Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Callicula
(79 words)
[German version] Mountain north of Campania, which constituted the border of the
ager Falernus at Casilino. It probably corresponds to the massif of Monte Maggiore (1037 m), which is encircled by a great loop of the river Volturnus. It was here that Q. Fabius Maximus attempted to halt Hannibal's progress in 217 BC (Liv. 22,15,3; 22,16,5). In Pol. 3,92 named as Ἐριβιανὸς λόφος,
Eribianòs lóphos (possibly Τρεβιανὸς λόφος;
Trebianòs lóphos, from Trebula). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 688.
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Callidice
(111 words)
(Καλλιδίκη;
Kallidíkē). [German version] [1] Daughter of Celeus and Metaneira The most beautiful daughter of the Eleusinian king Celeus and his wife Metaneira. Along with her sisters Cleisidice, Demo, and Callithoe, she meets Demeter who is mourning her daughter Persephone and invites her home in the name of her sisters (H. Hom. 2.110; 146). Michel, Raphael (Basle) [German version] [2] Wife of Odysseus Queen of Thesprotia in Epirus. In the Cyclic epic Telegonia, she becomes the wife of Odysseus once his journey comes to an end. After her death, Odysse…
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Callidromus
(115 words)
[German version] (ὁ/ἡ Καλλίδρομος;
ho/hē Kallídromos; τὸ Καλλίδρομον;
tò Kallídromon; Lat.
Callidromus). Name of the massif above Thermopylae (Str. 9,4,13), modern Saromata, up to 1374 m in height, its spatial extent variously defined. Generally it is seen as part of the Oete ( Oetaei). The C. massif consists of Mount Acrurium (later known as Galate, Plut. Phocion 33), Mount C. itself, Mount Phricion (summit with the fortress of C., Liv. 16-18; App. Syr. 77; 81; 85). By going across Mount C., both the Persians in 480 BC ( Persian War) and the Romans in 191 BC bypassed Thermopylae. Kramol…
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Callieis
(208 words)
[German version] (Καλλιεῖς;
Kallieîs). The westernmost branch of the Aetolian Ophieis in the upper Daphnus valley (modern Mornos; Thuc. 3,96,3). Their chief place of Callion (or Callipolis, modern Kallion, formerly Velouchovo) occupied a strategic position above the right bank of the Daphnus, and, for that reason, is mentioned in connection with the campaigns of Demosthenes [1] in 426 BC, of Acilius [I 10] Glabrio in 191 BC, and also the raid by Gauls in 279 BC (in which the town and its inhabit…
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Calliena
(87 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: India, trade with According to Peripl. M. Rubr. 52f., an
empórion on the west coast of India close to what is now Bombay, Sanskrit Kalyāṇa. C. was established by the elder Saraganes as an important commercial harbour; under Sandanes in the 1st cent. AD it was abandoned in favour of Barygaza. Also attested in Cosmas [2] Indikopleustes as Calliana (11,16; 11,22). Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography H. P. Ray, Monastery and Guild. Commerce under the Sātavāhanas, 1986.
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Calligenea
(72 words)
[German version] (ἡ Καλλιγένεια;
hē Kalligéneia). Goddess of birth and growth, whose name is derived from the C. festival, which was particularly celebrated in Athens (Aristoph. Thesm. 298 with schol.; Alci. 2.37). Even in antiquity, C. was interpreted in various ways: as epithet to Ge ( Gaia) or Demeter (Hsch. s.v. K.; CIG III 5432) or as wet-nurse, priestess, or servant of Demeter. Thesmophoria Frey, Jörg (Stuttgart) Bibliography H. Usener, Götternamen, 1896, 122ff.
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Calligone (novel)
(158 words)
[German version] Name given to a Greek novel of which only two fragments are extant; one has yet to be published [3]; in the other (PSI 981, 2nd cent. AD) the female protagonist, C., enters the tent of an Eubiotos; her grief appears to have been caused by news of the fate of an Erasinus. C. thus reaches for her sword but, with prudent foresight, Eubiotos had already taken it away when he stood next to her. The name Eubiotos and the reference to the Sauromatae suggest a link with Lucian's ‘Toxaris [4]. Fusillo, Massimo (L'Aquila) Galli, Lucia (Florence) Bibliography First edition:
1 M. Norsa, PSI…
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Callimachus
(3,899 words)
(Καλλίμαχος;
Kallímachos). [German version] [1] Athenian, 490 BC archon and supreme commander at Marathon Athenian,
árchōn polémarchos ( Archontes) in 490 BC, supreme commander at Marathon (490 BC). It is disputed if C. was appointed
polémarchos by lot (Hdt. 6,109). Aristotle's claim (Ath. Pol. 22,5) that the archontes were first selected by lot in 487/86 appears preferable. But perhaps areas of responsibility were already distributed among them by lot after 509/8. C. only nominally held supreme command, but he was a voting mem…
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Callimander
(30 words)
[German version] (Καλλίμανδρος;
Kallímandros). Delegate of the Alexandrians who was to offer the Egyptian monarchy to a Seleucid prince in 56 BC. PP 6, 14768. Ameling, Walter (Jena)
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Callimedes
(25 words)
[German version] (Καλλιμήδης;
Kallimḗdēs). Ptolemaic local commander, who surrendered Aenus [1] in 200 BC to Philip V. PP 6, 15113. Ameling, Walter (Jena)
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Callimedon
(176 words)
[German version] (Καλλιμέδων;
Kallimédōn). Athenian, son of Callicrates, pro-oligarchic politician. He was forced to leave Athens before 324 BC because of his pro-Macedonian position. In Megara he participated in the anti-constitutional activities of the Athenian émigrés, which is why Demosthenes [2] had an
eisangelia issued against him (Din. 1,94). During the Lamian War C. stayed with Antipater [1], upon whose orders he attempted to prevent the Peloponnesian states from joining the Hellenic League (Plut. Demosthen…
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Callimorphus
(80 words)
[German version] Military doctor, who according to Lucian (Quomodo historia 16,24 = FGrH II 210), wrote, in a highly tragic and stilted style, a history of the Parthian Wars of Lucius Verus in the years AD 162-166 that bore the title
Parthica. Unless this was a figment of Lucian's imagination, it appears that he served in the Parthian War, either in the
legio VI Ferrata, or in an
ala contariorum (a troop division of pike-bearers). Nutton, Vivian (London)
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Callinicus
(455 words)
(Καλλίν(ε)ικος;
Kallín(e)ikos: ‘The noble victor’). [German version] [1] Epithet of Heracles Epithet of Heracles (Eur. Herc. 582; Aristid. Or. 40.15; OGIS 53; Iscrizioni di Cos ED 180,28ff.; SEG 28.616), according to Archil. fr. 324 IEG in a hymn used as a victory song in Olympia (Pind. Ol. 9,1ff. with schol.; according to schol. Aristoph. Av. 1764 composed in Paros: cf. IG XII5, 234); probably first used for Heracles as a victorious warrior (cf. the aetiologic myth in Apollod. 2.135), later often in an apotropaic epigram (Preger, Inscr. Graecae metricae 213; EpGr 1138). Willi, Andrea…
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Callinus
(432 words)
(Καλλῖνος;
Kallînos). [German version] [1] Elegiac poet Elegiac poet from Ephesus,
c. 650 BC. His only long fr. (21 verses, 1 W./G.-P., from Stobaeus) urges young men (
néoi), presumably symposiasts, to defend their city. The enemy were perhaps the Cimmerians -- they are mentioned in a hexameter in 5(a) W./G.-P., which was adduced by Str. 14,1,40 (cf. 13,4,8) as evidence for a Cimmerian invasion that led to the capture of Sardes (thus
c. 652 BC). This invasion had taken place earlier than that of the Trerians (also in 4 W./G.-P.), which destroyed Magnesia. In theme, …
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Calliope
(291 words)
[German version] [1] A Muse (Greek Καλλιόπη, Καλλιόπεια;
Kalliópē,
Kalliópeia; Lat. Calliopa; on the etymology Diod. Sic. 4.3). Of the nine Muses (Hes. Theog. 79), C. is mentioned most often and is particularly depicted on an individual level. She was originally the Muse of epic poetry honouring warfare, but later, in a paradoxical turnaround, of the ‘peaceful’ Roman love elegy (Prop. 3.3) or of lofty poetry in general (Ov. Tr. 2, 568). C. is considered the patroness of poetry and, among others, is appe…
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Calliphana
(117 words)
[German version] (Lat. Calliphana, also Calliphoena). Priestess of Ceres in Rome. Originally a priestess of Demeter in Elea/Velia. In accordance to the concept that Ceres was a goddess of Greek origin and that her ritual must observe Greek form, she was brought to Rome from Elea, like most priestesses dedicated to Ceres. However, in order for her to be able to fulfil her duties as a citizen in the service of fellow citizens (
civis pro civibus) (and with the appropriate fundamental attitude) -- according to Cic. Balb. 55, she was granted Roman citizenship by the praetor…
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Callipolis
(459 words)
(Καλλίπολις;
Kallípolis). [German version] [1] Place in Caria Place in Caria (Arr. Anab. 2,5,7; Steph. Byz. s.v. Callipolis), its location disputed: either near the modern Gelibolu, south of the eastern end of the Ceramic Gulf (ancient and medieval remains, no finds indicating a settlement),or east of it, 10 km inland, near Duran Çiftlik (remains of an ancient sanctuary and a church; the associated settlement about 1.5 km east of Kızılkaya, stone-cist tombs on the eastern side of the mound). C. was unde…
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Callip(p)idae
(90 words)
[German version] (Καλλιπ(π)ίδαι;
Kallip(p)ídai). Name of the inhabitants of the region neighbouring the emporium of Borysthenes on the modern Dnieper, characterized as
Hellenoskýthai (Ἑλληνοσκύθαι, Hdt. 4,17; cf. Str. 12,3,21; Mela 2,7). They seem to be identical with the Graeco-Scythian population, referred to as
Mixhéllēnes (Μιξέλληνες) in decree IOSPE 12 32, Z. 26f. The name alludes both to the Scythians as an equestrian people and to the derisive nickname of C. (‘unlucky fellow’). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography I. von Bredow, Der Begriff der Mixh…
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Callippides
(224 words)
[German version] (Καλλιππίδης;
Kallippídēs). Tragic actor of the 5th/4th cents. BC, who, popular and controversial, was remembered long after his death. He himself was many times the victorious protagonist, for example at the Lenaia of the year 418, but the tetralogy of his poet did not win a prize [1]. His expressive gesticulation, aimed at producing a realistic effect, was modern in its style; it displeased Mynniscus who had once appeared with Aeschylus and who described the young colleague as a…
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Callippus
(640 words)
(Κάλλιππος;
Kállippos). [German version] [1] Athenian student of Plato Athenian student of Plato, who took Callistratus, who had been sentenced in an
eisangelía proceeding, to Thasos in 361 BC on the order of the
stratēgós Timomachus (Dem. Or. 50,47-52). In 357 C. evaded charges in Athens by accompanying Dion [I 1] during his enforced return to Sicily (Plut. Dion 22,5 and 54,1; Pl. Ep. 7, 333e). Though initially held in high esteem by Dion as a philosophical and political advisor and ‘condottiere’, C. turned against Dion in 3…
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Callipus
(90 words)
[German version] Earlier thought to be a writer of comedies because of a transcription error in Ath. 15,668c, where three lines are quoted from Κάλλιπος ἐν Παννυχίδι (‘C. in the
Pannychís). Since the appearance of the PBerolinensis 13417 with the rest of the drinking poem
Pannychís by Callimachus [3], including the lines quoted by Athenaeus, there can be no doubt that the phrase in question should read Καλλίμαχος [1; 2]. Hidber, Thomas (Berne) Bibliography
