Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Tempus utile
(147 words)
[German version] (literally: 'usable time'). In Roman law, a particular manner of calculating a time limit. Whereas in the case of a
tempus continuum ('continuous period of time') the initial date and the expiry of the term are unalterably fixed, TU implies taking into account only those days on which the time can be used by the relevant party. Either the beginning of the term is made dependent on the first possible use and the term then proceeds as a
continuum (e.g. praetorian lawsuits, Dig. 15,2,1 pr.), or the beginning is fixed and in the course of the term only those da…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Tempyra
(96 words)
[German version] (Τέμπυρα;
Témpyra). Settlement on the Thracian coast of the Aegaean (Aigaion Pelagos) to the east of Sale; founded by Samothrace. T. was a station on the
Via Egnatia (Str. 7a,1,48; It. Ant. 322,3:
Timpiro; It. Burd. 602,8:
mutatio Ad Umimpara), the precise site is unknown (Str. 7, fr. 47 f.). Near T. there was a narrow unforested pass, at which pro-consul Manlius [I 24] Vulso, on his return march from Asia Minor in 188 BC, had to fight the Trausi (Liv. 38,41,5). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography E. Oberhummer, s. v. T., RE 5 A, 489 Müller, 74.
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Tenages
(62 words)
[German version] (Τενάγης;
Tenágēs). One of the Heliadae (according to schol. Pind. Ol. 7,131a-132a, partly according to Hellanikos, the youngest, also called Phaethon [3]), the seven sons of Helios and Rhodos (Rhode). T. is killed by some of his own brothers out of envy (Diod. 5,56,5-57,2; 5,61,1 = Zenon FGrH 523 F 1; schol. Hom. Il. 24,544c). Antoni, Silke (Kiel)
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Tenagino Probus
(160 words)
[German version] Equestrian official, who, as
Praeses provinciae Numidiae, dedicated a gate building, designed with a
groma, in Lambaesis (see city plan no. 10c) in AD 268 still under Gallienus (CIL VIII 2571 = 18057 = AE 1974,723; cf. [1]). Under Claudius [III 2] Gothicus he continued in office there (AE 1936,58; ILAlg II 1,24). He is probably identical to the Probus who, as
Praefectus Aegypti in 269, was victorious over the Marmarites in Cyrenaeca and founded the city of Claudiopolis (AE 1934,257). According to Zos. 1,4,4 he fought for…
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Tencteri
(191 words)
[German version] Germanic tribe, driven in 58 BC from their homeland to the east of the Rhine by the Suebi. After three years as nomads, in 55 BC the T. crossed the Rhine (Rhenus [2]), defeated the west-bank Menapii, who had refused to accept them into their territory, and migrated up the Meuse (Mosa [1]) as far as the Eburones and the Condrusi. There, Caesar annihilated them; only some of the cavalry escaped to the Sugambri to the east of the Rhine (Caes. B Gall. 4,1,1-4,18,5). In 17/16 BC they, …
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Tenea
(134 words)
[German version] (Τενέα;
Tenéa). Town in southern Corinthia on a route into Argolis (cf. Xen. Hell. 4,4,19), probably to the south of modern Chiliomodion (ancient remains with a necropolis). Inhabitants of T. are supposed to have taken part in the founding of Syracusae. On the destruction of Corinth in 146 BC (Mummius [I 3]) the already autonomous town was spared because of its relations with Rome and is recorded in the 2nd cent. AD as independent [1. no. 228]. Apollo was the main god worshipped in…
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Tenedos
(321 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Τένεδος;
Ténedos). Island in the north east of the Aegean Sea (Ptol. 5,2,27; Dionys. Per. 135; Hierocles
Synékdēmos 686,8), 5 km off the coast of Troas, 20 km south west of the Hellespont and therefore always of strategic importance; made up of limestone, slate, trachite with Neogene deposits; 10 km long, 5 km wide, 41 km2 in area, rising to 191 m in the northeast, present day Bozcaada. Various earlier names for T. are documented: C…
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Tenerus
(113 words)
[German version] (Τήνερος;
Tḗneros). Mythical seer (
Mántis : Pind. Fr. 51d) in Thebes, son of Apollo and the ash-nymph Melia (Melia [1]; schol. Lycoph. 1211), who gives birth to him in the Ismenion (Pind. Fr. 52k), where his oracle also was (schol. Pind. Pyth. 11,5); brother of Ismenius (Paus. 9,10,6). Apollo bestows on him the gift of prophecy (schol. Lycoph. 1211). The Tenerian Plain between Thebes and Lake Copais is named after T. (Str. 9,413; Paus. 9,26,1). Pindar's seventh p…
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Tennes
(247 words)
[German version] [1] Eponym of the island of Tenedos (Τέννης/
Ténnēs, also Τένης/
Ténēs). According to Plutarch (Quaest. Graec. 28) the eponym of the island of Tenedos, son of king Cycnus [2]; Apollo is often given as his father. Stepson of Philomene, who after an alleged rape has T. and his sister Hemithea put out at sea in a chest. Under the protection of Poseidon they land on the island of Leucophrys near Troy, where T. becomes king. The island is named after him. Later Cycnus recognises the truth and sai…
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Tenos
(639 words)
[German version] (Τῆνος/
Tênos). Island in the northern Cyclades; 27 km in length, up to 12 km wide, area of 195 km2; numerous coastal bluffs, a few open bays, primarily slate along with marble and granite; in the east, up to 714 m high (Tsiknias, probably the ancient
Gyraíē pétrē, Hom. Od. 4,500; 4,507; Lycoph. Alexandra 390 ff.); it still bears the same name. T. was not very fertile, but the cultivation of garlic on T. was proverbial (Aristoph. Plut. 718); there were many snakes and scorpions (ibid.). Epithets for T. were
h
ydroûssa ('abundant in water') and
o
phioûssa ('abundant in sn…
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Tensa
(116 words)
[German version] Sacral vehicle for pageants or gods, which were used, in connexion with a complex ritual (e.g. Cic. Har. resp. 11,23), for transporting images and attributes (
exuviae) of gods in the
pompa circensis at the
ludi circenses (
Circus II.) (cf. Juv. 10,33-46). The
tensae formed the conclusion of the procession into the
circus (procedure in the time of Augustus in Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 7,72,1-14). They were kept on the Capitolium in in a specially constructed temple (
aedes tensarum) near the Temple of Jupiter. Pictorial representations can be found primarily on…
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Tenthredon
(61 words)
[German version] (Τενθρηδών/
Tenthrēdṓn, 'gall wasp': schol. Nic. Alex. 547a-b; cf. [1]). Descendant of Magnes [2] (schol. and Eust. on Hom. Il. 2,756), father of Prothous [3], the leader of the Magnetes (Hom. Il. 2,756; Lycophr. 899 with Tzetz.; Aristot. Epigr. 28, in [2]). Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliography
1 LSJ, 1775, s. v. T.
2 Th. Bergk (ed.), Poetae Lyrici Graeci, vol. 2, 41882.
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Teos
(895 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Theatre | Ionic | Colonization | Marble | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Delian League | Education / Culture (Τέως/
Téōs, Hecat. FGrH 1 F 231 f.; ethnikon Τήϊος/
Tḗïos in Str. 14,1,29 f.). Ancient harbour city (Liv. 37,27,9) in the region of modern Sığacık/Seferihisar on the west coast of Asia Minor
c. 30 km south west of İzmir. The site of the ruins (foundation walls of the famous Temple of Dionysus, built by Hermogenes [4]; theatre dating from the Hellenistic period w…
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Tepe
(33 words)
[German version] (or
Tape,
Tappe; Turkish 'hill'). Frequent component of the modern name of ruin sites in the region from Near to Central Asia. Synonymous with tell. Nissen, Hans Jörg (Berlin)
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Terebinth
(182 words)
[German version] (ἡ τέρμινθος/
términthos, later τερέβινθος/
terébinthos, Latin
terebinthus), the evergreen (Theophr. H. plant. 1,9,3 and 3,3,3; Plin. HN 16,80), pinnate-leafed, dioecious Terebinth (
Pistacia terebinthus L.) of the genus
Pistacia (cf. Pistachio), of which nine species occur in the Mediterranean, in the Anacardiaceae family. Theophr. Hist. pl. 3,15,3 f. (cf. Plin. HN 13,54) shows accurate knowledge: the resin (
rhētínē, Latin
resina; 9,2,2, cf. Plin. HN 14,122; 24,32 and 34), which drips from the stem and branches when cut (cf. Theoph…
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Terentia
(500 words)
[German version] [1] Wife of Cicero Of a prominent family, she married M. Tullius Cicero between 80 and 77 BC. The union produced M. Tullius [I 10] Cicero and Tullia [2]. T. intervened in political life, e.g. in the trial of the supporters of Catilina in 63 BC (Cass. Dio 37,35,4; Plut. Cicero 20,2) and in the proceedings against Clodius [I 4] in 61 (Plut. Cicero 29,2), which brought her difficulties during her husband's exile (Cic. Fam. 14,2,2; Cic. Cael. 50). She lobbied for his return and acted independently as a wife
sui iuris. Nor was her personal fortune confiscated as her husban…
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Terentianus Maurus
(183 words)
[German version] African grammarian around the middle of the 3rd cent. AD (later, acc. to [4]), author of three didactic poems, dedicated to metre, in the tradition of the derivation theory (Caesius [II 8] Bassus): a)
De litteris (v. 85-278; articulation of the letters of the alphabet), b)
De syllabis (v. 279-1299; metrical qualities of letters and syllables), c)
De metris (v. 1300-2981; on metre itself), according to [2. 566 f.] the
praefatio (V. 1-84) also belonged to this. Other (lyrical?) poems are lost. The instructive poem, much used in late Antiquity, rema…
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Terentilius
(90 words)
[German version] T. Harsa, C. According to Livius (3,9,1-10,3; on the historicity of the account see [1. 411-413; 2. 93-95]), as
tr. pl. in 462 BC he proposed establishing a five-man college to legally limit the powers of the consuls. Although he later withdrew the proposal, it unleashed long-lasting controversies, which ultimately led to an ambassadorship to Greece (to study law) in 454 and to the establishment of the
Decemviri [1] in 451. Müller, Christian (Bochum) Bibliography
1 R. M. Ogilvie, A Commentary on Livy Books 1-5, 1965
2 D. Flach, Die Gesetze der frühen römisch…
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Terentilla
(52 words)
[German version] According to Suet. Aug. 69,2 she is mentioned in a letter by Antonius [I 9] as one of the women in intimate relationship with Octavian. Presumably Terentia [2] is meant, the wife of Maecenas [2] (see Cass. Dio 54,19,3); T. may then be a pet name. Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Terentius
(5,938 words)
Roman
nomen
gentile of Sabine origin. Its members begin to appear in the sources late in the 3rd cent. BC. Politically the most important branch was that of the Terentii Varrones which attained the ranks of the nobility with T. [I 14] Varro, consul in 216 BC. From the mid-2nd cent., several families of this branch were in simultaneous and unconnected existence.
Cognomina showing geographical origins are widespread among the Terentii (Afer, Lucanus, Massaliota). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] As people's tribune in 54 BC, T. prevented…
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Teres
(234 words)
(Τήρης;
Tḗrēs). Popular Thracian (ruler's) name. [German version] [1] T. (I) The first powerful Thracian king, who, after the retreat of the Persians in the first half of the 5th cent. BC, obtained for the Odrysae dominion over the largest part of Thrace (Thuc. 2,29). In the southeast he advanced presumably as far as the Propontis (cf. Xen. An. 7,2,22), in the north as far as the Danube. His daughter married king Ariapeithes of the Scythae (Hdt. 4,80). He lived 92 years (Theop. FGrH 115, fr. 310) and was …
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Tereus
(121 words)
[German version] (Τηρεύς;
Tēreús). Mythical king from Thrace. By marrying Procne he allies himself with the Attic king Pandion [1], whose other daughter Philomele he rapes. In order that she should not be able to denounce him, T. cuts out her tongue. She depicts the crime on a loom, however. Procne avenges herself on her husband by cruelly killing their son Itys. When T. in turn wants to take revenge all three transform themselves into birds, T. into a hoopoe, the sisters into a swallow and a nightingale (Apollod. 3,193-195; Ov. Met. 6,424-674). Sophocles wrote a (largely lost)
Tēreús (fr. 5…
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Tergeste
(142 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Venetic | | Coloniae | Moesi, Moesia | Pannonia | Regio, regiones (Τεργέστε/
Tergéste; modern Trieste). Village settlement, later a polis or fortress, port in the territory of the Illyrian Carni to the east of Aquileia [1] (Artemidorus [3] fr. 9, GGM I, 575; Caes. B Gall. 8,24; Str. 5,1,9; 7,5,2; Vell. Pat. 2,110,4; in Ptol. 1,15,3; 3,1,27: Τέργεστον/
Térgeston; Steph. Byz. s. v. Τέγεστρα). Roman
colonia,
tribus Pupinia, probably from the Roman civil war in 42/1 BC onwards (Plin. HN 3,127). Parts of …
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Tergiversatio
(193 words)
[German version] (literally 'to turn your back'). In Roman law, the term refers to the turning away of the private accuser in a criminal trial (
accusatio ,
delatio nominis ) from the case he had brought against the defendant. Beginning with the SC Turpillianum (AD 61), the
tergiversatio led to a case against the accuser himself. When the withdrawal was unjustified, the
tergiversatio was punished with a fine (Dig. 47,15,3,3). Beyond that, the private accuser lost his right to hold an office as well as his civic honour (
infamia , Dig. 48,16,2). The defendant who had…
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Terias
(48 words)
[German version] (Τηρίας;
Tērías). River on the eastern coast of Sicilia with Leontini on its upper reaches (Scyl. 13; Diod. Sic. 14,14,3; cf. Thuc. 6,50,3; 6,94,2; Plin. HN 3,89), modern San Leonardo di Lentini. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography E. Manni, Geografia fisica e politica della Sicilia antica, 1981, 125.
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Terillus
(87 words)
[German version] (Τήριλλος;
Tḗrillos). Son of Crinippus, tyrant of Himera, was deposed by Theron
c. 483 BC. A call for help by T. and his father-in-law Anaxilaus [1] of Rhegium led in 480 to an invasion of Sicily by the Carthaginians under Hamilcar [1], a guest-friend of T.; Hamilcar and his army were decisively defeated by Gelon [1] and Theron at Himera (Hdt. 7,165-167). Of the later fate of T. nothing is known. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 134, 156.
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Terina
(150 words)
[German version] (Τέρινα;
Térina). City in Bruttium (Bruttii; Thuc. 6,104,2; Plin. HN 3,72) on the “Gulf of T.” (Thuc. loc.cit.: Τεριναῖος κόλπος/
Terinaíos kólpos; Plin. HN loc.cit.), presumably at Santa Eufemia Vetere (ancient remains). Founded by Croton in the 6th cent. BC (Ps.-Scymn. 306-308; Steph. Byz. s. v. T.); after 444 BC besieged by the Thurii (Polyaenus, Strat. 2,10,1), in 356 BC conquered by the Bruttii, in 203 BC destroyed by Hannibal [4] (Str. 6,1,5). Minting of silver coins from the second quarter of the 5th cent. BC (HN 112 f.). Muggia, Anna (Pavia) Bibliography F. P…
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Termera
(276 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Τέρμερα/
Térmera). City of the Leleges in Caria (Cares IV.) on the southwestern coast of the Halicarnassus peninsula (Str. 14,2,18; incorrect location: Plin. HN 5,107) at modern Asarlık. The Lelegean bandit Termerus is named as eponymous founder (Schol. Eur. Rhes. 509; Steph. Byz. s. v. Τ.); his ravaging and his removal by Heracles [1] (Plut. Theseus 11) are the origin of the expression 'Termeran evil', when an evil-doer is given a …
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Termerus
(68 words)
[German version] (Τέρμερος;
Térmeros). Pirate from the Leleges tribe on the coast of Caria (FHG 4,475,3), also the founder and eponym of the city of Termera there. Killed by Heracles [1] (Plut. Theseus 11). A great misfortune was proverbially called a
Termérion kakón after him (Zenob. 6,6; Macarius 8,8 in [1]). Rausch, Sven Bibliography
1 E. L. Leutsch, F. G. Scheidewin (eds.), Paroemiographi Graeci, vol. 1, 1839, 162; vol. 2, 1851, 215.
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Termes
(146 words)
[German version] (Τέρμες/
Térmes). City in the territory of the Celtiberic Arevaci (Plin. HN 3,27; Flor. Epit. 2,19,9; Ptol. 2,6,56), at modern Tiermes (Montejo de Liceras). With Numantia a focus of the Celtiberic Wars in 154-133 BC. T. also asserted itself after the fall of Numantia in 133 BC and was not occupied until 98 BC by T. Didius [I 4] (App. Ib. 431). The latter caused the inhabitants of T. to resettle in the Sobre valley. Remains of a Celtiberic settlement on sandstone rocks survive: rock habitations, rock walls,
necropolis in Carratiermes (6th cent. BC to 1st cent. AD…
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Termessus
(504 words)
(Τερμησσός/
Termēssós). [German version] [1] City in south-west Pisidia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Lycii, Lycia | Pompeius | Education / Culture City in southwest Pisidia, the biggest
polis in Pisidia along with Sagalassus and Selge, located at a height of
c. 1000 m on Mount Solymos (modern Güllük Dağı, 35 km northwest of Antalya). Mythically, T. was associated with Bellerophontes and the Solymi, and T. based its tradition on the hero Solymos (coins: [1]). In the sources, T. is attested in the context of Alexande…
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Terminatio
(299 words)
[German version] (from Latin
terminus , 'boundary'). The definition of boundaries between land belonging to individuals, but esp. between communities. An official boundary was almost never drawn between Roman provinces, however, because their limits were defined by the territorial extent of the autonomous administrative units concerned. Markers were boundary stones (
termini; ILS 5926) or wooden posts [1. 244]. The
terminatio was carried out by
mensores, 'surveyors'; some of the theoretical technical literature survives (cf. [1; 2; 3]). Roman magistrates wer…
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Terminology
(7,157 words)
Moog, Ferdinand Peter I. Medical, Scientific, Psychological (CT) [German version] A. Definition and Introduction (CT) The term 'terminology' is here understood to mean a language of a particular group of people distinguished by certain (mostly group-defining) commonalities from the population in general, that language being equipped with certain characteristic qualities and especially by a typical vocabulary which is recognizably distinct not only from colloquial and everyday speech but also from the educated …
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Terminus
(490 words)
[German version] The Romans like other ancient Mediterranean peoples determined the placement of their boundary stones as well as the guardianship of their boundaries (lat.
termini, sing.
terminus) by calling on divine assistance and legal ordinances [1]. The latter were attributed to King Numa (Fest. 505 L.). They may even have been included in the inscriptions of Rome's Lapis niger (6th cent. BC; [2]) and played an important role in Roman property law ([3. pp.110-124]; cf. Ov. fast. 2,660; [4. pp.98-122]). The importan…
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Terpander
(333 words)
[German version] (Τέρπανδρος/
Térpandros, Lat.
Terpander). Early 7th cent. BC kithara player from Lesbos or Cyme [3] (Suda s. v. T.). His life was closely tied to Sparta where he was the first victor at the Carnea (Hellanicus FGrH 4 F 85a) of the 26th Olympiad (676/673 BC). He achieved four sequential further victories at the Pythia (Plut. Mor. 1132e) which took place every eight years at that time - his career must therefore have spanned 25 years. He died in 640 BC ay the latest (Euseb. Chron. Olymp…
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Terpnus
(81 words)
[German version] (Τέρπνος;
Terpnós). Famous citharode. When Nero became emperor in 54 AD, he summoned T., listened to him daily and used him as inspiration for his own music (Suet. Nero 20,1); towards the end of his reign (67) Nero was allowed to 'defeat' T. at the
Períodos (Cass. Dio 8-10; Philostr. VA 5,7-8). Vespasian in contrast honoured T. with 200,000 HS on the occasion of the restoration of the Roman
Theatrum Marcelli (Suet. Vesp. 19). Harmon, Roger (Basle)
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Terpsichore
(96 words)
[German version] (Τερψιχόρη, 'she who delights in choral dances'). One of the Muses (Hes. Theog. 78), whose name indicates responsibility for chorus and dance (Pind. I. 2,7; Korinna, fr. 935 Page; Pl. Phdr. 259b-d; Anth. Pal. 9,504) and is connected with
paideía (Diod. 4,7). She wears a wreath of laurel and ivy and her attributes are the lyre and the flute. Some accounts make her the mother of Linus (Suda s. v. Λίνος), Hymenaeus [1] (Alci. Epist. 1,13), Rhesus (Aristoph. Hypothesis zu Eur. Rhes.) and the Sirens (Apoll. Rhod. 4,895). Muses Walde, Christine (Basle)
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Terpsion
(224 words)
(Τερψίων;
Terpsíōn). [German version] [1] Dialogue partner in Plato [1], c. 400 BC From Megara [2]. In the introductory part of Plato's [1]
Theaetetus, Euclides [2], coming from the harbour, where he has run into the mortally ill Theaetetus [1], meets up with his friend T. in the city of Megara; in the main part of the dialogue, he uses the notes he was taking to recall for T. a conversation that Socrates [2] once had with the mathematician Theodorus [I 2] from Cyrene and Theaetetus. In Pl. Phd. 59c, T. is named among…
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Terracing
(476 words)
[German version] Terracing is used worldwide in settlement areas with considerably variable surface relief to extend the usable agricultural area and increase yields, and to this day it characterizes the appearance of many Greek landscapes. By reshaping steep slopes into a number of gently sloping or horizontal steps, water retention is improved, root formation is promoted, soil erosion is retarded and working the land is made easier. Most terraces in the Mediterranean may have their origin in the…
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Terracottas
(1,788 words)
[German version] I. Introduction Terra cotta (an Italian term meaning 'burnt clay') was the commonest material used for many kinds of ancient utensils, vessels and art objects. In archaeological terminology, it refers to artistically formed objects. As well as free moulding by hand, mass production was also usual, in the Near East (from the 3rd millennium BC) and the Mediterranean (from the 6th cent. BC). A matrix was derived from the patrix (original) to serve as a mould. If the object was made hol…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Terramare culture
(182 words)
[German version] Bronze Age culture in the Po valley, characterised by earth mounds with dark nutrient-rich soil containing the remains of TC settlements and used in modern times as fertiliser. The range of the TC is delineated by modern Emilia and Veneto. In time, it encompassed the middle (16th-14th cents. BC) and late (13th-12th cents. BC) Bronze Age. Few settlements have been examined to date; better known find locations are Poviglio, Tabina and Castione dei Marchesi. The finds show rectangula…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly