Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Tabor
(174 words)
[German version] (Ταβώρ/
Tabṓr). Conically tapering mountain with a broad plateau at the peak (about 1,200 m × 400 m) in the Plain of Jezreel in Israel. According to Jos 19:22, the territories of the tribes of Zebulun, Issachar and Naphtali bordered on Mount T. In the Biblical texts, no indications are given of any cultic function of the mountain. Neither is there any connection with the cult of the Rhodian god Zeus Atabyrios ([1]; Rhodes). It has been possible to demonstrate Iron Age settlement [2…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Tabula
(196 words)
[German version] General Latin term for board (Plin. HN 31,128; 33,76; 36,114; Ov. Met. 11,428), then for 'game board' (
tabula lusoria, Games, Board games, Dice (game)), 'painted panel' (
tabula picta, Plin. HN 35,20-28), 'votive tablet' (
tabula votiva, Hor. Carm. 1,5,13; Pers. 6,33). In a special sense,
tabula is the term for writing tablets, used for writing and calculating, of wood, whitewashed or with a layer of wax, or metal tablets (Writing materials,
Codex ), as were already common among the Greeks.
Tabulae were used in the public domain, e.g. as tablets of law (
Tabulae duodecim …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Tabula Banasitana
(124 words)
[German version] Bronze inscription from Banasa (in Mauretania Tingitana) with copies (
exempla) of three documents and a list of 12 witnesses, probably members of the imperial
consilium. It deals with a conferment of citizenship under Marcus Aurelius on 6 July AD 177: at his own request, Iulianus, a
princeps of the Zegrensi tribe, and his family are granted Roman citizenship for extraordinary service (
maxima merita), without prejudice to his tribal rights (
salvo iure gentis). The TB is important evidence of the conditions for conferring citizenship at the end of the …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Tabula Bantina
(273 words)
[German version] Fragments of a bronze tablet, inscribed on both sides, from Bantia (at modern Venosa) in Lucania. The front, written first, contains the
sanctio of a Roman statute. Since present and future magistrates are bound in it by oath to refrain from any undertaking against the law, it is often seen as part of a
l
ex Appuleia (
agraria or
maiestatis; Ap(p)uleius [I 11]) of 103 or 100 BC; in any case, it is from the end of the 2nd cent. BC. Listed on the back, used later, are several sections of the municipal law of Bantia (or a draft of it), in the…
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Tabulae Caeritum
(280 words)
[German version] In the TC Roman censors registered citizens from whom they had withdrawn the active or passive right to vote, by means of a
nota censoria and/or by transfer into another
tribus (
tribu movere). The term TC is explained from the original inclusion in this list of those citizens of the Etruscan city of Caere who were liable for military service. Presumably Caere gave its name to the list because in
c. 390 BC it is supposed to have been the first community to receive
civitas sine suffragio: Caere had provided help to Rome during the Gaulish attack in
c. 390 BC and had in thanks b…
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Tabulae duodecim
(1,105 words)
('Twelve Tables', or, more completely,
lex duodecim tabularum, 'Law of the Twelve Tables'), the most important legislation of the Roman Republic. The name originates in the tradition that they were written on twelve oak (
roboreas, as it ought to read, rather than
eboreas, 'ivory', in Pompon. Dig. 1,2,2,4) tablets. However, they have not survived in epigraphic form. Text and content must be reconstructed from ancient literature. It may be assumed, in the light of accounts of the legislative process in ancient authors (esp. Liv. 3,32 ff.), that they were written around 450 BC. …
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Tabulae honestae missionis
(103 words)
[German version]
Tabulae honestae missionis is the name given to Roman documents certifying the good conduct of soldiers during their period of service; they were issued upon request to veterans at their retirement from military service, enabling them, if they were entitled, to receive the military diploma and thus citizenship. Only a few copies have been found, but these were distributed across the entire Roman Empire. Their structure corresponded to that of military diplomas: 1. confirmation of
honesta
missio [1], 2. the certifying officer, 3. authentication, 4. date, 5…
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Tabulae Iguvinae
(195 words)