1 A. Körte, s.v. C. (18), RE 10, 1667
2 R. Pfeiffer, Callimachus I, 1949, 217 (F 227).
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Callirhoe
(335 words)
(Καλλιρ[ρ]όη;
Kallir(r)hóē, ‘the fair-flowing’). [German version] [1] Daughter of Oceanus Daughter of Oceanus, wife of Chrysaor [4], mother of Geryoneus (Hes. Theog. 351; 979ff.; Apollod. 2.106; Hyg. Fab. 151). She appears in the circle of Persephone (H. Hom. 5,419); also mentioned as wife of Manes or of Poseidon (Dion. Hal. Ant. 1.27.1; schol. Pind. O. 14.5). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Daughter of Achelous Daughter of Achelous, wife of Alcmaeon [1], mother of Amphoterus and Acarnan (Apollod. 3.88ff.; Eur. Alcestis TGF fr. 79). Zingg, Reto (Basle) …
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Callisthenes
(547 words)
(Καλλισθένης;
Kallisthénēs). [German version] [1] Of Olynthus, Alexander historian, related to Aristotle Callisthenes of Olynthus, Alexander historian, son of a female cousin of Aristotle [6], who raised him (Plut. Alexander 55,8) and whom he accompanied to Assos, Macedonia and then perhaps to Athens. After the death of Hermias [1] he wrote in praise of him (quoted by Didymus, In Demosthenem 5-6). Together with Aristotle he composed a list of Pythionikai ( Pythia) and
agonothetai ( Agonothetes) of the Pythian Games for which the two were honoured in Delphi (Syll.3 275). The…
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Callisto
(331 words)
[German version] (Καλλιστώ;
Kallistṓ, Lat. Callisto). Arcadian nymph or princess, daughter of Lycaon (Eumelus of Corinth, EpGF p. 100 fr. 10; Hes. Cat. fr. 163; Apollod. 3.100), according to Asius (EpGF p. 90 fr. 9) of Nycteus, according to Pherecydes (FGrH 3 fr. 157) of Ceteus; Hunting companion of Artemis who falls in love with Zeus. He approaches her in the shape of Artemis or Apollo and either seduces or rapes her (Amphis, CAF II fr. 47; Apollod. 3.100; Ov. Met. 2,425). Artemis (Hes. Cat. fr. …
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Callistratus
(1,229 words)
[German version] I Greek (Καλλίστρατος;
Kallístratos). [German version] [I 1] Tragedian Tragedian (TrGF I 38), whose ‘Amphilochus and ‘Ixion (DID A 2b, 80) won him second place at the Lenaea of 418 BC; probably not identical with the
didáskalos (‘director’) of Aristophanes [3]. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography P. Geißler, Chronologie der altatt. Komödie, 1969, 6f. PCG IV, p. 56. [German version] [I 2] Important Athenian politician, elected strategos in 378/7 BC Important Athenian politician and outstanding orator, nephew of Agyrrhius and
kēdestḗs (probably fat…
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Callistus
(78 words)
[German version] (Κάλλιστος;
Kállistos). Author of an epic about the Persian Wars of Emperor Iulianus, whom he accompanied on his campaigns in his role as
domesticus (Socr. 3,21,14-17). He reports how the emperor died having been slain by a daimon. Possibly he is identical with Callistion, the epic poet and assessor of the
praefectus praetorio Orientis Sallustius Secundus, to whom Libanius addressed his letters no. 1233 and 1251. Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) Bibliography O. Seeck, RE Suppl. 4, 864.
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Callithera
(93 words)
[German version] (Καλλιθήρα;
Kallithḗra). Southern Thessalian town, the target of an Aetolian raid in 198 BC; they drove the inhabitants of C. back inside their walls, but were unable to capture the town (Liv. 32,13,11f.). Judging by the itinerary of the Aetolians, C. is not to be located near the modern Kallithira (formerly Seklitsa), but about 10 km south-east of it near Paliuri. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography B. Helly, Incursions chez les Dolopes, in: I. Blum (ed.), Topographie antique et géographie historique en pays grec, 1992, 48-91, especially 77ff. F. Stählin…
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Callithoe
(162 words)
[German version] [1] Daughter of Celeus and Metaneira (Καλλιθόη,
Kallithóe, ‘excelling in speed’). Oldest daughter of Celeus, King of Eleusis, and of Metaneira. C. and her sisters Callidice, Cleisidice and Demo invited Demeter, who was grieving for her daughter Persephone, to their home (H. Hom. 2,110). Michel, Raphael (Basle) Bibliography N. J. Richardson, The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 1974, 183-185. [German version] [2] First priestess of Hera First priestess of Hera Argia's sanctuary in Argos or in Tiryns [1]. She was the first to decorate a column with w…
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Callixeinus
(115 words)
[German version] (Καλλίξεινος;
Kallíxeinos) of Rhodes, probably 2nd cent. BC. Wrote ‘On Alexandria’ in at least four bks. Two longer quotes are preserved in Athenaeus (5,196a-206c): F 2 on a splendid procession (
pompḗ) of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (279/78? BC), the other F 1 on the grand shipbuilding of Ptolemy IV Philopator (221-204). The work was neither a local history nor a perihegesis ( Periegetes) of Alexandria, but rather a collection of reports on special events ordered according to content. FGrH 627. Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography G. Grimm, Alexandreia. Die erste K…
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Callixenus
(112 words)
[German version] (Καλλίξενος;
Kallíxenos). Athenian, successfully pleaded in the Council in 406 BC for a sentencing of the generals because they failed to rescue shipwreck victims after the battle of the Arginusae; his request to have the generals executed when found guilty was submitted to the popular assembly. After Euryptolemus was forced to drop a suit of unlawfulness ( Paranomon graphe), the generals were sentenced to death. Later when proceedings were initiated against the accusers, C. fled …
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Callonitis
(76 words)
[German version] (Καλλωνῖτις,
Kallōnîtis, other form of the name Χαλωνῖτις/
Chalōnîtis). Area mentioned by Pol. 5,54,7 and considered part of Media, directly west of the great Zagrus passes along the upper Diyālā; here Antiochus [5] III had the corpse of the rioter Molon impaled; neighbouring region of Apolloniatis. Str. 16,1,1 considers C. as still part of Ἀτουρία, i.e. Mesopotamia. Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) Bibliography H. H. Schmitt, Unt. zur Gesch. Antiochos d.Gr. und seiner Zeit, 1964, Index s.v. Chalonitis.
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Calocaerus
(53 words)
[German version]
Magister camelorum (Aur. Vict. Caes. 41,11: perhaps in the sense of ‘leading shepherd slave’) on Cyprus. The revolt of AD 334 (?), which he led, was of only local significance and quickly suppressed, C. himself sentenced in Tarsus by Dalmatius (PLRE 1, 177). Bleckmann, Bruno (Strasbourg) Bibliography Kienast, 21996, 308f.
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Calon
(250 words)
(also Callon; Kά(λ)λων,
Kál(l)ōn). [German version] [1] Sculptor from Aegina Sculptor from Aegina. C. was considered a contemporary of Hegesias and a pupil of Tectaeus and Angelion; his style was seen as archaic compared to that of Canachus. An extant base from the Acropolis is dated to
c. 500 BC. Pausanias describes a bronze tripod made by C. at Amycae -- a Spartan dedication after a victory against Messene -- featuring Kore as its support. It appears that other tripods, by Gitiades, were also part of the offering, so that this tripod c…
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Calpe
(257 words)
[German version] [1] Rock of Gibraltar The rock of Gibraltar ( Pylae Gadeirides). The derivation of the name from the Greek κάλπη (
kálpē) = κάλπις/
kálpis ‘jug’ (already found in Avien. 348) is founded on popular etymology, based on the cavity in the eastern face of the rock (Mela 2,95), which nowadays is largely taken up by fill and the town of Gibraltar itself [1]. Maybe the Greeks transferred this name -- of unknown origin -- from the Bithynian C. (modern Kirpe) to the Spanish peninsula [2]. C. was one of the two ‘P…
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Calpetanus
(115 words)
[German version] [1] Famous physician according to Pliny According to Plin. HN 29,7 a famous physician (PIR2 C 234). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] C.C. Rantius Sedatus Metronius (?) Consul suff. 47AD
Curator tabulariorum publicorum in AD 45 (CIL VI 916 = 31201);
cos. suff. in AD 47 [1]. Consular legate of Dalmatia after AD 47 (ILJug. 2064; PIR2 C 235). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] C.C. Statius Rufus Civil building official 1st cent. AD Member of the
collegium of the
curatores locorum publicorum iudicandorum and the
curatores riparum et alvei Tiberis under Ti…
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Calpurnia
(346 words)
[German version] [1] Wife of Caesar Daughter of L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (Suet. Iul. 21). On the Ides of March AD 44, she pleaded urgently with her husband Caesar to stay away from the Senate session (Suet. Iul. 81,3; Plut. Caes. 63,8-12; Cass. Dio 44,17,1; Val. Max. 1,7,2; Vell. Pat. 2,57,2). Caesar had married the 18-year-old for political reasons in 59 BC (Plut. Caes. 14,8; Pomp. 47,10; App. B Civ. 2,51; Cass. Dio 38,9,1, [1. 75 A.46]). Their marriage remained childless [2. 466]. After Caesar's death, C. transferred his assets to Mark Antony (Plut. Ant. 15; App. B Civ. 2,524). Stroth…
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Calpurnius
(5,197 words)
Name of a plebeian
gens in Rome, probably of Etruscan origin (ThlL, Onom. 101-104) [1. 138]; attested from the 3rd cent. BC. The most important family into the 1st cent. AD was that of the Calpurnii Pisones (I 13ff.). Family connections and the identification of individual members in the Republican period have not been completely clarified. Late Republican pseudo-genealogy declared Calpus, one of the sons of king Numa, the progenitor of the
gens (Hor. Ars P. 292; Laus. Pis. 3f.; 14f.; Plut. Numa 21,2 et al.; portraits of Numa on coins of the Calpurnii). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Repu…
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Calumnia
(295 words)
[German version] In classical Roman law, the deliberate, groundless and bullying filing of suits and charges. In the regulatory procedure for disputes amongst private individuals, the Praetor awarded a special
iudicium calumniae decimae partis, i.e. a penalty for failure to observe correct procedure of 1/10 of the value of the claim (Gai. Inst. 4,175). In the case of manumission or status claims the sanction against the fiduciary claimant (
adsertor in libertatem ) amounted to as much as 1/3 of the value of the slave. The person affected could demand four times the value (
quadruplum) wi…
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Calventius
(56 words)
[German version] L.C. Vetus Carminius. Praetorian governor of Lusitania in AD 44/45 (AE 1950, 217);
cos. suff. in 51 [1. 265]. CIL VI 1544 is possibly a reference to him, a complete senatorial
cursus, which ended with the proconsulate of Africa (PIR2 C 338) [2. 137]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 G. Camodeca, L'archivio Puteolano dei Sulpicii, 1992
2 Alföldy, GFH.
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Calvia Crispinilla
(94 words)
[German version] Woman of senatorial rank, close confidante of Nero, after whose death she attempted to incite Clodius Macer to rebel. After her return to Rome in AD 69, she enjoyed the protection of all emperors, partly due to her marriage to a consular senator (Tac. Hist. 1,73; Raepsaet-Charlier no. 184; PIR2 C 363). For brick stamps from Tergeste bearing her name, see [1. 168], for property ownership suppl. It. 8,38, no. 6; AE 1972, 102. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 C. Zaccaria, M. Župančič in C. Zaccaria (ed.): I laterizi di età romana nell' area nordadriatica, 1993.
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Calvinus
(40 words)
[German version] Calvinus [1] see Domitius [German version] Calvinus [2] Roman
cognomen, in the Republican period particularly common in the Domitii family, but also in the Sextii and Veturii (ThlL, Onom. 108). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 235.
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Calvisius
(639 words)
Roman family name, whose bearers appear in public life from 1st cent. BC (ThlL, Onom. 108f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] C. Brought charges against Agrippina, 1st cent. AD Client of Iunia Silana, exiled after bringing charges against Agrippina in AD 55. He was recalled after her death (Tac. Ann. 13,19,3; 21,2; 22,2; 14,12,4; PIR2 C 343). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] C. Ruso, P. Consul suff. 53 AD
Cos. suff. in AD 53 [1. 43; 72]; father of C. [3] and [4]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] C. Ruso, P. Consul suff. 79 AD
Cos. suff. in AD 79,
procos. A…
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Calvius
(45 words)
Roman family name (ThlL, Onom. 110). [German version] C. Cicero, C. People's tribune 454 BC, brought an accusation against the former consul Romilius (Liv. 3,31,5); probably a late annalistic invention [1. 448]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography
1 R. M. Ogilvie, A commentary on Livy books 1-5, 1965.
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Calvus
(25 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen (‘bald-head’) of the Caecilii Metelli, Cornelii Scipiones, Licinii et al. (ThlL, Onom. 111f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 235.
