German version] (Τάρτησσος; Tártēssos). According to classical tradition, T. was a city or kingdom in Southern Spain. The culture of the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the early Iron Age of Southern Spain with a core domain (Lower Guadalquivir Valley and the region surrounding Huelva) and a peripheral zone between Cap de la Nao in the east and Rio Guadiana in the west is called Tartessian culture. Its development is stamped by eastern Mediterranean influences: in the 9th cent. BC by Ph…

Taruenna

(4 words)

see Tervanna

Tarus

(52 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
[German version] Right-bank tributary of the Padus (modern Po), modern Taro (126 km long). It rises in the Ligurian Appenninus and flows through Forum Novum; it was crossed by the Via Aemilia  (where the Ad Tarum road station was: It. Burd. 616,14) and into the Padus at Parma [1]. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)

Tarusates

(93 words)

Author(s): Polfer, Michel (Ettelbrück)
[German version] Celtic people in Aquitania, probably to the north of Aire-sur-l'Adour (in the département of Landes). The T. were subjugated in 56 BC by Licinius [I 16]  (Caes. Gall. 3,23,1; 27,1). The identification with the Toruates (in Plin. HN 4,108) is correctly rejected by [1], that with the Aturenses, who were around Aire-sur-l'Adour from the time of Augustus, is a hypothesis. Polfer, Michel (Ettelbrück) Bibliography 1 P.-M. Duval, Les peuples de l'Aquitaine d'après la liste de Pline, in: RPh 29, 1955, 214-227. M. Provost, Carte Archéologique de la Gaule 40, Les Lan…

Tarusco

(74 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[German version] [1] City in Gallia Narbonensis City in Gallia Narbonensis in the territory of the Salluvii (Str. 4,1,3; 12: Ταρούσκων; Ptol. 2,10,15), modern Tarascon. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography A. L. F. Rivet, Gallia Narbonensis, 1988, 300. [German version] [2] City in the territory of the Volcae Tectosages City in the territory of the Volcae Tectosages on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees (Pyrene [2]; Plin. HN 3,37), modern Tarascon sur Ariège. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)

Taruttienus Paternus

(94 words)

Author(s): Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main)
[German version] The Roman jurist P. Taruttienus (Taruntenus) Paternus was the head of the chancellery ab epistulis Latinis in AD 171-173 and praetorian prefect under Marcus [II 2] Aurelius (Cass. Dio 71,12,3; 71,33,3) beginning in 177. After the latter's death, T. was relieved of his office about AD 182 and executed for high treason (SHA Comm. 4,7 f.). T. wrote the first legal work on the military ( De re militari, 4 books). Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography O. Lenel, Palingenesia iuris civilis, vol. 2, 1889, 335 f.  Kunkel, 219-222  D. Liebs, Jurisprudenz, in: HLL 4, …

Tarvisium

(91 words)

Author(s): Buchi, Ezio (Verona)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Venetic City in the region of Venetia on the Silis with a fertile territory (Geogr. Rav. 4,31: Trebicium;  cf. Plin.  HN 3,126), modern Treviso. Municipium of the tribus Claudia ( quattuorviri: CIL V 2109; 2115; ordo decurionum: CIL V 2117). Of particular significance in late Antiquity (Cassiod. Var. 10,27;  Procop. Goth. 2,29,40; 3,1,35; 3,2,7-9 and 11; Greg. M. Epist. 1,16a). Buchi, Ezio (Verona) Bibliography E. Buchi, T. e Acelum nella Transpadana, in: E. Brunetta (ed.), Storia di Treviso, vol. 1, 1989, 191-310.

Tasciovanus

(101 words)

Author(s): Kunst, Christiane (Potsdam)
[German version] King in Britannia. According to coin evidence, between c. 20/15 BC and 5/10 AD his area of influence was in Herfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire to the east of the Cherwell, Middlesex, northeastern Surrey, and in Essex together with that of Addedomarus. The main site of minting was Verulamium (Saint Albans), only few coins are from Camulodunum. On a number of them the Celtic RIGONUS appears as the equivalent of REX on the coins of the Atrebates [2]. Kunst, Christiane (Potsdam) Bibliography S. S. Frere, Britan…

Tasgetius

(81 words)

Author(s): Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum)
[German version] Prominent pro-Roman Celt [1. 378] whose ancestors were kings of the  Carnutes. Installed by Caesar in 56 BC as the king of this tribe, he was killed in the third year of his reign by his own people (Caes. B. Gall. 5,25; 5,29,2). Coin minting [2. 442 f.]. Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography 1 Evans 2 J.-B. Colbert de Beaulieu, Les monnaies gauloises au nom des chefs mentionnés dans les Commentaires de César, in: M. Renard (ed.), Hommages à A. Grenier, vol. 1, 1962, 419-446.

Tashkent

(152 words)

Author(s): Nissen, Hans Jörg (Berlin)
[German version] The capital of modern Uzbekistan, on the western slopes of Mount Tianshan, in an oasis irrigated by the Čirčik (a tributary of the Iaxartes). The country of Juni mentioned in 2nd cent. BC Chinese sources was later identified with the area of T. The local name was presumably Čač, as also used in the Islamic period; Arabic authors used Šaš. The earliest traces of settlement date from the 6th-4th cents. BC (Šaš-Tepe). From the 5th cent. AD several towns developed, which ultimately me…

Tas Silġ

(128 words)

Author(s): Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg)
[German version] Large rural sanctuary to Juno/Astarte on the Gulf of Marsaxlokk in the southeast of Malta (Melite [7]), originally dedicated to the mother goddess of the indigenous megalith culture of the Copper Age (3rd millennium BC), from no later than the 8th/7th cent. the site of a Phoenician cult of štrt/ Astarte, who is named in inscriptions on votive gifts. Plundered by Verres during his period in office as propraetor of Sicily (Cic. Verr. 2,4,103 f.: fanum Iunonis), it was extended in the Roman period, then abandoned in the 2nd cent. AD. An early mediaeval m…

Taste

(1,690 words)

Author(s): Frackowiak, Ute (Hamburg RWG)
[English version] Basic aesthetic and moral questions are centered in the concept of taste as the expression of the ability to make aesthetic judgment. To be sure, in urbanitas, understood as the cultured person's way of living and his attitude to life, Antiquity already knew two designations for taste: sensus (Cic. Orat. 162), the innate organ of perception, common to all human beings and receptive to beauty, and iudicium (Cic. Orat. 36), the culturally determined ability to judge based on education and sharpened intellect, individual and subjectively distinct.…

Tatianus

(689 words)

Author(s): Rist, Josef (Würzburg) | Gutsfeld, Andreas (Münster) | Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)
I. Greek [German version] [I 1] Christian apologist and theologian, 2nd cent. (Τατιανός; Tatianós). Christian apologist and theologian (born c. AD 120). By his own account, T. was from the East Syrian/North Mesopotamian region (Or. 42). His work betrays a knowledge of classical authors relying upon Hellenistic scholarly tradition. His travels brought T. into contact with a variety of the philosophical and religious systems of his period ( i.a. participation in mystery cults, which he fails to define more precisely). In Rome, study of the Bible finally brought hi…

Tatius, T.

(240 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel)
[German version] Legendary king of the Sabines (Sabini) in the city of Cures. T. waged war with the Romans because of the rape of the Sabine women (Varro Ling. 5,46; Liv. 1,10,1 f.). Through the treachery of Tarpeia, who was either bribed by T. or in love with him, he succeeded in occupying the Roman Capitol (Capitolium; Liv. 1,11,6; Prop. 4,4; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,38-40; Plut. Romulus 17,2-4). The war with Rome was settled when Romulus [1] and T. concluded a treaty ( foedus; Cic. Rep. 2,13; Verg. Aen. 8,635-641; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 2,46,1 f.). The two ruled the city toge…

Tatta

(85 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[German version] (Τάττα λίμνη; Tátta límnē). Largest lake in Asia Minor (Str. 12,5,4; Plin. HN 31,84), modern Tuz Gölü ('Salt Lake'), an undrained basin in the highlands of central Anatolia (Galatia), about 900 m above sea level, mean depth 1 m, According to the season the surface area is between about 1100 km2 (summer, salinity up to 32%) and 2500 km2 (after winter rains). Salt extracted from Lake T. was considered to have healing powers (Dioscorides, De materia medica 5,109,1). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography Belke, 230 f.

Tattius

(48 words)

Author(s): Eck, Werner (Cologne)
[German version] C. T. Maximus. Eques. Tribune of the equites singulares in Rome, attested 142-145 AD. Recorded from 156 until 158 as praefectus [16] vigilum; in 158 he became praefectus praetorio succeeding Gavius [II 6] Maximus until his death in 160. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography R. Sablayrolles, Libertinus miles, 1996, 487 f.

Tauchira

(158 words)

Author(s): Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Colonization | Crete | Limes (Ταύχειρα; Taúcheira). City in Cyrenaea, modern Tokra in Libya (Hdt. 4,171); founded by Cyrene (schol. Pind. Pyth. 4,26). T. was conquered in 322 BC by Ptolemaeus [1] and renamed by Ptolemaeus [3] to Arsinoe after his step-mother, by M. Antonius [I 9] to Cleopatris. Towards the end of the 4th cent. AD, T. was under pressure from Berber tribes; later it was again fortified under Iustinianus [1] I (Procop. Aed.…

Taulantii

(297 words)

Author(s): Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand)
[German version] (Ταυλάντιοι/ Taulántioi). Illyrian people, known already by Hecataeus (FGrH 1 F 99; 101; cf. Ael. NA 14,1; Str. 7,7,8; App. Ill. 16; App. B Civ. 2,39; Ptol. 3,13,3; 3,13,20; Liv. 45,26,13; Plin. HN 3,144; Mela 2,3). Galaurus, a king of the T. and an enemy of the Macedonians (Polyaenus Strat. 4,1), has been dated to as early as the end of the 7th cent. BC. At the founding of Epidamnos (Dyrrhachium) in 626/5 BC, the T. came to the aid of the colonists of Corcyra against Liburnian pir…

Taunus

(302 words)

Author(s): Wiegels, Rainer (Osnabrück)
[German version] One of the highest mountain ranges in Germania (Mela 3,30; name possibly Celtic). In AD 15 Germanicus [2] had a fort built in monte Tauno on the ruins of a fortress designed by Claudius [II 24] Drusus (Tac. Ann. 1,56,1). This fortress has often been identified with a fort established by Drusus 'among the Chatti immediately on the Rhine' in 11 BC (Cass. Dio 54,33,4). Since the latter is now presumed rather to be in the area of the Neuwieder Basin, the identification of Drusus' two fortresses is as uncertain as the connection with Ἄρταυνον/ Ártaunon in Ptol. 2,11,29. The T…

Taurasia

(143 words)

Author(s): Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) | Sartori, Antonio (Milan)
[German version] [1] City of the Hirpini City of the Hirpini in the mountains of Samnium, destroyed by the Romans in 298 BC. It was to the territory of T. that in 180 BC Ligurian Apuani were deported (Liv. 40,38,3; 41,4; Plin. HN 3, 105; Baebius [I 12]). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography D. Marcotte, Lucaniae, in: Latomus 44, 1985, 721-742  J. Patterson, Sanniti, 1988, 168-170  G. De Benedittis, Fagifulae, 1997, 17-22, 65-74. [German version] [2] Capital of the Taurini This item can be found on the following maps: Punic Wars Probably the capital of the Taurini (App. Hann. 5…

Taureas

(106 words)

Author(s): Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough)
[German version] (Ταυρέας; Tauréas). As a son of a cousin of Leogoras [1] (whose son, the orator Andocides [1], boasted he was from the “oldest of all the noble houses”, And. 1,47), he belonged to the Athenian nobility. Between 430 and 415 BC he was trounced by Alcibiades [3] in a dispute over a choregia; denounced in the scandal of the Mutilation of the Herms (Herms, Mutilation of the) in 415, he was released when Andocides confessed. At about this time T. already had an adult son. Plato [1] knows of a palaestra belonging to T. (Plat. Charm. 153a). Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography Davie…

Tauri

(255 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
[German version] (Ταῦροι/ Taûroi). Pre-Scythian people on the Chersonesus [2] (Crimea), probably descendants of the bearers of the Kizil-Koba culture, in the 7th/6th cent. BC driven by the Scythae and Greek colonists into the inland hills. They occupied themselves especially with agriculture and animal husbandry; there is evidence of trade with Greek poleis only from the 4th cent. BC onwards. A goddess worshipped among the T. was identified by the Greeks with Artemis or Iphigenia (Hdt. 4,103). In 513 BC the T. declined to help the Scythae against…

Taurianum

(135 words)

Author(s): Lombardo, Mario (Lecce)
[German version] City in Bruttium (Cato HRR, fr. 71; Mela 2,4,68; Tab. Peut. 7,2: Tauriana; Plin. HN 3,73: Tauroentum) to the south of the Mataurus river on the border with Rhegium at modern Monte Traviano [1. 117-130]. It is unclear whether it is the inhabitants of T. [1. 126; 2] that are meant by the Tauriani who capitulated to the Romans in 213/2 BC (Liv. 25,1,2). Scanty archaeological remains [1. 118 f., 130-133]; inscriptions from the Bruttian (brick stamps) and Roman periods [1. 133-144; 3; 4. 255]. Lombardo, Mario (Lecce) Bibliography 1 S. Settis, Tauriana, in: RAL ser. 8a, vo…

Taurike Chersonesos

(24 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
[German version] (Ταυρικὴ Χερσόνησος; Taurikḕ Chersónēsos) see Chersonesus [2]. von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography J. M. Mogaričev (Hrsg.), Problemy istorii i arheologii Krymy, 1994.

Taurini

(112 words)

Author(s): Sartori, Antonio (Milan)
[German version] Ligurian (Plin. HN 3,123;  Str. 4,6,6) or Celtic people between the Doria Riparia (Alpes Cottiae) and the upper Padus (modern Po). They were involved in Rome's wars against the Celts at the end of the 4th cent. BC (Pol. 2,28,4) and opposed in vain Hannibal's [4] march into Italy in 218 BC, resulting in the destruction of their capital Taurasia [2] (App. Hann. 5;  cf. Pol. 3,60,9; Liv. 21,39,4) Refounded after 25 BC [1. 143] as Colonia Augusta [5] Taurinorum. Sartori, Antonio (Milan) Bibliography 1 G. Cresci Marrone, La fondazione della colonia, in: E. Sergi (ed.), Stor…

Taurinus

(5 words)

see Pelops [2]

Taurion

(103 words)

Author(s): Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich)
[German version] (Ταυρείων; Taureíōn). Macedonian, phílos (Court titles B.) of Antigonus [3] and Philippus [7] V, when as their governor in the Peloponnese T. was acting on behalf of the Achaei (Pol. 4,6,4; 10,2; 10,6; 19,7 f.; 80,3; 5,92,7; 95,3; 95,5). In 219/8 BC T. was affected by the Apelles [1] affair (Pol. 4,87,1 f.; 4,87,8 f.; 5,27,4) and in 217 was probably one of the peace negotiators at Naupactus [1. 112]; T.'s negative influence on Philippus (Pol. 9,23,9) and his complicity in the death of Aratus [2] (Plut. Aratus 52,2-3) are questionable. Günther, Linda-Marie (Munic…

Tauris

(56 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[German version] Island between Pharus [2] and Corcyra [2] Melaina off the Dalmatian coast (Tab. Peut. 6,4), modern Šćedro (in Croatia). Caesar's legate P. Vatinius [I 2] was victorious at T. over the fleet of Pompey's party in 47 BC (Bell. Alex. 45,1,2). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography M. Kozlic̆ić, Historical Geography of the Eastern Adriatic, 1990, 300.

Taurisci

(287 words)

Author(s): Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg)
[German version] (Ταυρίσκοι/ Taurískoi). Celts in the area of the Alpes and the Ister [1] (Danube), first mentioned at the southern edge of the western Alpes, where they appeared in 225 BC as part of the Celtic war alliance against Rome (Pol. 2,15,8; 28,4; 30,6); the Taurini were also counted among them (Pol. 3,60,8). Cato Orig. 2,6 includes the Lepontii and the Salassi among the T. In the late 1st cent. BC, Timagenes [1] (FGrH 88 F 2) mentions that the tribal hero, a Gaulish tyrant, was annihilate…

Tauriscus

(252 words)

Author(s): Baumbach, Manuel (Zürich) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Hoesch, Nicola (Munich)
(Ταυρίσκος/ Taurískos). [German version] [1] Grammarian, 2nd cent. BC Grammarian of the 2nd cent. BC and pupil of Crates [5] from Mallus, to whom his definition of philological scholarship (κριτικὴ τέχνη, kritikḕ téchnē) can be traced [1. 56]. According to Sext. Emp. adv. math. 248-249, T. distinguished three sub-disciplines: grammar (λογικόν, logikón), dialectology and stylistic criticism (τριβικόν, tribikón) and commentary (ἱστορικόν, historikón) on content needing explanation. For T.' position within the classification of the grammatical discourse o…

Taurobolium

(413 words)

Author(s): Price, Simon R. F. (Oxford)
[German version] (ταυροβόλιον; taurobólion). The taurobolium is known primarily through its depiction in Christian sources (see below), according to which an initiate to the cult of the Mater Magna stood in a pit and had the blood of a bull ( taúros), which was sacrificed above him, flow over his head. However, the validity of this depiction is debatable [1.314-320]. The development history of the taurobolium can be divided into three phases. In its first phase (middle of the 2nd cent. BC - middle of the 2nd cent. AD), the ritual, which first appeared in Asia…

Taurokathapsia

(140 words)

Author(s): Scherf, Johannes (Tübingen)
[German version] (Ταυροκαθαψία/ Taurokathapsía: CIG 3212, Smyrna). From taúros ('bull') and katháptein ('hang on to'). A form of bull-fighting at the Eleutheria in Larisa [3] (IG IX 531; 535; 536), in which a rider swung himself on to the bull grabbing its horns and tried to throw it to the ground (as in Heliod. 10,28-30; cf. Anth. Pal. 9,543); a relief from Smyrna and coin images from Larisa have been preserved [1. 221-224]. In inscriptions, taurokathapsia is suggested for cities of the Greek East (Aphrodisias: CIG 2759b; Ancyra: CIG 4039; Sinope: CIG 4157); it is c…

Tauromenium

(949 words)

Author(s): M.C.L., Klaus
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Theatre | Christianity | Coloniae | Punic Wars (Ταυρομένιον/ Tauroménion, Lat. Tauromenium; present-day Taormina). Town on the east coast of Sicily, 5 km north of Naxos [2], on the eastern slope of Mt. Tauros (250 m above sea-level), on the via Pompeia from Messana [1] to Catane. The town of T. was built in 396 BC at a place where the Siculi had settled as early as the 8th cent. BC (Diod. Sic. 14,88,1; necropolis of Cocolonazzo) and where, for the 6th cent. BC, there is evidence of Greek settlers (Scymn. …

Taurophores

(143 words)

Author(s): Klose, Dietrich (Munich)
[German version] (τέτραχμα καινὰ ταυροφόρα). A coin (Tetradrachmon; according to the numbering also fractions) with an image of a bull, mentioned only in the Delos treasure lists (IDélos 1429 B II; 1432 BB I and Ba II; 1449 Ba I, c. 166 BC). According to [3] the large Eretrian silver coin with an ox in a laurel wreath on the reverse (after 196 BC), to [1. 37] an early tetradrachmon of Macedonia Prima with Artemis Tauropolos on a bull on the reverse (after 167 BC), and to [2. 61-63] a Theran coin with a bull on the reverse, of which to…

Tauropolos

(4 words)

see Artemis

Taurosthenes

(77 words)

Author(s): Walter, Uwe (Cologne)
[German version] (Ταυροσθένης; Taurosthénēs) from Chalcis, son of Mnesarchus, supported his brother Callias [9] in an attempt at independent Euboean power politics between 349 and 338 BC. When he joined the Athenian position on Demosthenes' [2] instigation, he was given Athenian citizenship. After the battle of Chaeronea (in 338) T. lived in Athens. Main sources: Aeschin. 3,85-87 with schol.; Din. 1,44. Walter, Uwe (Cologne) Bibliography PA 13435  I. Worthington, A Historical Commentary on Dinarchus, 1992, 207-209 (Lit.).

Taurus

(850 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) | Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) | Lakmann, Marie-Luise (Münster) | Portmann, Werner (Berlin)
[German version] [1] Southern Anatolian coastal mountain range Southern Anatolian coastal mountain range, today the Toros Dağları; it extends from Caria and Lycia in the west (Western T. with the Bey Dağları, 3086 m), through Cilicia (Middle T. with the Kalı Dağ, 3734 m), from where the Amanus branches off to the south-east and the Anti-T. to the north, while the main range stretches north-east to the Ararat highlands (Inner and Central Eastern T. with Ararat, 5165 m), beyond which a further Anti-T. (Ou…

Tautalus

(47 words)

Author(s): Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld)
[German version] (Ταύταλος/ Taútalos; in Diod. Sic. 33,1,4 according to Posidon.: Taútamos). Successor to Viriatus as supreme commander of the Lusitani, in 139 BC he capitulated to the Romans, who in return awarded his people land to secure their existence (App. Hisp. 320-321). Schmitt, Tassilo (Bielefeld)

Tavium

(168 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Ḫattusa | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Celts | Pompeius | Patricius also Tavia, Tabia (Τάουιον/ Táouion, Ταβία/ Tabía; Old Anatolian Tawinija), city in Galatia at modern Büyüknefes. Centre, settled since the Chalcolithic period, which had acquired wider significance by the early Bronze Age. Important cult city of the Hittite Empire, significant centre in the 1st millennium BC. From 274/272 BC onwards a speedily Hellenized centre of the Trocmi a…

Taxatio

(163 words)

Author(s): Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen)
[German version] (the 'appraisal') in the Roman formula process was the upper limit to which the iudex ('judge') could set the sentence sum on conviction ( condemnatio ), by instruction of the praetor. The taxatio typically occurred in cases of (1) liability of the master for the property ( peculium ) of the slave or filiusfamilias from the actio de peculio or the actio de in rem verso, in respect of asset gains made by the action of such individuals under his power ( patria potestas ), (2) an exception sought by the debtor because of distress ( beneficium competentiae) and (3) an appeal for iniur…

Taxes

(6,422 words)

Author(s): Renger, Johannes (Berlin) | Römer, Malte (Berlin) | Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) | Pack, Edgar (Cologne) | Et al.
[German version] I. Mesopotamia Income needed to finance tasks of state and general social functions (administration, the military, irrigation, prestige buildings, the court, cults, etc.) did not come from an all-embracing system of taxation levied on individuals, transactions or property, but on a general duty of service and labour on the part of subjects. Under the oikos economy (3rd millennium BC), the palace’s income came predominantly from the domestic operation of the institutional economies of temple and palace. In the tribute-based economy da…

Tax farming

(6 words)

see Publicani; Taxes

Taxiarchos

(84 words)

Author(s): Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basle)
[German version] (ταξίαρχος; taxíarchos). In Greek and Macedonian armies he was commander of a τάξις/ taxis ; in Athens, the highest military rank after the strategos I (e.g. Aristoph. Ach. 569; Aristoph. Av. 353; Thuc. 4,4,1; 8,92,4; Dem. Or. 4,26; Aeschin. Leg. 169). He commanded the members of his phyle, appointed lochagoi (Aristot. Ath. Pol. 61,3; lóchos), and probably maintained the roll of the phyle (Aristoph. Pax 1172 ff.). The closest Roman equivalent of the taxiarchos is the centurio. Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basle)

Taxila

(183 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Alexander | Graeco-Bactria | Graeco-Bactria | India, trade with | Mauryas (Τάξιλα/ Táxila, Skt. Takṣaśilā, Middle Ind. Takkasilā, Takṣaila). City in the Punjab between the Indus and the Hydaspes, near modern Islamabad, visited in the spring of 326 BC (Arr. Anab. 5,8; Str. 15,1,28) by Alexander [4] the Great (with map); its young king Taxiles became his faithful follower. T. was already inhabited in prehistoric times, and excavations have reveal…

Taxiles

(285 words)

Author(s): Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki)
[German version] (Ταξίλης/ Taxílēs). King of Taxila, who ruled over a broad and fertile plain between the Indus and the Hydaspes; his neighbours were Abisares in the north and Porus [3] in the east. His father already had allied with Alexander [4] by letter (Diod. Sic. 17,86,4; Curt. 8,12,4 f.; see also Arr. Anab. 4,22,6), and the young king approved the alliance when Alexander stayed with him as a guest for some time in the spring of 326 BC (Arr. Anab. 5,3,5 f.; 5,8,2 f.; Diod. Sic. 17,86,4-7; Plu…

Taxis

(115 words)

Author(s): Burckhardt, Leonhard (Basle)
[German version] (τάξις; táxis). In the military sense, the term is primarily used to designate the battle order, the disposition of the army or the individual battle line. As a military unit, it referred at Athens to the army contingent provided by each phyle [1] (431 BC: c. 1,000 men), in Macedonia to the regionally recruited and most imporant tactical unit of the phalanx of the pezhetairoi (Arr. Anab. 3,11,9 f.), and in Asclepiodotus (2,8) to a force of 128 men. The expression was also used for other armies, e.g. that of the Greek mercena…

Taxus

(210 words)

Author(s): Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
[German version] (Greek ἡ [σ]μῖλος/ [s]mîlos, σμῖλαξ/ smîlax: Dioscorides, τὸ θύμαλλον/ thýmallon; Latin taxus, f.), a fir-like evergreen (Theophr. Hist. pl. 1,9,3; Plin.  HN 16,80) and long-lived (cf. Plin. ibid.  16,212) forest tree, the yew ( Taxus baccata L.). In Antiquity the cold-insensitive taxus (Verg. G 2,113) was widespread. Homer does not mention it, but Theophrastus knows the  mîlos well (Hist. Pl. 3,4,2 and 3,10,2; 4,1,3 and 5,7,6;   cf.  Plin.  HN 16,50 f.). Its needles and seeds (within the red berries) were already known to be poisonous…

Taygete

(4 words)

see Pleiades

Taygetus

(290 words)

Author(s): Lienau
[German version] (Ταΰγετος/ Taýgetos). Mountain range in the south of the Peloponnesus (Str. 4,6,12; 8,5,1; Paus. 3,20,4 ff.; Ptol. 3,16,14; in the Byzantine period and in the modern era Pentedáktylon, 'Five Finger mountain range', present-day again T.). It is c. 110 km long and c. 25 km wide and stretches from the Megale Polis basin to Taenarum (highest elevation: present-day Profitis Elias, 2407 m; the southern part in the Middle Ages Mane, Maïne, present-day Mani). Sloping steeply to the east, it separated Laconica from Messana [2] (M…

Tayma

(165 words)

Author(s): Nissen, Hans Jörg (Berlin)
[German version] (Taimā). Oasis in northwestern Arabia on the Incense Road, which led along the western side of the Arabian peninsula. The earliest traces of settlement point to the late 2nd millennium BC. T. is mentioned among the Arabian tribes defeated by the Assyrian ruler Tiglath-Pileser III in 733 BC (cf. OT Jes 21,14). The last ruler of the neo-Babylonian Empire, Nabonid, stayed in T. from 552 until 542 BC (cult city of the moon goddess (Moon deities)). After the Achaemenid period T. - its…

Tazza Farnese

(97 words)

Author(s): Willers, Dietrich (Berne)
[German version] Cameo cup (of agate, c. 200 mm in diameter (Gem cutting III.) in Naples,  MAN. The TF is a major work of ancient gem engraving; because of its outstanding quality, which permits no comparative observations, the interpretation of the content, rich in figures from Egyptian-Ptolemaic iconography, and the dating - suggestions range from the 3rd cent. BC to the 1st - remain controversial. Willers, Dietrich (Berne) Bibliography E. La Rocca, L'età d'oro di Cleopatra. Indagine sulla T. F., 1984  E. Simon, Alexandria, Samarkand, Florenz, Rom. Stationen der T. F., in: H. Alt…

Teachers

(2,478 words)

Author(s): Apel, Hans Jürgen (Bayreuth RWG)
Apel, Hans Jürgen (Bayreuth RWG) [German version] A. Term (CT) Since the early 19th cent., the term 'teacher' has in Germany denoted persons employed at schools to give instruction to children and young people in officially approved subjects. Appointment to a teaching post in Germany is subject to possession of a document proving professional qualifications by examination. Teachers are expected to instruct and educate their pupils, keeping to the prescribed syllabus (Course of Instruction), carrying out o…

Teaching

(10 words)

see Education; Grammaticus; Gymnasium; Philosophy, teaching of; School

Teano ware

(196 words)

Author(s): Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg)
[German version] Genre of vases from the last quarter of the 4th cent. and the first half of the 3rd cent. BC, named after their main find spot in northern Campania, the ancient Teanum Sidicinum, which was probably also the centre of production. Shallow bowls on small circular stands, known as footed dishes, with tall stems, skyphoi, gutti, oinochoai, kernoi and vessels in the shape of birds (see ill.) are common; other vessel types, such as kalyx kraters, are distinctly rare. The decoration of th…

Teanum Apulum

(5 words)

see Teate[2]

Teanum Sidicinum

(191 words)

Author(s): Gulletta, Maria Ida (Pisa)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Theatre | Coloniae (Τεάνον Σιδικινόν/ Teánon Sidikinón). City of the Oscan Sidicini in the north of Campania on the v ia Latina (Str. 5,3,9; Plin. HN 3,63), modern Teano. Little Oscan evidence (necropolis, coins). The city came into being towards the end of the 4th cent. BC and - affected by the Samnite Wars (Samnites IV.) (Liv. 8,1,8-10; 23,5,8) - remained loyal to Rome in the second of the Punic Wars and in the Social War (Social Wars [3]) (Sil. 12,524). Under Augustus the municipium received a colonia (Plin. HN 3…

Tearus

(171 words)

Author(s): von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen)
[German version] (Τέαρος/ Téaros). Tributary of the Contadescus (modern Kaynarca), which in turn flows into the Agrianes, a tributary of the Hebrus. According to Hdt. the T. had healing water from 38 springs, some warm, some cold; the area of the source was two days' journey both from Apollonia [2] on the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos) and from Heraeum near Perinthus on the Propontis. On his campaign against the Scythae in 513 BC Darius [1] I erected a column with  inscription on the T. (Hdt. 4,89 f.)…

Teate

(176 words)

Author(s): de Vido, Stefania (Venice) | de Vido
The original name, mostly replaced by the form Teanum, of two cities. [German version] [1] Municipium of the Marrucini This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre Sole municipium of the Marrucini (Str. 5,4,2: Τεατά/ Teatá; Plin. HN 3,106: Teatini Marrucinorum) on the lower reaches of the Aternus on the Via Valeria, modern Chieti, successor to an earlier settlement at the foot of the Maiella mountains in the area of modern Rapino [1; 2]. de Vido, Stefania (Venice) [German version] [2] City in Apulia City in Apulia (Liv. 9,20,7: Teates Apuli; 9,20,4: ex Apulia Teanenses; cf. Cic. C…

Tebtynis

(171 words)

Author(s): von Lieven, Alexandra (Berlin)
[German version] (Τεβτῦνις/ Tebtŷnis, also Τεπτῦνις/ Teptŷ nis). City in the Faiyum, Egyptian  Bdnw [1], modern Umm al-Buraiǧāt; the main god was Sobek, Lord of T. (Greek Soknebtýnis). Remains of the city and the temple have been excavated [2; 4]. Although not of great relevance in Antiquity, T. has particular significance for modern scholars because it includes the remains of a comprehensive temple library from the first two centuries AD, containing hundreds of hieroglyphic, hieratic and primarily demotic MSS of religiou…

Techne

(603 words)

Author(s): Görgemanns, Herwig (Heidelberg)
(τέχνη/ téchnē, Latin ars). [German version] I. Term and areas of usage Techne or ars refers to any kind of professional knowledge and skill (art I), and in the larger sense, intelligence, cunning and a clever course of action in general. Areas of usage are the crafts (V. H.), visual arts (Art, theory of), poetry and music, medicine, sports, mantics etc. The term implies a general awareness of culture and progress (cf. Progress, idea of; Origin myths and theories on the origin of culture; Art; Könnensbewußtsein). Görgemanns, Herwig (Heidelberg) [German version] II. Theoretical reflec…

Technical literature

(1,374 words)

Author(s): Sallmann, Klaus (Mainz)
[German version] A. Systematic Perspective Ancient TL is defined 1. by its object, 2. by its literary form, and 3. by its function. Sallmann, Klaus (Mainz) [German version] 1. Objects TL includes general and specialized presentations of ancient science, arts, and techniques. TL dealing with manual work is seldom transmitted, except, for instance, for the cookbook by Caelius [II 10] Apicius and the works of the Roman Surveyors. Technology is also not represented until late; practical transmission must have been usual. Rhetori…

Technical terminology

(323 words)

Author(s): Sallmann, Klaus (Mainz)
[German version] Usually understood as the language used in specialist and technical writing. In ancient prose, strictly speaking the only established genres were oratory and (since Herodotus) historiography. Treatments of the arts and academic subjects were stylistically open, ranging from dry, specialist (esoteric) prose (the texts of Aristotle’s lectures), via highly stylized, mimetic dialogue (exoteric), to ceremonial or artificially didactic poetry. Particular dialects remained typical of som…

Technitai

(436 words)

Author(s): Harmon, Roger (Basle)
[German version] (τεχνῖται/ technîtai). Originally a general term for artisans and artists, attested epigraphically from 278/7 BC in the (always expanded [1. 2519]) formula οἱ περὶ τὸν Διόνυσον τεχνῖται ('the technitai around Dionysus'). These 'artists' associations' ( koina, synodoi) brought together, amongst others musicians, poets, actors(perh. including women: [2. 54-55], but cf. [1. 2527]), providers of costumes and stage properties, to meet the increasing demand for musical and staged performances of the Attic style in the He…

Technology

(2,746 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Helmuth (Kassel) | Wartke, Ralf-B. (Berlin)
[German version] I. Definition of technology Technology describes the ensemble of tools, devices and procedures used for the acquisition and transformation of materials, the production and transportation of foodstuffs and consumables, the erection of structures, the provision of infrastructure, and the storage of information. The devices and procedures employed in different areas of technology are not independent of one another; rather, they constitute a technological complex with many interdependenci…

Technology, History of

(4,496 words)

Author(s): Schneider, Helmuth (Kassel)
Schneider, Helmuth (Kassel) [German version] A. The Technology of Classical Antiquity as a Research Area (CT) Classical scholarship did not recognize ancient technology as the subject of a special discipline in its own right until late. Up to about 1980, investigations into problems of ancient technology by Classical historians, archaeologists and linguists were relatively rare, and only a few essays and monographs were generally devoted to the field; there were no general treatments of a scholarly standard, no…

Technopaegnia

(384 words)

Author(s): Plotke, Seraina (Basle)
[German version] Poems that depict an object (lit.: 'Jests that reveal their maker's skill'). Viewed semiotically, they link the graphic and iconic with the linguistic and symbolic [4.140; 3]. The simultaneous occurrence of these affects the process of reception, which alternates between reading the words and looking at the image (full perception of technopaegnia can only be visual). A distinction can be made between: (a) outline poems, in which, based on polymetric verses, the outline shape of an object is reflected ( technopaegnia in the narrower sense; the term is original…

Tecmessa

(108 words)

Author(s): Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich)
[German version] (Τέκμησσα/ Tékmēssa, Latin Tecmessa). Phrygian princess, given to Ajax [1] as a prize (Hom. Il. 1,138). With her he fathers Eurysaces. In Soph.  Aj. the character of T. is developed for the first time, her relationship with Ajax is defined by mutual respect and fidelity (Dictys 2,18; Quint. Smyrn. 5,521-567). Roman tragedy writers also took an interest in the subject, as did Horace (Carm. 2,4,5f.) and Ovid (Ars am. 3,517-520). Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) Bibliography J. Boardman, s. v. T., LIMC 7.1, 832  E. Oberhummer, s. v. T. (1), RE 5 A, 157 f.  K. Synodinu, T…

Tecmon

(49 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
[German version] (Τέκμων; Tékmōn). Fortified township of the Molossi in Epirus, probably at modern Kestritza to the south of the modern Lake of Ioannina. T. was conquered by the Romans in 167 BC (Liv. 45,26,4). Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) Bibliography P. Cabanes, L'Épire, 1976, 506  N. G. L. Hammond, Epirus, 1967, 527.

Tectaeus

(134 words)

Author(s): Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
[German version] (Τεκταῖος; Tektaîos). Greek sculptor of the mid-6th century BC. Like his brother Angelion, T. is supposed to have been a pupil of Dipoenus and Scyllis and teacher of Calon [1] (Paus. 2,32,5). He and Angelion created a cult statue of Apollo on Delos; on the basis of  literary (Plut. Mor. 1136a; Paus. 9,35,3) and pictorial evidence of seals and reliefs Apollo was represented as a kouros with Charites on one hand and a Sphinx. A later account (Athenagoras, Legatio pro Christianis 17,4 Schoedel) of an Artemis by T. in Delos is of doubtful veracity. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibl…

Tectamus

(4 words)

see Teutamus

Tector

(48 words)

Author(s): Höcker, Christoph (Kissing)
[German version] ( tector albarius). According to Vitr. De arch. 2,8,20 a Roman craftsman who was responsible for plastering walls, as a rule in three layers, the top layer of which could be painted or stuccoed while still moist. Construction technique; Fresco; Stucco; Wall-painting Höcker, Christoph (Kissing)

Tectosages

(783 words)

Author(s): Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
(Τεκτόσαγες/ Tektósages). [German version] I. Overview Sub-tribe of the Volcae, a Celtic group of peoples, referred to as Volcae T., who probably originated in the low mountain ranges from Thuringia to northeastern Bavaria ( circum Hercyniam silvam, Caes. B Gall. 6,24,1-4) ([1. 172-179]; differing: [4]). In the 4th cent. BC, the majority group of the Volcae were caught in a migration-dynamic in which a part of them, dominated by the T., moved across the Danube region into southeastern Europe. Another group of the T. adopted strong…

Tedžen

(123 words)

Author(s): TH.G.
[German version] Modern city and river in southeastern Turkmenistan. Excavations between 1956 and 1965 record Copper Age settlement (Namazga I-III, c. 4000-3000 BC), in the last stage (Göksun period) with connexions with Sīstān (Helmand Rûd: Šahr-e Sūḫte I) Afghanistan (Kandahār: Mundīgak III) and Zeravšān (Sarazm II.2). The T. sites were abandoned after this period, evidently only the Saraḫs branch was developed over a greater area in the Middle Ages. TH.G. Bibliography V. V. Bartol'd, Raboty po istoričeskoj geografii, Bd. 3, 1965, 134 f.  I. N. Chlopin, Ancient Farmers in…

Tefnut, legend of

(186 words)

Author(s): Quack, Joachim (Berlin)
[German version] Group of myths about the Egyptian goddess Tefnut (Greek Τφηνις; Tphēnis), the daughter of Atum, who parted with her father in anger and is brought back from Nubia to Egypt by her brother Onuris with the aid of Thoth (Thot). Attestations of the legend can be found in temple inscriptions (mostly in the form of short epithets and allusions) mainly in Nubia and southern Upper Egypt, and in the Demotic Myth of the Eye of the Sun, which was also translated into Greek. This Greek translation (P. Lit. Lond. 192, ed. [4]) has been discussed by scholars as indicati…

Tegea

(1,042 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Huß, Werner (Bamberg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars | Arcadians, Arcadia | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Τεγέα/ Tegéa). [1] Town in the eastern Arcadian plateau [German version] I. Location Important town in the south of the eastern Arcadian plateau (Arcadians, Arcadia, with map; Str. 8,8,2; Paus. 8,44,1-53,11; Ptol. 3,16,19; Plin. HN. 4,20.; [1]), whose vast area lay between the present-day villages of Hagios Sostis, Episkopi and Alea. The rich, fertile, loamy …

Tegianum

(74 words)

Author(s): Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae (modern Teggiano). City in Lucania (Lucani) on the left bank of the Tanager (modern Tanagro) on the via Popilia from Consentia to Aquilonia [1] (Plin. HN 3,98: Tergilani = Tegianenses?; Liber Coloniarum 209). Municipium , which under Nero [1] was elevated to a colonia, tribus Pomptina. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography V. Bracco, Nuove scoperte archeologiche in Lucania, in: RAL 20, 1965, 283 f.

Tegula

(6 words)

see Bricks; Brick stamps

Tegyra

(145 words)

Author(s): Fell, Martin (Münster)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Oracles (Τέγυρα, Τεγύρα; Tégyra, Tegýra). Place in Boeotia to the north of Orchomenus [1] on the northwestern bay of the Copais at modern Poligira (name of a piece of farmland and a stream) about 2 km to the north of modern Dionisos (earlier Tsamali; [1. 45-50; 3. 323, 325-328; 4. 104-109]; an earlier approach assumed T. to be  Aspledon, see [2. 360-373]). It was there that Pelopidas was victorious over two Spartan mórai ( Móra [1]) in 375 BC. At T.: temple of Apollo and oracle (closed after t…

Tegyrius

(102 words)

Author(s): Johannsen, Nina (Kiel)
[German version] (Τεγύριος; Tegýrios). Mythical king of the Thracians. T. takes in the banished Eumolpus and his son Ismarus and gives the son his daughter in marriage. Eumolpus flees to Eleusis when an ambush he has planned against T. is revealed. After Ismarus's death, however, T. calls Eumolpus back. They are reconciled and Eumolpus takes over power from T. (Apollod. 3,202). T., eponym of the Boeotian city of Tegyra, evidently does not belong to the historical Thracian people, but to the Thracian tribes that settled in Boeotia in the prehistoric period [1]. Johannsen, Nina (Kiel) Bibli…

Teia(s)

(5 words)

see Theia [2]

Teichiussa

(113 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Τειχιοῦσσα; Teichioûssa). Fortified settlement in Milesia (from teichióeis 'with high walls': Hom. Il. 2,559; 646), 18 km to the southeast of Miletus [2] on the Basilikos Kolpos (modern Akbük Limanı) on the Saplı Adası peninsula, attested from the 6th cent. BC until the 3rd (IDidyma 6; Archestratus fr. 55; Stratonicus in Ath. 8,351a and b;  Thuc. 8,26; 28), the demotikon T(e)ichiesseís until the Imperial Period. In the 5th cent. T. was a member of the Delian League (ATL 1, 553 f.). Finds from between the 8th and 3rd cents. BC are recorded, after that T. was abandoned. Loh…

Teichoscopy

(119 words)

Author(s): Nünlist, René (Basle)
[German version] (τειχοσκοπία/ teichoskopía, ‘viewing from the walls’). Term, coined already in Antiquity (Schol. Eur. Phoen. 88), for the scene in the Iliad in which Helen (Helena [I 1]) identifies for Priamus the most important leaders of the Greek army (Agamemnon, Odysseus, Menelaus, Ajax [1], Idomeneus [1]) from the Trojan walls (Hom. Il. 3,161-244, imitated e.g. by Eur. Phoen. 88-192). The Homeric narrator has Helen observe an event happening elsewhere at the same time and present it verbally toPriam (and hence …

Teidius

(57 words)

Author(s): Fündling, Jörg (Bonn)
[German version] Roman gens name. Most important bearer: S. T., a senator, who in 52 BC found the body of P. Clodius [I 4] on the via Appia and took it to Rome; in 49 T., although elderly and one-legged, fled from Italy with Cn. Pompeius [I 3] (Ascon. 32 C on Cic. Mil. 28; Plut. Pompeius 64,7). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn)

Teiresias

(327 words)

Author(s): Heinze, Theodor (Geneva)
[German version] (Τειρεσίας/ Teiresías, Lat. Teresias/ Tiresias, Etruscan Teriasals, Terasias). Blind seer from Thebes, son of Eueres and the nymph Chariclo, father of Manto and Historis. At the time when T. was connected to the myth of Odysseus in the Nekyia (Hom. Od. 10,490-495; 11,90-151), an established seer figure had already been part of the tradition, as in the Melampodia, where it is told that T. explains —after two sex changes— that women experience greater pleasure during the act of love. For this, Hera blinds him but Zeus c…

Teispes

(136 words)

Author(s): Eder, Walter (Berlin)
[German version] (Τείσπης; Teíspēs). According to the testimony of a cylinder inscription of Cyrus [2] II (TUAT I 409,21) an ancestor of his grandfather Cyrus [1] I and hence probably, like him, of Persian descent and a ruler in Fars (Persis) in the 7th cent. BC. The genealogical connection with the Achaemenids [2] in Hdt. 7,11, who puts into the mouth of Xerxes I a family tree with a T. as the son of Achaemenes [1] and another T. as great-great-grandson, can presumably be traced to Darius [1]. The…

Teithras

(84 words)

Author(s): Lohmann, Hans (Bochum)
[German version] (Τείθρας/ Teíthras, Τίθρας/ Títhras). Attic paralia(?) deme, Aegeis phyle, four bouleutaí . Decrees of the Teithrasians place T. certainly at modern Pikermi (SEG 21, 520; 542; 24, 151-153). There is evidence of cults of Athena, Zeus, Kore (SEG 24, 542), Heracles [1] and the hero Datylus (SEG 24, 151). A hero T. (schol. Aristoph. Ran. 477) and T. figs (Ath. 14,652f) are mentioned. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography Traill, Attica 5, 41 with note 13, 68, 112 No 133, Table. 2  Whitehead, Index s. v. T.

Telamon

(347 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Sylvia | Camporeale, Giovannangelo (Florence)
(Τελαμών; Telamṓn). [German version] [1] Son of the king Aeacus and of Endeis in Aegina Son of king Aeacus and of Endeis in Aegina, brother of Peleus, both banished by Aeacus for murdering their half-brother Phocus [1]. Participant in the Calydonian Hunt and in the expedition of the Argonauts (Apollod. 3,158-161). T. marries Glauce, the daughter of the Salaminian king Cechreus, and after the latter's death inherits rule of Salamis (Diod. 4,72). With his second wife, Eriboea or Periboea, he fathers Ajax [1]. To…

Telandrus

(135 words)

Author(s): Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Lycii, Lycia | Delian League (Τήλανδρος; Tḗlandros). City in the border region of Caria (Cares) and Lycia (Lycii) on the River Glaucus (Plin. HN 5,101;  Quint. Smyrn. 4,7); hardly to be correctly located in the ruin sites of modern Nif on the upper River Nif  (ancient Glaucus?), rather, as a member of the Delian League, to be found near the coast: the Telandrii, who were included in the tribute lists for the years 453/2-425/4 BC ( Phóros C.; cf. ATL 1, 555), probably inhabited the island of Telandria (modern Tersane) o…

Telchines

(585 words)

Author(s): Ambühl, Annemarie (Groningen)
[German version] (Τελχῖνες/ Telchînes). Telchines, the mythical original people of the Aegean, particularly of Rhodes; malicious blacksmiths and magicians. According to ancient etymology the name is derived from thélgein ('bewitch') (EM; Hsch. s.v. T.). According to local historical tradition the T. are the native inhabitants of the islands of Rhodes, Crete, Cyprus and Ceos; the name T. is however documented on the Greek mainland (Teumessus, Delphi, Sicyon). The T. raise Poseidon on Rhodes, who fathers children with their …
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