[German version] Seven bronze tablets, found in 1444 in Iguvium (modern Gubbio), between 87 cm × 57 cm and 40 cm × 28 cm in size, some written on one side, some on both. The earlier ones are in a local right-to-left alphabet, borrowed from Etruscan, and the later ones in Roman letters, but all are in the Umbrian language. Their origin is from the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC to the beginning of the 1st, and they represent the sacred archive of a priesthood, the
Fratres Atiedii (cf. the
Arvales Fratres in Rome), in which details of sacrifices by the priesthood fo…
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Tabulae nuptiales
(226 words)
[German version] (lit. 'marriage tablets'). Marriage contracts in Roman law, set out in documents from the Imperial period onwards (cf. Tac. Ann. 6,45,5 on Messalina [2] and Silius in AD 48). In Roman law, marriage itself was not a (formal) contract, it was sexual communion with the intention of living a married life (
affectio maritalis). The subject of the TN, by contrast, were question of property connected with marriage, primarily the pledging of a dowry (
Dos ) to the husband for the wife's maintenance, in Late Antiquity probably also the husband's…
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Tabulae privatae
(308 words)
[German version] Privately-composed Latin documents, as opposed to official documents (
tabulae publicae ). TP dealt with private legal actions, esp. contracts under the law of obligations including receipts, wills and marriage certificates, also procedural contracts such as the
vadimonium . These documents were often twofold, containing the drawn-up text written out twice. The inner text (
scriptura interior) was tied up and sealed (Seals) and was thus protected from subsequent forgery, while the outer text (
scriptura exterior) offered access to the document content at …
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Tabulae publicae
(154 words)
[German version] Official records and proclamations in Rome, which were recorded on tablets. The TP usually consisted of wood with whitewash (
album [2]) or a layer of wax (
tabula cerata). Later papyrus, parchment and bronze (for documents posted outdoors) were added as writing materials. The individual tablets could be bound together into a 'book' (
Codex ). Among the things recorded were Senate resolutions (
Senatus consultum ) and laws (
Lex ), magistrates' edicts, electoral and judicial protocols,
commentarii , accounts, census lists and treaties. TP w…
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Tabula Hebana
(219 words)
[German version] The five bronze fragments, belonging together, of the TH (from Heba in Etruria) can - just like the
Tabula Siarensis found in Siarum (in the province of Seville) in 1980 and other fragments from Todi and Rome - be related to a dossier containing a
senatus consultum and a law, based on it, of the consuls of AD 20 (
lex Valeria Aurelia) with decrees for the honouring of Germanicus [2], who had died in AD 19. The dossier provides insight into the functioning of the
comitia
centuriata during the Imperial period and into the mobilisation of public loyalty for the imperi…
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Tabula Heracleensis
(256 words)
[German version] (Herakleiensis). Bronze tablet (1·84 m × 0·38 m), broken into two parts, found in the area of ancient Heraclea [10] in Lucania. On the front sides of both parts, there are late 4th cent. BC regulations for the administration by public authorities of the estates of two temples, one of Dionysus and one of Athena. The end of a 1st cent. BC Latin text is preserved on the back of one of these tablets. Since the expected
sanctio is missing, it can not be a law and therefore also not, as formerly presumed (as e.g. [1. 113-120]), a Caesarian
l
ex Iulia municipalis. The surviving pa…
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Tabula Iliaca
(155 words)
[German version] Archeological technical term for marble plates with illustrations of the Homeric epics (Homerus [1]). The small plates with a height of up to 25 cm are covered on both sides with low reliefs in miniature with accompanying texts. Most of the 22 extant plates refer to the Iliad, one to the Odyssey. The most complete plate, the so-called
Tabula Capitolina (Rome, KM), contains parts of the
Aethiopís as well. The plates are dated to the early Imperial Period and were all found in Rome. Some are attested to have been produced by T…
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Tabula Lugdunensis
(107 words)
[German version] Bronze tablet from Lugdunum (modern Lyon) with part of a speech by the emperor Claudius [III 1] in the Senate in which as censor in AD 47/8 he supports the wish of Gaulish nobles to be accepted into the Senate. Comparison of the original text (CIL XIII 1668 = ILS 212) with the version in Tacitus (Ann. 11,23-25) is revealing of the latter's way of working. Galsterer, Hartmut (Bonn) Bibliography H. Freis, Historische Inschriften zur römischen Kaiserzeit, 21994, no. 34 (German translation) F. Vittinghoff, Zur Rede des Kaisers Claudius über die Aufnahme von 'Gall…
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Tabula Peutingeriana
(481 words)
[German version] Medieval copy (12th/13th cents.) of a map-like representation, named after one of the former owners, K. Peutinger of Augsburg (died in 1547) and based on an ancient model: it shows
Pompeiis (destroyed in AD 79; 6,5) as well as
Constantinopolis (founded in 328/330; 9,1). The original model must have been created in the 4th cent. with the aid of sources that reach back to the 1st cent. AD. The TP is a parchment role (
c. 680 × 33 cm) in 11 individual sheets (Vienna, Nationalbibliothek; the TP is numbered by these segments with five sub-columns each). It co…
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Tabula pontificum
(239 words)
[German version] From the 4th cent. BC at the latest (going back too far: Cic. De or. 2,52) to the period of P. Mucius [I 5] Scaevola (from 130 BC), the
pontifex
maximus published notes about current events - the type and length of which are contested - in front of the
regia on a white-washed wooden plate (
album: Cic. De or. 2,52;
tabula dealbata: Serv. Auct. Aen. 1,373): along with price increases (due to bad harvests) and solar or lunar eclipses (Cato Orig. fr. 77 P.; cf. Cic. Rep. 1,25) probably prodigies, vota, temple consecrations and other items of re…
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Tabularium
(249 words)
[German version] A building in Rome ([III] with map 2, no. 62), probably built or dedicated in 78 BC under the consul Q. Lutatius [4] Catulus, after the fire of 83 BC, as a place of safe-keeping for public and private documents (CIL I2 736; 737). It was originally primarily public monies that were kept here, later numerous archived materials of state and city administration. According to a funerary inscription found in 1971, its architect was probably a certain Lucius Cornelius. The huge structure, almost 74 m long and, together with the…
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Tacape
(193 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Commerce (Τακάπη/
Takápē, Latin
Tacape). City on the Syrtis Minor, possibly a Phoenician or Punic foundation, modern Gabes in Tunisia. Punic remains are scanty [1. 1261]. T., a 'very large trading centre' (Str. 17,3,17), was 'in the middle of the desert' (Plin. HN 18,188). At the time of Augustus T. was a
civitas (Plin. HN 5,25; 18,188), later a
colonia (Tab. Peut. 6,5; It. Ant. 59,6). Further evidence: Plin. HN 16,115 (?); Ptol. 4,3,11; Stadiasmus maris magni 106 f.; It. Ant. 48,9 f.; 50,4; 73,5; 74,…
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Tacfarinas
(175 words)
[German version] Numidian, deserter from the Roman
auxilia ; leader of an uprising against Roman power in Africa (Africa [3]) from
c. AD 17 until AD 24. T. led the Musulamii in raids, petty wars and even sieges. In the West, the Moors under Mazippa, who were dissatisfied with Iuba [2] II, followed T. (Tac. Ann. 2,52; [1. 89, 104-106, 127]); even the Romans came to terms with him (Tac. Ann. 4,13). After victories celebrated prematurely by the pro-consuls M. Furius [II 2] Camillus and L. Apronius [II 1], T. recovered q…
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Tachos
(159 words)
[German version] (Ταχώς, in Manethon Τεώς/
Teṓs; Egyptian
Ḏd.ḥr). Second king of the Egyptian 30th Dynasty,
c. 362-360 BC (calculations differ by up to two years), son of his predecessor Nectanebus [1] I and his co-regent during the last three years of his reign (from
c. 365). T. tried to exploit the collapse of Persian power in western Asia, and in
c. 360 BC, he led a campaign to Syria, with a great number of Greek mercenaries under the Spartan king Agesilaus [2] and a fleet under the Athenian Chabrias. During this campaign, T.'s brother Tjahapimu, who …
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Tachygraphy
(1,305 words)
[German version] I. Definition Tachygraphy is the conventional term for the ancient technique of speed writing, which replaced letters, syllables, words or short sentences by symbols, and was practiced by
sēmeiográphoi and
tachygráphoi (Lat.
notarii and
exceptores) [1.30-31]. The existence of mutual Greco-Roman influences may be assumed, although the priority of either contemporaneous system is difficult to ascertain. The chronological priority of the Greek system might be attested by a letter of Cicero from 45 BC (Cic. Att. 13,32), in which he uses the Greek expression
dià sēmeí…
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Tacita
(100 words)
[German version] ('the silent', also
Dea Muta 'mute goddess'). The name, date (21 February, on the Feralia) and nature of her cult (Ov. Fast. 2,569-582), which is supposed to have been introduced to Rome by the king Numa Pompilius (Plut. Numa 8,65b), suggest an Underworld deity (cf. Ov. Fast. 2,609; 5,422; Verg. Aen. 6,264 f.). T. is identified with the Nymph Lara/Lala or Larunda (Varro Ling. 5,74), who betrays a plan of Iuppiter, and he tears out her tongue. Raped by Mercurius, she becomes the mother of the Lares (Ov. Fast. 2,583-616; Lactant. Div. inst. 1,20,35). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)
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Tacitism
(2,412 words)
Muhlack, Ulrich [German version] A. Concept (CT) The term, coined, according to Benedetto Croce [1. 82-3], in 1921 by Giuseppe Toffanin [14], applied originally to Machiavellian literature in Italy at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th cent.; its exponents concealed their master, who had been put on the index of forbidden books, behind the figure of Tacitus, although he too was not entirely free from the suspicion of the Church. The scope of the term has since continued to be extended, and i…
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Tacitus
(2,881 words)
[German version] [1] (P.?) Cornelius T. Latin historiographer, c. AD 55- c. 120 Latin historiographer, c. AD 55 - c. AD 120. Flaig, Egon (Göttingen) [German version] I. Life (Publius?) Cornelius T. came from Gaul, and had a successful senatorial career under the Flavian emperors (70-96). He was a praetor in 88, consul in 97, proconsul in the province of Asia in 112 (OGIS 487 Mylasa). After the murder of Domitian in 96, controversies emerged as to how senators should relate to an emperor. T. replied to this issue initially with the
Agricola, later with his two great works of historiography, the
H…
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Tactics
(952 words)
[German version] I. Greece Tactics are understood as the planning and execution of military operations, such as marching and battles. Before the emergence of the
phalanx , no tactical organization of the army is discernible. The battle formation of the
phalanx, however, required the army to be divided into subunits, with a marching order, an ordered array in file and a clear system of orders. Ancient historians and military writers document various marching orders and possible transitions (often probably rather remote from reality) fr…
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Tadinae
(80 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria
Municipium in Umbria (Plin. HN 3,114), modern Sant'Antonio della Rasina to the west of Gualdo Tadino. Road station on the
via Flaminia. In 552 AD Narses [4] defeated the Goth Totila at T. (Proc. BG 4,29). Later abandoned in favour of the higher-lying Gualdo. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Sigismondi, La battaglia tra Narsete e Totila, in: Bolletino della Deputazione di Storia Patria dell'Umbria 65, 1968, 5-68.
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Tadius
(73 words)
[German version] Italian family name, in inscriptions also
Taddius. There is literary evidence in the Republican period only of P. T., a businessman and the legate of C. Verres in Sicily 73-71 BC (Cic. Verr. 2,2,49; 2,5,63) - perhaps identical with the acquaintance of T. Pomponius [I 5] Atticus (Cic. Att. 1,5,6; 1,8,1) - and Q. T., his relative (brother?), who also had business with Verres (Cic. Verr. 2,1,128; 2,1,130; 2,4,31). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
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Taenarum
(525 words)
(Ταίναρον;
Taínaron). [German version] [1] Promontory, southernmost point of the Peloponnesus (Ταίναρον/
Taínaron, Ταίναρος/
Taínaros; Lat.
Taenarum,
Taenaros). Promontory on the southern tip of a peninsula formed by the Taygetus, the southernmost point of the Peloponnesus, modern Tenaron or Matapan. It is a marble mountain of 5 km length (311 m height), without any bays on the rugged west side and with two bays dividing the east side (Ormos Asomaton in the south, Ormos Vathi in the north). It is connected to th…
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Taesia
(102 words)
[German version] (Ταισία;
Taisía). City in Bruttium of unknown location near Rhegium (according to [2] near Motta San Giovanni, but cf. [1; 3. 267]). Station of Delphic
theōrodókoi (SGDI 2580, Z. 88: 3rd/2nd century BC; [4]), presumably identical with the fortress of Tisia (App. Hann. 188; Steph. Byz. s. v. Τισία) or Isia (Diod. 37,2,13). Lombardo, Mario (Lecce) Bibliography
1 E. Pais, Tisiae ed Isiae, in: id. (ed.), Italia antica, 1922, 111-122
2 C. Turano, T., in: Klearchos 13, 1971, 19-37
3 P. G. Guzzo, Le città scomparse della Magna Grecia, 1982
4 G. Manganaro, Città di Si…
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Tagara
(57 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with (Ταγάρα: Peripl. m. r. 51, Τάγαρα: Ptol. 7,1,82). Inland city in the Indian state of Maharashtra, modern Ter, where excavations have found e.g. lamps of an Hellenistic type. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography H. P. Ray, Monastery and Guild. Commerce under the Sātavāhanas, 1986, 69 f.
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Tagaste
(106 words)
[German version] Numidian settlement in Africa Proconsularis (Africa [3]), whose Punic past is to date attested only by a Neo-Punic inscription [1], modern Souk-Ahras in Algeria (It. Ant. 44,6;
oppidum Tagesense: Plin. HN 5,30?). T. was a
municipium (
ordo,
decuriones: ILAlg 1, 875; 880), and a bishopric as early as the 3rd cent. AD; birthplace of Augustinus. Inscriptions: ILAlg 1, 866-927; Bull. archéologique du Comité des trauvaux historiques 1932-1933, 476 f.; 1934-1935, 227-229; 351 f.; 362; RIL 524-529. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography
1 J.-B. Chabot, Punica, in: Jour…
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Tages
(325 words)
[German version] Legendary Etruscan cultural hero, son of Genius and grandson of Iuppiter (Fest. 359; Commenta Bernensia on Luc. 1,636) or of Hermes Chthonius (Procl. in Lyd. de ostentis 3). According to Etruscan tradition, he had the appearance of a child combined with the wisdom of old age (Cic. Div. 2,50). After a farmer who was plowing near Tarquinia (Tarquinii) or Tarchon had lifted him from the clod, T. supposedly proclaimed the Etruscan discipline (
disciplina Etrusca, Etrusci, Etruria III. D.) and then disappeared or died. The tomb of a ritually worshipped child…
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Tagonius
(50 words)
[German version] River in the territory of the Carpetani (Plut. Sertorius 17,2), modern Tajuña. It rises in the extreme east of the Sierra de Guadalajara at Maranchón, flows past Caracca and into the Tagus (Tajo) on its right side. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography TIR K 30 Madrid, 1993, 216.
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Tagos
(144 words)
[German version] (ταγός;
tagós).
Tagos (etymologically from
táxis, cf. German
Herzog) is usually seen as an elected (originally for life, later in the event of war: IG IX 2,257) highest official of the Thessalian League [1. 237-249; 2]. The effect of the dominance of the noble 'clans' (Aleuadae; Echecratidae; Scopadae) in the 5th cent. BC was that the office of
tageía lost its significance [3. 125-127]; under Iason [2] the office temporarily gained a new prestige [5]. Recent studies, in contrast, see
tagos as a genuinely local official (the official term for a high office instead being
a…
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Tagus
(88 words)
[German version] (Τάγος/
Tágos). A gold-bearing (Mela 3,8) river, at 1008 km the longest (Str. 3,2,3; 3,1; 3; Plin. HN 3,19; 25; Ptol. 2,5,4) in the Iberian peninsula, modern Tagus (Spanish Tajo, Portugese Tejo). It rises in the modern Universales mountains, flows through Toletum, Caesarobriga, Augustobriga and into the Oceanus at Olisippo; first mentioned during the campaign Hannibal [4] conducted against the Carpetani in 218 BC (Pol. 3,14,5; Liv. 21,5,8). Stepper, Ruth Bibliography Schulten, Landeskunde 1, 341-349 P. Barceló, Aníbal de Cartago, 2000, 81 TIR K 30 Madrid, 199…
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Taifali
(199 words)
[German version] (Ταΐφαλοι/
Taḯphaloi, Suda s. v. Τ.; also Taifruli). Semi-nomadic Eastern Germanic equestrian people, recorded in the mid-3rd cent. AD in Dacia (Daci) and Moesia (Moesi; Iord. Get. 91) and then with the Tervingi in the north of Transylvania (Eutr. 8,2,2). In the middle of the 4th cent., they probably settled to the east of Muntenia (in modern Romania) as far west as the Alutus (modern Olt) with their core in the Muntenian Baragan Steppe. Earliest mention in literature: Pan. Lat. 11…
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Tainia
(303 words)
(Greek ταινία/
tainía). Term for bindings of all kinds. [German version] [1] Headband for festivals (Head)band, worn at Greek festivals (Pl. Symp. 212d.e, 213d; Xen. Symp. 5,9). Even gods wore, or bound their heads with,
tainiai. (Paus. 1,8,4). Furthermore, cult images (Paus. 8,31,8; 10,35,10), trees (Theocr. 18,44), monuments [3], urns, sacrificial animals and deceased (Lucian, Dial. mort. 13,4) had
tainiai wound round them. The Romans adopted
tainiai from the Greeks (e.g. Ov. Met. 8,724 f.). As a sign of a victor and of success (Paus. 4,16,6; 6,20,10; 9,22,3…
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Taktika
(326 words)
[German version] [1] Military handbook Byzantine term for military handbook, cf. Taktika [2]; cf. also
stratēgikón . Berger, Albrecht (Berlin) [German version] [2] Taktika of Leo Military handbook (
stratēgikón) in 20 books, written
c. AD 905 by the emperor Leo [9] VI or at his command. It is to some extent based on earlier sources such as writings by Onasander [2] and the
stratēgikón of Mauricius, but it also contains many contemporary passages, e.g. on the Arabs and Hungary. The work, which is preserved in two different versions, exer…
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Talarius ludus
(331 words)
[German version] (from Latin
talus, 'ankle', 'dice'). The four secure written records about the TL allow no final conclusion as to whether it was a Roman game of dice (thus [7. 1842]) or a type of staged presentation in which the performers wore a toga that reached down to their ankles. For Cicero (Cic. Att. 1,16,3; Cic. Off. 1,150), the TL was immoral and the lowest profession next to 'salve vendors' and 'dancers' (Entertainers); Quintilianus (Inst. 11,3,58) emphasises its frolicsomeness and implies song as an accompaniment…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly