Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Varuna
(122 words)
[German version] First mentioned together with Mithras [I] in a 14th cent. BC treaty between the Hittites (Ḫattusa) and the Mittani, V. was that god of the Vedic pantheon who watched over the rules and imperatives of settled, peaceful human coexistence, and who unrelentingly punished transgressions. He thus also took responsibility for the order of the cosmos. In assuming and developing the functions of the Indo-European sky god, V. has a close cognate in the Zoroastrian Ahura Mazdā. His importanc…
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Varus
(229 words)
[German version] [1] Roman cognomen Common Roman cognomen, initially an individual epithet ('bow-legged', cf. Plin. HN 11,254). Recorded for Alfenus [3; 5], Aternius, Licinius [I 46-47], Quinctilius [I 1-3; II 7-8], Vibius. The best known bearer was P. Quinctilius [II 7] V. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCap., 149 Id., FCIR, 271 Kajanto, Cognomina, 242. [German version] [2] Sophist from Perge, c. 150 (Οὔαρος/
Oúaros). Sophist from Perge,
c. AD 150, from a noble family, presumably the Plancii (Plancius; cf. [1. 22; 2]). Son of one Callic…
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Varvaria
(59 words)
[German version] (Οὐαρουαρία/
Ouarouaría). City in the south of Liburnia (Liburni; Ptol. 2,17,9; Plin. HN 3,130; 3,139), to the north of modern Šibenik, to the southwest of Burnum at modern Bribir. Under Tiberius V. was a municipium in the
conventus of Scardona (
quattuorviri). Cabanes, Pierre (Clermont-Ferrand) Bibliography J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, 1969, 205, 216 f., 487-492 B. Saria, s. v. V., RE 8 A, 418-420.
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Vasaces
(111 words)
[German version] In AD 62, the Parthian Vologaeses I succeeded in encircling the Roman army of Caesennius [4] Paetus near Rhandia. V.--commander of the cavalry--was sent from the Parthian side to negotiate the capitulation. In the discussion, Paetus prided himself on the Roman supremacy over Armenia which had been in existence from Licinius [I 26] Lucullus and Pompeius [I 3] , while V. emphasised the actual Parthian dominance. His part in the negotiations that followed cannot be clearly determined…
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Vasak
(121 words)
(Latin Vasaces). [German version] [1] V. Mamikonian Armenian, imperial general under Arsaces [4] II of Armenia. V. tried to maintain good relations with Rome. Together with the king,
c. 368 he fell into the hands of Sapor [2] II, who had V. flayed (Procop. BP 1,5: Βασσίκιος; Faustus [4] Buzandaci 3,16; 4,2; 4,11; 4,16; 4,20; 4,23-49; 4,53 ff.). Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [2] V. of Siunik from 442 governor of Armenia, became involved in the conflict between his Christian countrymen and his Zoroastrian general Yazdgird [2] II. After a Persian …
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Vasarium
(95 words)
[German version] (from Latin
vas, 'utensil'). Expense allowance paid in advance by the state exchequer (
Aerarium ) to a Roman official leaving for his province, so that he could finance the maintenance of himself, his retinue and his soldiers. It does not refer, as [1. 296] has it, to travelling equipment; against this, see [2. 351 f.], who moreover rejects
v. as a technical term and interprets the relevant passage (Cic. Pis. 86) with reference to Cato (Agr. 145,3) as a contractually agreed additional payment. de Libero, Loretana (Hamburg) Bibliography
1 Mommsen, Staatsrecht, Bd…
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Vasates
(219 words)
[German version] Ligurian/Celtic tribe in Aquitania (after Diocletian's reform in the province of Novempopulana) on both banks of the lower Garumna (Amm. Marc. 15,11,14: Vasatae; Ptol. 2,7,15: Οὐασάτιοι/
Ouasátioi); neighbours of the Bituriges Vivisci to the north, the Nitiobriges to the east and south, the Tarbelli to the southwest, and the Boeates in the west. Identification of the V. with the Vocates mentioned in Caes. B Gall. 3,23,7 is uncertain, these may rather have been the Boeates. The V. were one of the four peoples of southern Aquitania who at the time of the founding of the
Ara …
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Vascones
(156 words)
[German version] (Οὐάσκωνες/
Ouáskōnes). Group of peoples who inhabited the area of the modern province of Navarra and parts of modern Aragon, to the north of the Hiberus between Jaca and Cape Higuer (Str. 3,3,7; 3,4,10; Plin. HN 3,22; 4,110). Pompelo (modern Pamplona; Str. 3,4,10) was evidently the chief town of the V.; Cascantum (modern Cascante), Graccurris and Calagurris [1] (Ptol. 2,6,67) were also in the V.' territory. Of their origin nothing is known; their name may be Indo-European (
barscunes,
bascunes; [1]). In literature, they are mentioned for the first time in …
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Vase painters
(697 words)
[German version] The collective term 'vases' for Greek painted pottery (II. A.) as a special sub-genre of ceramics characterized by its often rich decoration emerged in the 18th cent. when the first
vasi antichi were discovered in Campania and Etruria. Since their decoration was the task of the potter, no ancient word exists for the profession of vase painters (VP), although they could mark their work with the signature ἔγραψεν/
égrapsen ('has painted'). The first signatures of VP appear on early archaic, Cycladic and Corinthian pottery. In Athens, the earliest example is Sophil…
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Vase painting, black-figured
(2,114 words)
In black-figure vase painting (BFVP), figures are drawn as complete black silhouettes on the clay-coloured surface of the pottery. The drawings within those silhouettes are incised and the figures are varied and enlivened through red and white engobe. This technique required a controlled firing in three phases and was invented in Corinth in
c. 700 BC (Pottery, production of). [German version] I. Attic Among the various types of BFVP, the most important is that from Attica. In
c. 630 BC, Attic vase painters adopted the black-figure technique from Corinth and kept improvin…
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Vases
(16 words)
See Red-figured vase painting; Potters; Pottery II.; Vase painters; Vase painting, black-figured; Vases/Vase paintings
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Vases/Vase Painting
(4,119 words)
Naumer, Sabine [German version] A. Subject (CT) The vase (Latin:
vas = vessel, dish, implement; pl.
vasa = household appliance, household), which today is understood as a decorative vessel, particularly a flower vase, fulfilled a variety of tasks in Antiquity with a corresponding variety of shapes, sizes and materials (stone, metal, ceramic) as well as decorations (unpainted, painted, relief). In this broad definition, vases are ubiquitous in all cultures since the Stone Age; the following deals exclusively wit…
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Vasio
(423 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Gallia/Gaul (Οὐασίων/
Ouasíōn; modern Vaison-la-Romaine in the
département of Vaucluse).
Oppidum of Gallia Narbonensis, capital of
civitas Vocontiorum (Vocontii; Str. 4,1,11; Mela 2,5,75; Ptol. 2,10,16; CIL XII 5669:
c(ivitas) V(asio) V(ocontiorum); ILS 2709:
res publica Iuliensium;
decuriones,
praetores,
praefecti,
aediles: CIL XII 1307; 1368 ff.; 1529;
civitas foederata: Plin. HN 3,37; cf. 7,78). The name V. is pre-Celtic, cf. spring and river V. (CIL XII 1301; 1336). In late Antiquity
civ…
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Vates
(519 words)
[German version] Lat. 'announcer' of
vaticinationes, 'prophecies', which occur by means of divine inspiration and are, according to Cicero, part of the 'natural' divination (Cic. Div. 1,4; 1,34
et passim; Divination VII: ill. of the communication pattern); occasionally, however, representatives of the 'artificial' divination (Haruspices; Augures) are also called
vates (such as Liv. 2,42,10). The
vates speaks in verse (
canere since Enn. Ann. 207;
carmina: Sall. Hist. 1,77,3
et passim) and is thus part of a general ancient tradition of prophetically inspired text p…
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Vatican Museums
(16 words)
see Rome,VI. Museums C. Vatican Museums (Musei e Gallerie Pontificie, Città del Vaticano)
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Vaticanus
(253 words)
[German version] As early as Antiquity, the name V. (Mons Vaticanus; Ager Vaticanus; on the name see [1. 3291-3294]) described a hilly area on the right bank of the Tiber between the Mausoleum Hadriani (modern Castel Sant'Angelo) and the Ianiculum (Rome III., map 1). Three important roads (via Aurelia Nova, via Cornelia and via Triumphalis) with rambling burial sites led across the V. In part of this large area were the imperial gardens and the Circus (I C) of Caligula and Nero [1]. The obelisk which stood on the
spina of the circus was erected in Saint Peter's Square in 1586. It …
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Vatinius
(772 words)
I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] V., P. Ancestor of V. [I 2] from Reate, who was told of a victory over Perseus [2] in a dream in 168 BC (Cic. Nat. D. 2,6; 3,13; Val. Max. 1,8,1). Bartels, Jens (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] V., P. Born
c. 95 BC, d. after 42 BC. Presumably from Reate (Cic. Nat. D. 2,6 on V. [I 1]), V. achieved a political rise in Rome under the patronage of the Iulii Caesares: since he was married (schol. Bobiensia 149 St.) to Antonia, a niece of L. Iulius [I 6] Caesar, the latter as consul in 64 may have sponsored…
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Vatrenus
(72 words)
[German version] River which rises in the Appenninus, passes Forum Cornelii (modern Imola) and flows into the Adriatic to the north of Ravenna (Plin. HN. 3,119 f.; Mart. 3,67,2: Vaternus), modern Santerno. In the Roman period it flowed from the right into the Spineticus, a branch of the Padus (modern Po); the port at its mouth was therefore called
Portus Vatreni. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Uggeri, La romanizzazione dell'antico Delta Padano, 1975, 37.
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Vaults and arches, construction of
(1,257 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt There is evidence of vaults and arches in western Asia, chiefly in crypts and on canals. There are only few surviving examples of the vaulting of above ground spaces. Both true and corbelled vaults are documented, over quite small or passage-like rooms, posterns, staircase substructures and doorway, gateway and bridge arches. Barrel vaults and domes were comparatively common, primarily on storage spaces and furnaces. For the most part techniques were used in…
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Veamini(i)
(41 words)
[German version] Ligurian tribe in the Alpes Maritimae, subjugated by Augustus (Plin. HN 3,137; cf. the inscription on the Augustus Arch in Segusio: CIL V 7231). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruch, Les peuples préromaines du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 360 f.
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Vedius
(676 words)
Italian
gens name, recorded from the 1st cent. BC onwards. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] V., P. Friend of Cn. Pompeius [I 3], provoked mockery by Cicero (Cic. Att. 6,1,25) in March of 50 BC for his travelling in an ostentatious style and his collecting miniature portraits of married women. Possibly identical to V. [II 4]. Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) II.Imperial period [German version] [II 1] P. V. Antoninus Citizen of Ephesus of equestrian rank.
Praefectus cohortis and
tribunus militum Legionis I Italicae (IEph III 726; 726a). In Ephesus itself he was a
prýtanis, and a
grammateú…
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Vegetable gardening
(440 words)
[German version] VG was as significant as the cultivation of grain, wine and olives (Olive oil), the so-called Mediterranean triad, to which in recent times legumes have been added. Its great significance is also evident from the large amount of space dedicated to it by ancient agrarian writers and physicians (Plin. HN. 19,52-189; Columella 11,3). Evidence of widespread VG extends from the Late Helladic period until the Byzantine period. Pulses (beans, peas, etc.), mainly covered by the Latin term
legumina (Greek ὄσπρια/
óspria), and leaf vegetables, tubers and salad plants (Latin
(h…
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Vegetables
(523 words)
[German version] Mostly annual plants, parts of which are suitable for eating, either raw or cooked. In the ancient world, there were large numbers of vegetables; there is evidence for Imperial Italy alone of fifty garden species and fifty wild species. Today largely unknown or uncommon, in ancient sources they were divided into three large groups: 1.
legumina (primarily the protein-rich pulses, such as beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils, lupins; cf. the lists in Columella 2,7,1-2; Plin. HN 18,117-136); 2.
olera (especially the vitamin- and fibre-rich leaf-vegetables, tubers,…
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Vegetarianism
(546 words)
[German version] is documented a number of times and for prominent exponents in Graeco-Roman Antiquity, but cannot be understood in the modern sense of strictly defined veganism (rejection of all animal products, including milk, honey and wool), but rather is usually limited to abstaining from meat consumption; the term is a modern one. On the whole, vegetarianism will not have been an overly noticeable phenomenon in everyday Graeco-Roman life, since meat formed only a small proportion of food anyway. Myth reveals features of a vegetarian (= veg.) way of life in even the e…
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Vegetius
(529 words)
[German version] P. V. Renatus, Latin author in Late Antiquity. As well as a work on veterinary medicine (
Digesta artis mulomedicinae; cf. Mulomedicina Chironis; Veterinary medicine), V. wrote a technical military text (
Epitoma rei militaris), which in four books covers questions of recruitment and military training (book 1), the organization of Roman legions (book 2;
Legio ), strategic and tactical problems (book 3), and besieging cities and warfare at sea (book 4; Naval warfare). After V. had written
De dilectu atque exercitatione tironum (= book 1), he received a com…
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Vegistum
(78 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Ueteston, Οὐέτεστον). Town in Galatia on the southern edge of the territory of the Tolistobogii (Ptol. 5,4,7; Tab. Peut. 9,5:
Vetissus), about 8 km to the west-northwest of modern Sülüklü. Regionally organised in the Roman period as δῆμος Οὐητισσέων/
dêmos Uētisséōn (MAMA 7, 363); numerous inscriptions survive from the region around V. (MAMA 7, 311-401). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 242 E. Kirsten, s. v. V., RE 8 A, 2437-2439.
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Vegoia
(319 words)
[German version] Etruscan nymph, also known as Begoe (Serv. Aen. 6,72); Etruscan
vecui (
a),
vecuvia (cf. the
nomen gentile
vecu/
viku, attested especially in Chiusi). V. is mentioned in Roman tradition as the one to create/announce (a part of?) the holy Etruscan books about the doctrine of lightning (
L ibri fulgurales ; Serv.
loc.cit.) as well as a part of the books of rituals. The entirety of these books was referred to as
libri Vego(n)ici (Amm. Marc. 17,10,2, a part of the
Etrusca disciplina ) and was later kept in the temple of Apollo on the Palatine (Serv.
loc.cit., along with the
Sibyllini …
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Veiento
(22 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen, originally indicating origin (Veii); Fabricius [II 2] and Perperna [5]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 119; 189 f.
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Veii
(656 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Umbri, Umbria | Villanova Culture | Etrusci, Etruria | Etrusci, Etruria | Colonization (Οὐιοί/
Ouioí, Βηϊεντία/
Bēïentía; Etruscan
Vei(s)). Etruscan city (App. It. 8,1; Liv. 5,22,8; 5,24,6; Eutr. 1,20) on the plateau (
c. 180 ha) between Cremera (modern Valchetta) in the north and the modern Piordo in the south, 15 km north of Rome near the modern Isola Farnese. Remains from the proto-Villanovan period (10th cent. BC) and Villanovan period (9th/8th cent. BC) are extant,…
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Veiovis
(383 words)
[German version] (also Vediovis or Vedius). Roman god, whose cult is supposed to have been founded in Rome by T. Tatius (Varro Ling. 5,74). No later than the middle of the 1st cent. BC there was a lack of clarity about his function and character (Cic. Nat. 3,62): from the prefix
ve- V. was either understood as a young/small Jupiter (Ov. Fast. 3,445-449; Paul. Fest. 519,22) or as his counterpart (Gell. 5,12,8-12), and this is one of the reasons for the modern interpretation of V. as a chthonic deity (Chthonic deities) [1; 2]. In the
Fasti Venusini an
agonium ('sacrifice') is listed for V. on…
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Velabrum
(115 words)
[German version] An originally swampy area within the City of Rome (with plan 2), between the Capitol, the Palatine and the banks of the Tiber; the naming and the origin of the word (from Etruscan
vel, 'swamp'?) was already disputed in Antiquity (cf. Varro Ling. 5,43). The area was drained as early as the Republican period with the help of the
Cloaca maxima , after the Neronic fire (64 AD) further raised and then densely built on as a significant mercantile quarter near the city centre. The
Forma Urbis Romae shows the V. as a close-built inner-city district. Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) Biblio…
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Velauni(i)
(70 words)
[German version] Celtic people in the western Alpes, subjugated by Augustus (G.) between 25 and 14 BC (Plin. HN. 3,137). A treaty of hospitality (σύμβολον πρὸς Οὐελαυνίους) with a Greek city is recorded by a Greek inscription on a bronze hand (2nd/1st cent. BC, IG XIV 2432, now in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 372 f.
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Velch(ans)
(162 words)
[German version] Etruscan god, recorded inscriptionally with the abbreviated name
velch and epithet
lvsl on the bronze liver of Piacenza (1st cent. BC) (ET Pa 4.2).
Velcha is also frequently recorded in Etruria as a family name (ET s. v. V.). There is no iconographic evidence of V. The modern amendment to
Velch(ans-l) and the identification with the Roman Volcanus as the 'god of cultic fire' should be distinguished in function from the Etruscan god of smithing Sethlans [4. 210 f., 225; 3. 295 ff.; 1. 355 ff.]. V. may originally have been a god …
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Veldidena
(196 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Raeti, Raetia Township at the foot of Mount Isel on a cone of debris and alluvial deposits above the River Sill on the route of the Brenner pass (It. Ant. 256; 258 f.; 275; 279 f., possibly identical with the Vetonia in Tab. Peut. 4,2), modern Wilten (a southern district of Innsbruck). Traces from the La Tène period (La Tène culture) where a settlement existed from the 1st to the 4th cent. AD, probably beneath the modern White Canon Abbey (buildings about 500 m2 in area;
Mansio ?). To the north of V., three three-aisled
horrea ('stor…
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Veleda
(235 words)
[German version] Germanic female seer who played a significant part in the Batavian Revolt in AD 69/70 ( Iulius [II 43] Civilis). According to Tacitus, she was part of the Bructeri tribe and lived in a high tower on the River Lippe (
Lupia; Tac. Hist. 4,61,2; 5,22,3). Among the tribes to the east of the Rhine, she was worshipped as divine and was invoked as an arbiter (Tac. Germ. 8,2 f.; Tac. Hist. 4,65). Petillius [II 1] Cerialis made her a secret offer of peace. Tacitus gives a satirical account of how some of the Batavi in oppositio…
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Velia
(851 words)
[German version] [1] Ligurian city in the valley of the upper Chero (Βελεία, Βελία/
Bel(e)ía; Οὐελεία/
Oueleía). Ligurian city (but in
Regio VIII) in the valley of the upper Chero (tributary of the Po),
c. 30 km to the south of Placentia; modern Velleia. Possibly an Augustean
colonia,
tribus Galeria (Plin. HN 3,47; ILS 1079, l. 8:
res publica Velleiat[ium]; ILS 5560:
municipes); according to the archaeological finds evidently destroyed in the 4th/5th cent. AD and abandoned. Parts of the forum survive (drainage system; paving, cf. CIL XI 1184; basilica; po…
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Veliocasses
(155 words)
[German version] Celtic people (according to Caes. B Gall. 2,4,1 originally Germanic) in Gallia Belgica (Caes. B Gall. 2,4,9; cf. 7,75,3; 8,7,4; Oros. 6,7,14; 6,11,12; Ptol. 2,8,8: Οὐενελιοκάσιοι/
Ou
eneliokásioi; Liv. Per. 67), in the north and to a limited extent also in the south of the lower reaches of the Sequana (modern Seine; in the south of the
département of Seine-Maritime and in the north of the
département of Eure). In the pre-Roman period, the capital of the V. was probably the
oppidum of 'Camp de Calidou' near Caudebec, from the time of Augustus onwards Rotomagu…
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Velites
(293 words)
[German version] The
velites were a light infantry unit that opend the battle in front of the formation of the manipular army similar to the
rorarii of earlier times (Liv. 8,8,8; 8,9,14). Equipped with leather helmets, round shields. short swords and seven lances (
hasta [1]; Pol. 6,21,9-22,4; Liv. 38,21,13), it was their job to demoralize the enemy by throwing a volley of javelins and then, after the 'skirmish' (
velitatio), to retreat behind their own lines (Pol. 2,30,1-5; 3,65,5-7; Liv.). The speed at which they surged ahead was essential, since the object was …
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Velitrae
(410 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Coloniae | Italy, languages | Latini, Latium (Οὐελίτραι/
Ouelítrai). City in Latium in the southern foothills of the modern Colli Albani to the north of the Ager Pomptinus and the settlement area of the Volsci (Str. 5,3,10; Liv. 2,30,14; Steph. Byz. s. v. Βέλιτρα; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 3,41,5; Sil. Pun. 8,379; 13,229: Veliternum), modern Velletri. The beginnings are disputed: originally Latin (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 5,61,3), occupied by the Volsci …
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Velius
(546 words)
[German version] [1] V. Cerialis
Amicus of Pliny the Younger (Plin. Ep. 4,21). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] D. V. Fidus Senatorial
cos. suff. in November/December AD 148, together with M. Calpurnius [II 16] Longus (AE 1996, 1384 = [1]); governor of the province of Syria Palaestina in 150 (PSI IX 1026 = [2]). Member of the
Pontifices in 155 (CIL VI 2120). IGLS VI 2777 is probably his burial inscription [3]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 J. D'Arms, Memory, Money, and Status at Misenum: Three New Inscriptions from the Collegium of the Augustales, in: JRS 90, 2000, 126-144
2…
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Vellaunodunum
(79 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre Celtic
oppidum of the Senones [2], conquered by Caesar's legate, C. Trebonius [I 1], in 52 BC (Caes. B Gall. 7,11,1; 7,11,4; 7,14,1). A precise location between Agedincum and Cenabum is not possible; Château-Landon and Terres-Blanches du Grand-Villon to the north of Montargis (
département of Loiret) are conceivable. Polfer, Michel (Ettelbrück) Bibliography M. Provost, Carte archéologique de la Gaule 45. Le Loiret, 1988, 161-163, 165 TIR M 31, 1975, 184.
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Vellavii
(115 words)
[German version] Celtic people, neighbours of the Gabali, Arverni, Allobroges, Segovellauni and Helvii, in the Gallic War allied with the Arverni (Caesar I C), in whose contingent they took part at the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC (Caes. Gall. 7,75; Str. 4,2,2). Under Augustus they were assigned to the province of Aquitania with a capital at Ruessium (modern Saint-Paulien). Under Claudius [III 1] or Tiberius [1] they received
Ius Latii (Latin Law II; cf. [2. no. 25]). In late Antiquity they were part of Aquitanica Prima. Demarolle, Jeanne-Marie (Nancy) Bibliography
1 M. Provost, B. Re…
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Velleius
(1,014 words)
Roman gentile name (from
vel(l)a [1. 377]). [German version] [1] V., C. From Lanuvium (like Q. Roscius [I 4]: Cic. Nat. D. 1,79), Roman senator, perhaps thanks to L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla; no longer mentioned after
c. 70 BC. Possibly (cf. MRR 2,474) identical to C. V., friend of L. Licinius [I 10] Crassus beginning
c. 90 BC (Cic. De or. 3,78), senator not later than 77, representative of the Epicureans in Cicero (Nat. D. 1,15; 1,18-56). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [German version] [2] V., C. From Campania? [2. 383]; grandfather of [4]; in 52 BC,
iudex selectus, later
praef. fabrum of Cn. P…
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Vellocatus
(56 words)
[German version] Briton, a shield-bearer (
armigerus) of Venutius (Tac. Hist. 3,45); married in 69 AD to the queen Cartimandua of the Brigantes, who for a short time shared power with him in order to gain support. Cartimandua Kunst, Christiane (Potsdam) Bibliography W. S. Hanson, G. Webster, The Brigantes. From Clientage to Conquest, in: Britannia 17, 1986, 73-89.
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Venafrum
(401 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Coloniae (Οὐέναφρον;
Ouénaphron). City of the Samnites in the valley of the Volturnus [1] (Str. 5,3,10; 5,4,3; 5,4,11; App. B Civ. 1,41; Ptol. 3,1,68) on a natural route connecting Samnium and Campania. Modern Venafro, V. was
p
raefectura Venafrana in the middle of the 3rd cent. BC (Fest. 262,14), Augustan
colonia (CIL X 4894; cf. 4875; Liber coloniarum 239) of r
egio I (Plin. HN 3,63),
tribus Terentina (CIL X 1, p. 477), and from the 4th cent. AD onwards it was in the province of Sa…
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Venantius Fortunatus
(562 words)
[German version] V. Honorius Clementianus Fortunatus, Latin poet of the 6th cent. AD, was born between 530 and 540 in Valdobbiadene/Tarvisium (modern Treviso). In Ravenna, he received the grammatical, rhetorical and legal education towards a career in administration befitting a member of the higher classes (Ven. Fort. vita Martini 1,29-39). A pilgrimage to the grave of the holy Martinus [1] in Tours (Ven. Fort. carm. 8,1,21 and Vita Martini 1,44) or political difficulties at home [5.XIV-XIX] led h…
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Venaria
(32 words)
[German version] Island in the Mare Tyrrhenum between Corsica and the Etruscan coast (Plin. HN. 3,81), not precisely located. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography W. V. Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria, 1971, 118.
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Venatio
(367 words)
[German version] is the current Latin term in the literary and epigraphic tradition for the hunting and killing of wild animals under artificially created conditions (ThlL s. v.
bestia). In Rome,
venatio was an extension of
ludi and hence a component of the state cult; it was prepared and carried out by curule
aediles , for the first time in 186 BC [1. 294]: 63 African predator cats, 40 bears and elephants were killed at this first
venatio. In following centuries, the number of animals killed increased; Senate restrictions were to no avail. If a
venatio was part of
ludi, in Rome, it was or…
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Venelli
(134 words)
[German version] People in Lugdunensis (Plin. HN 4,107: Venelli) in the northwest of Normandy on the Cotentin peninsula. The V. capitulated in 57 BC to Caesar's legate P. Licinius [I 16] Crassus (Caes. Gall. 2,34), but rose up the following year (Caes. Gall. 3,11,14) and also sent troops to Alesia in 52 BC (Caes. Gall. 7,75). The V.'s chief town in the pre-Roman period was probably the
oppidum on modern Mont-Castre, 17 km to the west of Carentan, in the Imperial period initially Crociatonum (Ptol. 2,8,2: Κροκιάτονον/
Krokiátonon; Tab. Peut. 2,1: Crouciaconnum; modern Carentan…
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Venereal diseases
(398 words)
[German version] In the absence of unambiguous diagnostic evidence it is difficult to reconstruct the ancient history of VD. Less harmful infections such as
herpes genitalis (Hippocr. De mulierum affectibus 1,90 = 8,214-8 L.) and chlamydia [2. 220] are well attested, the two major VD of modern times, gonorrhoea and syphilis, can be detected in surviving material only with difficulty. Gonorrhoea, a Greek word coinage presumably from the Hellenistic period, describes any form of excessive production of fluid in a man. It…
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Venethi
(180 words)
[German version] People between the central reaches of the Vistula (modern Wisła, German Weichsel) and the modern Daugava (German Düna), to the north of the Sarmatae and the Sciri (Plin. HN 4,97; Tac. Germ. 46,2; Ptol. 3,5,19: Οὐενέδαι/
Ouenédai). According to Iord. Get. 34 they settled between the Peucini and the Fenni and incorporated various Slav tribes in the region. It is assumed that the V. were bearers of the Przeworsk culture (2nd-6th cents. AD). From the term V. the name for a Slavonic people, the Wends, developed. It is un…
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Veneti
(2,440 words)
[German version] [1] People of northeastern Italy (Ἐνετοί/
Enetoí). People of northeastern Italy. F.V. [German version] I. Current state of research The area settled by the V. (after the Augustan territorial reform in
regio X: Plin. HN 3,130) corresponds roughly to the modern regions of Veneto, Friuli - Venezia Giulia and Trentino - Alto Adige. It was not until the end of the 19th cent. that written evidence of the V. was corroborated by archeological finds pointing to the existence of a special type of grave culture in Este (in…
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Venetia
(217 words)
[German version] The mediaeval and modern city of Venice (Venezia) does share its name with the
Regio X (
Veneta Carni et Histria) of the organisation of Italia (cf. Regio, with map) under Augustus, but its centre, the Rialto (<
Rivus Altus), was founded only in the Carolingian period. A legend, appearing already in Venetian historiography (cf. also Constantinus Porphyrogennetus,
De administrando imperio 28), of the founding of the city on 25 March 421 and of the flight of the population as a result of the destruction of Aquileia [1] by Attila in 452 is de…
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Venetic
(414 words)
[German version] The language of the upper Italian Veneti [1] is known through 270 inscriptions written between the 5th and the 1st cents. BC. The most important sites are Este (more than 120 inscr.), Padua (23), and Lágole di Cadore (Calalzo) in the upper Piave valley (66); individual finds reach all the way to Vicenza in the west, in the north into the Gail valley and in the east to the Isonzo in Slovenia (see map). A small number of the most recent texts is written in Latin script, all others in the Venetic alphabet, which had been redesigned from an Etruscan alphabe…
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Venetulani
(49 words)
[German version] Latin people, counted among the 30 Alban communities that carried out sacrificial activities on Mons Albanus (probably Varro in Plin. HN 3,69). The name may derive from a Veneti [1] settlement which may have been called Venetulum. Location unknown. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 556.
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Venice
(2,604 words)
Hoffmann, Lars [German version] A. Founding of the City: Legend and History (CT) In comparison with most other urban centres in Italy, which exist in a clearly identifiable historical and cultural context linked with Roman or even Greek Antiquity that is also a part of their inhabitants' lore, Venice (V.) occupies a special place insofar as it can be drawn on both on behalf of a continuity as well as discontinuity with Classical Antiquity. This becomes apparent when one considers the historically documented…
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Vennones
(105 words)
[German version] Celtic people in the area around Comum (Str. 4,6,6: Οὐέννωνες/
Ouénnōnes), subjugated by the Roman proconsul P. Silius [II 7] in 16 BC (Cass. Dio 54,20,1: Οὐέννιοι/
Ouénnioi), probably identical with the
Vennonetes mentioned by Plin. HN 3,136 in an inscription on the
Tropaeum Alpium (CIL V 7817;
Tropaea Augusti ). The V. mentioned in Str. 4,6,8 as a subtribe of the Vindelici should probably be distinguished from the latter, and similarly the Vennonenses located by Plin. HN 3,135 on the upper reaches of the Rhenus [2]; these in turn are presumably the Οὐέννονες (
Ou
énnones…
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Vennonius
(183 words)
[German version] [1] Roman historian, 2nd cent. BC Roman historian of the late 2nd cent. BC (in Cic. Leg. 1,6 ordered after C. Fannius [I 1]); nothing is known of him as a person. His presumably annalistic work (Annalists) began with stories of the founding of Rome and the period of the kings (Origo gentis Romanae 20,1; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4,15,1), but its scope and end point are unknown. Cicero felt the need of it in 46 BC in his literary work in Tusculum (Cic. Att. 12,3,1). Fr. in HRR I2 142 and [1]. Kierdorf, Wilhelm (Cologne) Bibliography
1 M. Chassignet (ed.), L'annalistique romain…
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Venostes
(112 words)
[German version] Celtic people, mentioned in the inscription on the
Tropaeum Alpium (
Tropaea Augusti ; CIL V 7817; Plin. HN 3,136) after the Trumpilini and Camunni and before the Vennonetes/Vennones and the Isarci; since tribes are listed there in the order of their subjugation to Rome, the V., like the Camunni, may have been subjugated in 16 BC by the Roman pro-consul P. Silius [II 7] (cf. Cass. Dio 54,20,1). Their main area of settlement was in the Vinschgau/Venosta valley, extended eastw…
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Venta Silurum
(156 words)
[German version] Town in South Wales, modern Caerwent. After the defeat of the Silures by the Roman governor Frontinus
c. AD 74-76 (Tac. Agr. 17,3) VS developed into a centre of civilian settlement in the Vale of Glamorgan. VS became the capital, probably under Hadrian, of the
civitas of the Silures (cf. [1]). The construction of public buildings (forum, basilica, temple) began after 125. In the late 2nd cent. AD VS was fortified with earthworks. In late Antiquity VS flourished economically (construction of numerous private houses in stone)…
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Ventidius
(893 words)
I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] Legate of Q. Cornificius [3] in Africa vetus, killed in 42 BC in the battle against T. Sextius [I 2] (App. B Civ. 4,228; 236). Perhaps the V. who was proscribed in 43 and fled (
ibid. 4,198). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) [German version] [I 2] V., P. Presumed father of V. [I 3]. Scholarship often saw him as an Italic leader in the Social War [3], settled in Asculum, where he was said to have died with the entire local nobility in 89 BC (Oros. 5,18,26; cf. CIL IX 5254: freedman of a P. V.). However, Ventidii…
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Venuleius
(355 words)
Roman family name, variant of
Venilius (Schulze, 378; 458). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] L. V. Apronianus Octavius Priscus Son of V. [4].
Cos. ord. in AD 123;
procos. of Asia 138/9, SEG 36, 987. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography Scheid, Collège, 338-342. [German version] [2] L. V. Apronianus Octavius Priscus Senator. Son of V. [1]. Although a Patrician, after a praetorship he took on command of the
Legio I Italica in Moesia Inferior.
Cos. suff. under Antoninus [1] Pius; also a consular legate in Hispania Tarraconensis.
Cos. ord. II in AD 168. Eck, Werner (Cologne) B…
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Venulus
(68 words)
[German version] Tiburtine, sent in Vergil's
Aeneid by Turnus [1] to seek help from Diomedes [1] against Aeneas [1], but fails in this mission and shortly afterwards falls in a cavalry battle (Verg. Aen. 8,9; 11,241-295; 11,741-758; Serv. Aen. 8,9; 11,757). Linguistically it is debatable whether the origin of the name V. is Celtic or Illyrian. Müller, Christian (Bochum) Bibliography C. Feroni, s. v. Venulo, EV 5.1, 1990, 498 f.
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Venus
(1,473 words)
[German version] I. Meaning and origins Italic-Roman goddess V., the Italic-Roman goddess of love and erotic desire, was generally identified in Antiquity with Greek Aphrodite (= A.). There has been much speculation about Venus’ original nature. The theory that she was originally a goddess of gardens [8. 289] is no longer in favor; [9. 289], although the association appears already in the earliest Latin literature (Naevius ap. Paul. Fest. 51; Plautus ap. Plin. HN 19,50; cf., later, Varro Ling. 6,20; Var…
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Venus de Milo
(1,480 words)
[English version] This statue of Aphrodite, known as the
Venus de Milo (VM), became an icon of bourgeois society on account of its unusual beauty. In contrast to her prominent 'sisters', who were for the most part already known to the Renaissance, its reception history has been, to be sure, brief but all the more spectacular. Found in 1820 on the island of Melos, it came into the possession of the French crown and hence to the Louvre as a work of Praxiteles [8]. As if in compensation for the recently lost Napoleonic plunder, above all the much admired
Medici Venus, it soon became the centrepie…
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Venusia
(362 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | | Coloniae | Coloniae | Regio, regiones (Οὐενουσία/
Ouenousía). Township in the territory of the Samnites (Str. 5,4,11; 6,1,2; Hor. Sat. 2,1,35) in the valley of the middle reaches of the Aufidus in the border region between the Lucani and the Apuli (Hor. Sat. 2,1,35; Str. 6,3,6: between the Samnites and the Lucani; Apulian: Ptol. 3,1,73; Plin. HN 3,104), traversed by the Via Appia (Str. 6,3,6; It. Ant. 113,1; 121,…
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Venutius
(176 words)
[German version] British prince, husband of the client queen Cartimandua; he struggled with her for supremacy over the Brigantes. The description in Tac. Ann. 12,40,2-4 suggests that the destabilisation of the kingdom happened as early as the time of A. Didius [II 2] Gallus (AD 52-57), but was brought under control by repeated interventions by Roman troops. No later than AD 69, the situation reversed when the queen officially separated from V. in favour of Vellocatus, probably in a miscalculation …
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Ver
(240 words)
[German version] (Latin 'spring'), a personification of one of the seasons (II B). V. never had her own cult or myth. In literature and visual representations all the seasons are present, but spring is particularly well developed as a literary motif (Seasons II B 2). In pictorial art the seasons are individually identified by type and/or appropriate attributes, but appear only in a cycle - as women figures (Horai), as cupids, or as youths (
genii). Here V. is identified with seasonal attributes (blooms, individually, as a field of flowers, in garlands etc.), and not…
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Veragri
(102 words)
[German version] (Ὀυάραγροι/
Ouáragroi). One of the four people in the Swiss canton of Wallis (Ceutrones [2], Caturiges, Nantuatae; cf. Str. 4,6,6) with chief town Octodurus. As inhabitants of Mons Poeninus (Liv. 21,38,9) the V. organised traffic over the Great Saint Bernard pass. In 57 BC they were attacked by Caesar's legate Sulpicius [I 12] Galba (Caes. Gall. 3,1,1; Cass. Dio 39,5,2), but subjugated only later, by Augustus (Plin. HN 3,137; CIL V 7817). Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1969, 310 f. A. Geiser, Un mo…
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Veranius
(402 words)
[German version] [1] Q. V. Equestrian, made
procurator [1] of his stepson Claudius [II 24] Drusus by Augustus; later
pro legato of Augustus in Germany; father of V. [2]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography A. Balland, Fouilles de Xanthos, vol. 7, 1981, 81-98. [German version] [2] Q. V. Son of V. [1]. Senator;
comes of Germanicus [2] in the East; carried out duties in Cappadocia, and was appointed its legate (Tac. Ann. 2,56,4). In the lawsuit against Calpurnius [II 16] Piso he was an insistent supporter of the theory that Ge…
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Verax
(47 words)
[German version] He and his mother's brother, the Batavian Iulius [II 43] Civilis, attacked the auxiliary fort of Vada in 70/1 AD; they were repelled by Petillius [II 1] Cerealis but were able to escape into free Germania (Tac. Hist. 5,20; 5,21,1 f.). Batavian Revolt Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Verbena
(208 words)
[German version] (usually pl.
verbenae, original meaning 'sacred branch'). Latin collective term for all fresh branches and herbs used in the Roman religion during ritual practices, the main feature being their evil-resisting and purifying effect. There is no evidence to identify V. with a particular herb; the sources mention different herbs: rosemary (Serv. Aen. 12,120), myrtle (Serv.
ibidem; Plin. HN 15,119), laurel (Serv.
ibd.) or olive (Serv. Ecl. 8,65); probably, the
verbenaca was often meant (both Latin terms cannot be clearly separated). V…
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Verbenaca
(130 words)
[German version] (Late Antiquity
verbena; Greek ἱερὰ βοτάνη/
hierà botánē, 'sacred herb', or περιστερεών/
peristereṓn, 'dove herb'), the Common Vervain (
Verbena officinalis L.) in the
Verbenaceae family. It grows as a herbaceous plant, chiefly on walls and paths, and has small purple flowers on branched panicles. The modern scientific name indicates its great medicinal significance, primarily as an astringent for haemorrhage, fever, headaches and hyperhidrosis (Dioscorides 4,59 f. Wellmann = 4,60 f. Berendes; cf. Plin. HN 25,105 f.). Among the Romans,
verbenaca was used…
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Verbera
(152 words)
[German version] (literally 'strokes, lashes'), e.g. with a stick (
ferula) or a whip (
flagella), were a means of punishment (
castigatio) in Rome. They occurred as an independent (police) punishment primarily for slaves and members of the lower classes (
humiliores, see
Honestiores ) in the framework of the policing powers of the magistrates (
Coercitio ), in particular of the
Tresviri [1] capitales in the Republican period, then of the emperor and his agents and of the provincial governors. In Roman penal law - as is known from the flagellation of Jesus -
verbera were also an 'additiona…
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Verbigeni
(91 words)
[German version] Sub-tribe of the Helvetii, whose area of settlement can not be located precisely, either for the period before 58 BC or after. When the Helvetii capitulated after their defeat at Bibracte in 58 v. Chr., 6000 armed V. escaped to the Rhenus (modern Rhine). Caesar ordered those living on their escape route to return the fugitives, and punished them under martial law (Caes. Gall. 1,27,4; 1,28,1). Walser, Gerold (Basle) Bibliography F. Staehelin, Die Schweiz in römischer Zeit, 31948, 142 E. Howald, E. Meyer, Die römische Schweiz, 1940, 34 G. Walser, Bellum Helveticum…
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Vercassivellaunus
(62 words)
[German version] (Celtic compound name, [1. 120; 2. 291]). Cousin of Vercingetorix and leader of the Arverni. V. was one of the four army leaders who commanded the Gaulish army sent to relieve Alesia in 52 BC. After the defeat of the Gauls he was captured while fleeing (Caes. B Gall. 7,76,3 f.; 7,83,6; 7,85,4; 7,88,4). Commius; Eporedorix [2]; Viridomarus Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Evans
2 Schmidt.
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Vercellae
(257 words)
[German version] [1] Chief town of the Libici (modern Vercelli) This item can be found on the following maps: Batavian Revolt (Οὐερκέλλοι, Οὐερκέλλαι/
Ouerkélloi, -ai). Chief town of the Libici (Str. 5,1,12; Ptol. 3,1,36) on the right bank of the Sesites (modern Sesia), a right-bank tributary of the Padus (modern Po), modern Vercelli [1. 176; 2], probably originally founded by the Salluvii (Liv. 5,35,2; Plin. HN 3,124). No significant archaeological finds [3. 212]. It is not there but at V. [2] that Marius [I 1] is gen…
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Vercingetorix
(616 words)
[German version] Celt from the people of the Arverni, born in
c. 82 BC. His father Celtillus, whom the Romans considered the 'first man' (
princeps) in all of Gaul, was - like Arminius - murdered by members of his tribe, because he aspired to be king (Caes. B Gall. 7,4,1). Knowledge of V. is concentrated entirely on the year 52 BC; the main source, Caesar (= C.), is problematic, because he personalizes the Celtic resistance in V. and does not confront V. without Roman prejudices when recognizing his military performanc…
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Vercondaridubnus
(58 words)
[German version] Haeduus with a Celtic/Venetian name [1. 291; 2. 280]. C. Iulius V. was the first provincial priest at the
Ara Romae et Augusti dedicated by Claudius [II 24] Drusus at Lugdunum/Lyon on 1 August 12 BC (Liv. Per. 139). Haedui; Ruler cult Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Schmidt
2 Evans. D. Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, vol. 1.1, 1987, 97-102.
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Verdict
(105 words)
[German version] In Greek and Roman Antiquity, the verdict was determined entirely by the preceding complaint or charge, e.g. in Athens by
dike [2] (civil complaint) and
graphe [1] (criminal charge). For a verdict to be pronounced, there then remained nothing further to be established; it was merely a question of counting the votes of the deciding committee. The function of the ‘judge’ (
iudex ) in Roman law was essentially confined to hearing evidence. The legal judgement was anticipated by the admission of the complaint (
actio [2]), in particular by the
praetor . Pro…
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Verecundus
(109 words)
[German version] The very cultured bishop V. of Iunca (Byzacena in Tunisia) was the author of exegeses of biblical texts (9 books
Commentarii super cantica ecclesiastica), poems (
De satisfactione) and excerpts from the proceedings of the Council of Calchedon. During the Three-Chapter Controversy (Synodos II D), in 551 he was summoned by the emperor Iustinianus [1] to Constantinople, where he sided with pope Vigilius, fled with him to the church of St. Euphemia in Calchedon, and died in asylum there in 552. Letsch-Brunner, Silvia (Zürich) Bibliography R. Demeulenaere (ed.), Verec…
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Vergilius
(9,319 words)
Roman
nomen gentile, attested from the 1st cent. BC evident mainly in Gallia Cisalpina (frequently confused with Verginius in MSS). The spelling
Virgilius for the name of the poet Vergilius [4] is only documented from the 5th cent. AD onwards. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] V. (less frequently: Verginius), C. Legate of Calpurnius [I 19] in Macedonia, 57-55 BC 57-55 BC; legate of Calpurnius [I 19] in Macedonia; depicted by Cicero (Prov. cons. 7) as an example of integrity in contrast with Piso. Perhaps (as in MRR 2,205) identical with V. [2]. Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) …
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Vergina
(1,821 words)
[English version] The modern Greek village on the northern foothills of the Pieria Mountains in Macedonia is celebrated for the discovery nearby of large, intact 'Macedonian' chambered tombs. On the eastern edge of Vergina (V.) lie the ruins of ancient Aegae, the first capital of the Macedonian kingdom. The place, together with the remains of its main monument, the palace, was still known to the indigenous population by the name Palatítsia (from τα παλάτια, ‘palaces’) [8; 1] when the French archae…
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Verginia
(339 words)
[German version] According to traditional legend, found in literature most notably in Livy's dramatic rendering (3:44-48; cf. Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 11:28-32), V. was the daughter of Verginius [I 3] and played a role in the demise of the Decemvirate (
decemviri [1]). Recognizing that he had no chance to win her, the
decemvir Appius Claudius [I 5] induced one of his clients to claim V., asserting that she was originally his slave and that Verginius had merely been led to believe that she was his child. Not surprisingly, she was awarded to the client…
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Verginius
(1,949 words)
Roman family, probably of Etruscan origin, that played an outstanding role, through the Verginii Tricosti branch (genealogy of the V. Tricosti in [1. 1519]), in Roman politics esp. in the 5th cent. BC. Characteristic of the V. Tricosti are the additional cognomina Caelimontanus, Esquilinus and Rutilus. The political importance of the family steadily declined from around the middle of the 5th cent., becoming altogether insignificant around the middle of the 4th cent. BC. If nothing else, however,…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Vergobretus
(215 words)
[German version] According to Caes. B Gall. 1,16,5 the highest magistrate of the Haedui, who was elected annually by the nobility and, as the senior judge, held authority over life and death. Caes. B Gall. 7,32,3 characterizes his power as 'royal' (
regia potestas). He was not allowed to leave the tribal territory. If there was an interregnum, the priests presided over the election of the new V., but another member of the same family could not be elected during the lifetime of a V. (Caes. Gall. 7,33,2-3). There was also a council of nob…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Verina
(174 words)
[German version] (Aelia V., Greek Βηρίνη/
Bērínē). Eastern Roman empress, wife of Leo [4] I, died AD 484. After the death of her husband in 474 she initially favoured rule by the Isaurian Zeno [18], the husband of her daughter Ariadne and the father of her grandson Leo [5] II, but for a time in 475 she supported the rebellion of her brother Basiliscus against Zeno. In 478 she and Epinicus [2] tried to overthrow the powerful
magister officiorum Illus; but he anticipated it and banished her to Tarsus. He was able to win her over in 484, however, to suppor…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Verminus
(97 words)
[German version] Roman god, probably considered the originator of a cattle epidemic called
verminatio (Plin. HN 28,180; 30,144). A single inscription represents the only evidence (CIL I2 804 = ILLRP 281); it records the dedication of an altar to V. by the
duumvir A. Postumius [I 10] Albinus. This act can be dated to 175-173 BC, when epidemics were construed as portents (
Prodigium ), requiring sacrifices of cattle, and of people (Liv. 41,21,5 and 10; Obseq. 10). Distelrath, Götz (Constance) Bibliography E. Buchner, s. v. V., RE 8 A, 1552 f. L. Chioffi, s. v. V., ara, LTUR 5, 123 f. Radke…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Verona
(490 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Commerce | Italy, languages | Raeti, Raetia | Regio, regiones | Batavian Revolt (Οὐήρων/
Ouḗrōn). City of the Raeti and the Euganei (Plin. HN 3,130), after their expulsion of the Celtic Cenomanni [3] (Catull. 67,34; Liv. 5,35,1; Ptol. 3,1,31: Οὐήρωνα/
Ouḗrōna; cf. Just. Epit. 20,5,8), of the Veneti [1] after that (Liv. 1,1,2 f.; cf. Str. 4,6,8; 5,1,6; Procop. Goth. 2,29,41: Βερώνη/
Berṓnē); on the right bank of the Atesis (modern Adige), where the …
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Verres, C.
(1,096 words)
[German version] (
c.115-43 BC), son of the senator C. V. (†
c. 71 BC) and probably one Tadia. Nearly all information about V. derives from Cicero’s speeches in 70, during V.’ trial (Cic. Div. Caec.; Cic. Verr. 1; 2), and, in view of this context, is accordingly to be treated with great caution. Apart from the usual accusations, such as a passion for gambling, consorting with prostitutes and prostituting himself (
ibid. 2,1,32 f.; 2,5,33 f.), virtually nothing is known of his youth. V. was married to Vettia, sister of his later
quaestor T. Vettius and of P. Vettius [I 2] Chilo. In 84 BC, V. was
q…
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