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Calybe
(86 words)
(Καλύβη;
Kalýbē). [German version] [1] Mistress of Laomedon Nymph who bore to the Trojan king Laomedon a son named Bucolion (Apollod. 3.12.3). Without mentioning the name of the mother, Homer (Il. 6.23-24) also mentions the birth of Laomedon's illegitimate son Bucolion. Prescendi, Francesca (Geneva) [German version] [2] Priestess of Juno Priestess of Juno in Ardea. The fury Allecto takes on her form when she appears to Turnus in a dream and incites him to fight against the Trojans (Verg. Aen. 7.419). Prescendi, Francesca (Geneva)
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Calycadnus
(172 words)
[German version] (Καλύκαδνος;
Kalýkadnos). Most important and abundant (Amm. Marc. 14,3,15) river in Cilicia Tracheia ( Cilices) in Isauria, whose southern tributary (modern Gevne Çayı) rises in the border region of Pamphylia and Isauria, passes through the Cietis to the south of Germanicopolis to its confluence near Claudiopolis [2] with the other tributary (Gök Çayı) from the region of Bozkır in the border region of Lycaonia and Isauria; then called Göksu, it flows via Seleucia (Roman bridge from the time of Vespasian) and reaches the Mediterranean after
c. 15 km (navigable in…
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Calyce
(181 words)
(Καλύκη;
Kalýkē = ‘Bud’, ‘Rose blossom’). [German version] [1] Daughter of Aiolos [1] and Enarete Daughter of the Thessalian king Aeolus [1] and Enarete; she had seven brothers and four sisters and is the mother of Endymion by Aethlius or Zeus (Apollod. 1,50; 56; Hes. fr. 10a M-W). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Mistress of Poseidon Daughter of Hecaton, mother of Cycnus by Poseidon (Hyg. Fab. 157; cf. schol. Pind. Ol. 2.91 where she is called Kalykía). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [3] Woman whose love is unrequited A woman whose love is unrequited;she prays to A…
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Calydnae
(65 words)
(Κάλυδναι;
Kálydnai). [German version] [1] Archipelago between Tenedus and the mainland Archipelago between Tenedus and the mainland (Sen. Tro. 839; Quint. Smyrn. 7,407; 12,453; Lycoph. 25); in disagreement with Str. 13,1,46, probably not between Lecton and Tenedus, but north of Tenedus; modern Tavşan Adaları. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) [German version] [2] see Calymna see Calymna Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography L. Bürchner, s.v. K., RE 10, 1761f.
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Calydnus
(64 words)
[German version] (Κάλυδνος;
Kálydnos). Son of Uranus, architect and first king of Thebes ( Thebae) which he fortifies with a wall. The city is therefore also called
Kálydna or
Kalýdnou týrsis, ‘fortress of C.’ (Steph. Byz. in schol. Lycophron 1209). The incorrect translation of C. as ‘good singer’ was linked with the building of the wall around Thebes through music. Frey, Alexandra (Basle)
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Calydon
(553 words)
(Καλυδών;
Kalydṓn). [German version] [1] Eponymous of the Aetolian city of the same name The eponymous of the Aetolian city of the same name, C. [3], son of Aetolus and Pronoe, brother of Pleuron, husband of Aeolia and through her the father of Epicaste and Protogenea (Apollod. 1,58-59). A similar genealogically linked construct in Deimachus (FGrH 65 F 1 = schol. Hom. Il. 217-218 Erbse) where the succession Endymion-Aetolus-Pleuron-C. is found, also the names of the region and both of the largest cities. According to Steph. Byz. s.v., either Endymion or Aetolus is the father of C. C. is a…
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Calymna
(474 words)
[German version] (Κάλυμνα;
Kálymna) Island of the Sporades north of Cos (also
Kálydna or
Kálydnai, which probably also referred to the surrounding smaller islands), with the more common modern name of Kalymnos (109 km2, predominantly limestone, maximum height: 686 m). Documented in Hom. Il. 2,677; Stadiasmus maris magni 280f.; Scyl. 90; Hdt. 7,99,2f.; Str. 10,5,19; Diod. Sic. 5,54,1f.; Plin. HN 5,133; 11,32; Steph. Byz. s.v. Kalymna.; [1; 2. 8f. no. 10]. The earliest finds date back to the Neolithic. at the northern end of C., near Emporios, a Mycenaean tholos t…
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Calynda
(248 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Lycii, Lycia | Delian League (τὰ Κάλυνδα;
tà Kálynda). Settlement on the south-western coast of Asia Minor, taken as being part of Caria as well as Lycia, 60 stades inland from the coast on the Axon (modern Kargın çayı) east of the Indus [2] (Hdt. 1,172; Str. 14,2,2; Plin. HN 5,103; Ptol. 5,3,2; Steph. Byz. s.v. C.). In 480 BC, it was under the rule of Damasithymus (Hdt. 8,87f.), in the middle of the 5th cent. a member of the Delian League (as
Klaÿnda); Ptolemaic in the 3rd cent. In 166 BC, C. was subordinate to Caunus [2…
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Calypso
(969 words)
[German version] (Καλυψώ;
Kalypsṓ, ‘salvager’, ‘rescuer’; Lat. Calypso). The entire C. myth can be traced back to the ‘Odyssey’ [1. 115] (Hom. Od. 1.50ff.; 5.55ff.; 7.244ff.; 12.447ff.; 23.333ff.): C., goddess and nymph, daughter of Atlas [2] (only Hyg. Fab. praef. 16 mentions her mother Pleïone), lives with maidservants on the island of Ogygia. C. takes in Odysseus who has been drifting on the sea for nine days (Hom. Od. 7,253ff.), makes him her lover and tries to win him over by tempting him …
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Camara [I]
(114 words)
[German version] (καμάρα;
kamára), the correct version for
camera, related to
camurus (‘curved’), describing the curvature of a room or a barque or indeed the barque itself. This type of small round-bottomed sailing vessel with inward-curving side walls, which could travel in a circle and in both directions, was used on the north-eastern coast of the Black Sea, particularly by pirates (Str. 11,2,12, 495f.; Tac. Hist. 3,47,3). The side walls could be raised in such a way that they formed a closed canopy in …
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Camara [II]
(116 words)
(Καμάρα;
Kamára). [German version] [1] Harbour settlement in eastern Crete Harbour settlement in eastern Crete, originally Lato (Λατὼ πρὸς or ἐπὶ Καμάραι, Ptol. 3,17,5; Hierocles, Synekdemos 650,1), modern Agios Nikolaos. Close political links with Lato [1. no. 72, p. 428]. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography
1 A. Chaniotis, Die Verträge zw. kret. Poleis in der hell. Zeit, 1996. F. Gschnitzer, Abhängige Orte im griech. Alt., 1958, 49-51. [German version] [2] Empórion on India's south-eastern coast According to Peripl. M. Rubr. 60, an
empórion …
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Camarina
(848 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | | Colonization | Punic Wars (Καμάρινα;
Kamárina, Lat.
Camarina,
Camerina). Dorian town 60 km west of the southern tip of Sicily on a hillside of about 40 m in height, at the mouth of the Hipparis. The foundation by Syracusae in 599 BC (Thuc. 6,5,3) marked the end of the Dorian-Syracusan expansion into the south-western hinterland. Its original foundation may have taken place from the sea; however, contact by land must soon have been established,…
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Cambaules
(29 words)
[German version] (Καμβαύλης;
Kambaúlēs). Leader of a Celtic army that invaded Thrace in 281 BC but who had to retreat from there (Paus. 10,19,5-6). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum)
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Cambles
(86 words)
[German version] (Κάμβλης;
Kámblēs, also Κάμβης;
Kámbēs). Mythological king of Lydia. His insatiable appetite (perhaps caused by poison given to him by his enemies) drives him to cannibalism. Driven mad by hunger, he devours even his own wife. Upon waking the next morning with the rest of her hand in his mouth and realizing what he had done, he kills himself (Xanthus, Lydiaca, fr. 12., FHG vol. I, 36ff.; Nicolaus of Damascus FGrH 2 A 90 F 28; Ael. VH 1,27). Walde, Christine (Basle)
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Cambodunum
(212 words)
[German version] [1] The modern Kempten in the Allgäu region of Bavaria This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Limes | Raeti, Raetia modern Kempten in the Allgäu region of Bavaria. Main settlement of the Estiones (Str. 4,6,7); on the right bank of the Iller, Tiberian wooden houses, from the time of emperor Claudius stone buildings in a rectangular grid of streets centred around a sacred precinct comprising of ‘forum’, basilica, and baths. Possibly the first seat of the governor in Raetia, probably
splendidissima colonia (Tac. Germ. 41,1). Displaced by Augsburg, C…
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Camboricum
(30 words)
[German version] ‘Ford on the river bend’ (It. Ant. 474,7), presumably modern Icklingham (Suffolk) [1. 294]. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography
1 A. L. F. Rivet, C. Smith, The Place-names of Roman Britain, 1979.
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Cambounia
(64 words)
[German version] (Καμβούνια;
Kamboúnia). Mountainous region in northern Greece west of Mt. Olympus, which separated the Macedonian region of Elimea from the tripolis of the Perrhaebi, and forms the southern watershed of the Haliacmon. The easiest way to cross the C. was via the pass of Volustana (918 m) (cf. Liv. 42,53,6; 44,2,10). Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) Bibliography B. Saria, s.v. Volustana, RE 9A, 906.
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Cambyses
(1,227 words)
(Καμβύσης;
Kambýsēs, Old Persian
Kambūjiya; Elamite and Babylonian
Kambuzija). [German version] [1] Father of Cyrus II Father of Cyrus II, called ‘the Great King, King of Anšan’ (TUAT I 409,21) in the Cyrus cylinder. According to Hdt. 1,107, married to the Median princess Mandane; according to Ctesias, Cyrus II and the Median king were not related (FGrH 680 F 9,1). More recent research emphasizes that before Darius there were no family ties between the dynasty of Cyrus and the Achaemenids [1]; any attempt a…
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Camel
(998 words)
[German version] I. General Cloven-hoofed animal of the Old World from the hot deserts and steppes of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (
Camelus dromedarius, one-humped) and the cold deserts of South-West and Central Asia (
Camelus bactrianus, two-humped): various anatomical and physiological adaptations to extreme climates. The camel descends from a North American fossil type (
Protolabis) that migrated to Eurasia
c. three million years ago. Wild camels were common from Central Asia to North Africa (bone finds). Fertile cross-breedings between the dromeda…
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Cameria, Camerium
(63 words)
[German version] Town of the Aborigines and Prisci Latini, colony of Alba Longa; seized by Tarquinius Priscus; destroyed 502 BC by the consul Opiter Verginius Tricostus. Listed by Pliny (HN 3,68) as one of the Latian towns that had disappeared by his time. The
gens Coruncania came from C. (Tac. Ann. 11,24,2). Location unknown. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 2, 563.
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Camerinum
(160 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria Town in Umbria (
regio VI) in the Apennines between the rivers Potenza and Chienti on the border with Picenum, modern Camerino. Allied with Rome by an
aequo foedere from 309 BC (Liv. 9,36), it supported Scipio in 205 BC in his fight against Hannibal (Liv. 28,45); Marius granted Roman citizenship to two cohorts from C. in the war against the Cimbri.
Municipium of the
tribus Cornelia. Septimius Severus confirmed the rights of the
municipes Camertes (CIL XI 5631). Mosaic on the Piazza Garibaldi, finds in S. G…
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Camicus
(252 words)
[German version] (Κάμικος;
Kámikos). Town (and river) near Acragas on Sicily. According to legend (Diod. Sic. 4,78f.), it was there that Daedalus built a rocky fortress for the Sicanian king Cocalus, on whose orders Minos was murdered there, when the latter demanded that Daedalus be extradited. Cretans were supposedly directed by the gods to send an expeditionary force to Sicily, and for five years laid siege to C. without success (Soph. Kamikoi, fr. 300-304). In 476/5 BC, relatives of Theron of Acragas rose in rebellion against the tyrant and settled in C. (schol. Pind. Ol. 2,173; Pind. Pyth. 6,5). During the First Punic War, the Romans captured C. in 258 BC (Diod. Sic. 23,9,5). In Strabo's times (6,2,6), the town was deserted. Several searches for C. have been undertaken within the region of Acragas; in line with G. Caputo and P. Griffo, the inclination nowadays is to localize C. in Sant'Angelo Muxaro,
c. 30 km north-west of Acragas, where P. Orsi excavated a necropolis in 1931 (Mycenaean style tholos tombs). The place was …
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Camilla
(252 words)
[German version] A Volscian Amazon maiden warrior, whose myth is recounted only by Verg. Aen. 11,539-828 (cf. [1. 803]). While fleeing with the young C., her father, Metabus, the king of the Volscians, tied her to an ash spear, dedicated her to Diana, and hurled her across the river Amisenus; she grew up as a huntress in the forest. In the war against the followers of Aeneas, she joined forces with Turnus, and was killed by the Etruscan Arruns. Set up as an ideal
virgo virilis by Hier. Adversus Jovinum 41,306 BD, she became with Dante (Inferno 1,107; 4,124) a heroic Italian v…
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Camillus
(80 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen of presumably Etruscan origin (Schulze, 290, 322; ThlL, Onom. 120-122), in its meaning probably linked with
camillus ‘noble-born, not yet mature youth’, then‘ assistant at sacrifices’ (Fest. 38; 82L; Varro, Ling. 7,34 et al.) In the Republican Age, C. is the family cognomen of the Furii; its most famous bearer was M. Furius C., conqueror of Veii in 396 BC and saviour of Rome after the Gallic invasion. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Walde/Hofmann 1, 147.
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Camirus
(369 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Dark Ages | Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Delian League (Κάμιρος;
Kámiros, Lat.
Camirus). City on the western coast of Rhodes near the modern Kalavarda; it was one of the three ancient Rhodian cities, together with Ialysus and Lindus (this configuration is already mentioned in Hom. Il. 2,656). According to the evidence of grave finds, C. was already inhabited in Mycenaean times. Its true foundation was by Dorian settlers. Together with Ialysus and …
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Camma
(61 words)
[German version] (Κάμμα;
Kámma). Wife of the Galatian tetrarch Sinatus, priestess of Artemis in the 2nd cent. BC. Plutarch notes her as an example of marital love and fidelity because she poisoned the murderer of her husband, Sinorix, who had forced her to marry him, and herself in the temple (Plut. Mor. 257e-258c; 768b-e; Polyaenus, Strat. 8,39). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum)
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Camomile
(81 words)
[German version] (ἀνθεμίς;
anthemís, Latin
anthemis, Plin., later
chamomilla, from which the English name is derived) probably is today's composite genus, Matricaria L. Dioscorides 3,137 Wellmann = 3,144 Berendes (cf. Plin. HN 22,53f.) knew of three species with differently coloured flowers that had warming as well as thinning powers. In antiquity the camomile, as a flower infusion, was already used externally and internally as an anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic medicine. Anthemis Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography P. Wagler, s.v. Anthemis (2), RE 1,2364f.
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Campania
(2,703 words)
Stärk, Ekkehard (Leipzig) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) The land between the Volturno in the north and the Sorrento peninsula in the south gained in the Roman period a great significance over and above its geographical and political importance. Factors favouring this were: the continuation of Greek culture in the coastal settlement centres (Naples as
Graeca urbs; Tac. ann. 15, 33, 2; cf. Strabo 5,4,7), the arrival after the 2nd cent. BC of Roman citizens as visitors either for health reasons (thermal springs) or in search of the good life (ma…
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Campania
(951 words)
[German version] A. Region The name of the region (Scyl. 10; Varro, Rust. 1,10,1; 1,20,4; 2,6,5) probably derived from Capua, its most significant town; C. was bounded by
mons Massicus and Sinuessa in the north,
mons Lactarius and Surrentum in the south, and the hill country at the foot of the Samnite mountains in the east. In the Augustan age, C. also encompassed the
ager Picentinus as part of the
regio I (Str. 5,4,13; Plin. HN 3,60ff.; Schol. Juv. 3,219,
Latium et Campania; 226; Serv. Aen. 8,9,564). C. comprised of the following districts from north to south: the
ager Falernus between Sin…
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Campanian vases
(696 words)
[German version] The Campanian vases (CV) of the 5th-4th cents. BC were made of a light brown clay and the surface often painted with a red-coloured coating. Artists generally preferred smaller vessels, besides these as the main shape, strap-handled amphora, also hydriae and bell craters; only seldom do pelike types appear ( Pottery, shapes and types of, vessel shapes with fig.). Characteristics attributed to Apulian vase painting such as volute and column craters, loutrophoroi, rhyta or nestorid…
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Campe
(94 words)
[German version] (Κάμπη;
Kámpē). Gigantic jaileress who stands guard in Tartarus over the Cyclopes and the Hecatoncheires, monsters with one hundred hands. In the Titanomachy, Zeus follows the advice of Gaia and kills C. (according to Diod. Sic. 3.72.3 she is killed by Dionysus near the Libyan city of Zabrina) so that the former prisoners can support Zeus (Apollod. 1.6); a detailed description of C. as a sort of dragon (starting with the appellative meaning ‘caterpillar’) can be found in Nonnus, Dion. 18.236-264. Visser, Edzard (Basle) Bibliography W. Kroll, s.v. K., RE 10, 1842.
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Campestris
(97 words)
[German version] (-ter, -trius, -τριος). Roman astrologer, possibly of the 3rd cent. AD (differently in [1]), who, according to Lyd. De ostentis p. 24,5 Wachsmuth, revived the prophetic astrology and magic of Petosiris, perhaps as an alternative to the Middle Platonic demonology. He wrote
De cometis (Lyd. Ost. p. 35,8, chs. 11-16; Adnotationes super Lucan. 1,529), and about powers of the underworld such as Typhon (Serv. Aen. 10,272), the title
Catabolica infernalia (according to Fulg. Exp. Verg. p. 86 Helmet) is doubtful. Astrology Sallmann, Klaus (Mainz) Bibliography
1 E. Ri…
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Campi Catalauni
(138 words)
[German version] Settlement area of the Catalauni in modern Champagne, repeatedly the scene of significant battles, thus in AD 273 the victory of emperor Aurelianus over the Gallic usurper Esuvius Tatricus (SHA Aurelian. 23,3; Eutr. 9,13; Jer. Chron. AD 273), and in AD 366 the victory of general Iovinus over a Germanic army (Amm. Marc. 27,2,4). The Campi Catalauni attained particular fame with the battle of Châlon of 451, when, under Avitus' leadership, a coalition between Rome and the Visigoths…
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Campi Phlegraei
(114 words)
[German version] (Greek, Φλέγρα, Φλεγραῖον πεδίον, Φλεγραῖα πεδία;
Phlégra,
Phlegraîon pedíon,
Phlegraîa pedía). Name of a coastal strip north of Campania (between Capua, Nola and Vesuvius: FGrH 566 Timaeus fr. 89; Pol. 2,17,1; from Cuma to Pozzuoli: Str. 5,4,4; Plin. HN 3,61; 18,111); the name was coined by the Chalcidians, who founded Cumae; Phlegra ( Pallene, Chalcidice), the volcanic home of the giants, is supposed to be the root of the place name, possibly because of this region's similar volcanic nature. Gargini, Michela (Pisa) Bibliography BTCGI 4, s.v. Campi Flegrei…
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Campus Agrippae
(89 words)
[German version] Part of the
campus Martius in Rome; according to the Constantinian regionaries, it was located in
regio VII to the right of the
via Flaminia and north of the
aqua Virgo; originally belonging to Agrippa, it was given to the Roman people by Augustus in 7 BC (Cass. Dio 55,8). According to one of the fragments of the
acta fratrum Arvalium from AD 38, it was also the location of the Tiberian
ara Providentiae. Förtsch, Reinhard (Cologne) Bibliography F. Coarelli, in: LTUR 1, 217 Richardson, 64.
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Campus Martius
(555 words)
[German version] (Field of Mars). Tract of land in Rome, shaped like an irregular quadrangle, between the Palazzo Venezia, S. Carlo al Corso, the Ponte Vittorio Emanuele, and the Piazza Cairoli. According to legend, with the foundation of the Republic, the
campus Martius (CM) passed from Tarquinian (Dion. Hal. 5,13,2) to public ownership (Liv. 2,5,2; Plut. Poblicola 8,1). The level terrain, not fragmented by private property, was predestined for monumental architecture for public or representative purposes, as in Strabo's (5,3,8). desc…
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Campylus
(35 words)
[German version] (Καμπύλος;
Kampýlos). One of the tributaries of the Achelous in Aetolia (Diod. Sic. 19,67,3); its location cannot be determined more closely. Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) Bibliography H. v. Geisau, s.v. K., RE 10, 1844.
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Camulianae
(75 words)
[German version] (Καμουλιαναί;
Kamoulianaí,
Kamuliana). Settlement on the road from Caesarea/Mazaka to Tavium in Cappadocia, possibly the modern Kermer. Its name is not of Celtic origin (different view in [1. 197f.]); as a place of pilgrimage (image of Christ, translation to Constantinople in AD 574), it became a town under the name of Iustinianopolis; documented as a diocese from AD 553 into the 13th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography
1 Hild/Restle. W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 1844.
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Camulodunum
(222 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | | Coloniae | Limes | Pertinax | Britannia | Britannia The largest iron age
oppidum in Britannia was situated on the lower reaches of the river Colne in Essex; under the rule of kings Dubnovellaunus and Cunobellinus [1]. C., modern Colchester, developed. In its heyday (from about AD 10 to 40), the
oppidum comprised 30 km2 within a system of protective dykes. As an important centre of power, C. attracted the import of luxury goods from Gaul and Italy. A richly decorated r…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Camulogenus
(69 words)
[German version] Compound Celtic name, ‘descendant of the (god) Camulus’ [1.60-61; 2.160]. An Aulercan, who in 52 BC lead the Parisii and their neighbouring tribes against T. Labienus, but fell in a battle at the Seine (Caes. B Gall. 7,57-62). A gold coin of the Arverni was possibly dedicated to him [3.419, fig. 454; 4.726-727]. Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Evans
2 Schmidt.
3 A. Blanchet, Traité monn. gaul., 1905
4 Holder, 1.
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Camulos
(85 words)
[German version] Celtic god, by
interpretatio Romana assigned to Mars. Among only six extant dedications, the inscription found in Rindern/ Germany provides evidence for a temple of C. The inscription in Rome (CIL VI 46) -- often claimed to refer to C.- makes no mention of this god [1. 87ff.]. Euskirchen, Marion (Bonn) Bibliography
1 J. Terrisse, in: Bull. Soc. Arch. Champenoise 1991, no. 2. Ch. B. Rüger, in: BJ 172, 1972, 643ff. F. Lefèvre, in: Bull. Soc. Arch. Champenoise 1983, no. 4, 51ff. G. Bauchhenß, s.v. Mars Camulus, LIMC 2.1, 568.
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Camunni
(144 words)
[German version] Inhabitants of the upper Oglio valley (Val Camonica), described by some sources as Raeti (Str. 4,6,7) or rather Euganei (Plin. HN 3,134) in the central Alps. A continuity in culture of more than 1000 years is evident in numerous rock paintings, ranging from phases I-III (Neolithic to Bronze Age) to phase IV (from the 8th cent.) and IV 4 (3rd to 1st cents. BC), socio-sacral expressions by hunter and warrior tribes [1. 131ff.]. Listed among the
gentes Alpinae devictae, who were defeated by Augustus in 16 BC (CIL V 7817), they were possibly put under the admin…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Cana
(94 words)
[German version] (Κάνη, Κάναι;
Kánē,
Kánai). Frequently mentioned foothills…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Canaanite
(95 words)
[German version] Traditional general term for a dialect group of north-west Semitic, spoken and written in Syria, Palestine and in the Mediterranean (
c. 10th cent. BC to today; with proto-Canaanite precursors). Canaanite includes Phoenician, the closely related Ammonite, Punic as a late further development of Phoenician, Edomite as a link between Phoenician and Hebrew (the Canaanite dialect passed down best and longest) and Moabite, which is close to Hebrew. The existence of additional local dialects is still a matter of contention. Müller-Kessler, Christa (Emskirchen) Bi…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly