Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Carmen famosum
(180 words)
[German version] The carmen famosum (CF) (according to Paulus, Sent. 5,4,6) or
malum carmen (defamatory poem) is a criminal offence like the
occentatio placed beside each other in the Tabulae duodecim (8,1). It is possible that this crime was only barely comprehensible even for ancient writers (e.g. Cic. Rep. 4,12), particularly because of the extremely severe penalty for mere defamation: probably death penalty. It was a matter of private punishment, though, so it was barely more than a legally p…
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Carmen Saliare
(161 words)
[German version] Hymn of the Salii. This cultic song in 35 fragments of unknown sequence, partly in saturnians, is only preserved by antiquarians ( Antiquarian; C. Arvale, C. Saeculare); a commentary on it was written by Aelius Stilo in the 1st cent. BC. It was regarded as belonging to the oldest Roman poetry (Varro, Ling. 7,3). Its age is uncertain, addenda probably date from as late as the 2nd cent. AD (SHA Aur. 21). It begins with a general
invocatio, the
axamenta (Paul. Fest. 3,12-15 L). Of the extant invocations of the gods, only Jupiter can be identified with ce…
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Carmentis
(253 words)
[German version] (In Greek always, in Latin very rarely Carmenta). Roman goddess of birth and ‘everything future’ (Fast. Praenestini on 11 January). Even if in historical times, she was overshadowed by related female deities (especially Iuno Lucina), her old importance is evident in the existence of a Flamen Carmentalis. Her sanctuary lay between the Capitol and the Tiber at the Porta Carmentalis [1] and was regarded as being founded by the matrons at the resumption of births after a birth-strike…
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Carmina triumphalia
(181 words)
[German version] Song of the soldiers, whose parade concluded a triumphal procession. There is evidence to show that in the
carmina triumphalia, the triumphant general received both praise (Liv. 4,20,2) and mockery. The reported antiphony may particularly refer to the latter (Liv. 4,53,11). Obscene ridicule and satire in this context were generally compared with the satirical poetry at weddings (Fescennine verses); they were seen as apotropaic, or rather seen as a further admonishment along with the
hominem te esse memento of the bearer of the
corona triumphalis. The evidence is …
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Carminius
(326 words)
[German version] [1] (M. Ulpius) C. Athenagoras Official, 2nd cent. AD Proconsul of Lycia-Pamphylia,
cos. suff. possibly under Commodus [1. 151]. The family came from Attuda (for his relatives: EOS 2, 633). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [1a] C. C. Gallus Suffect consul AD 120 Suffect consul AD 120 [1]. Probably to be identified with the proconsular legate of the same name. PIR2 A 1065. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 W. Eck, P. Weiß, Hadrianische Suffektconsuln: Neue Zeugnisse aus Militärdiplomen, in: Chiron 32, 2002 (in print). [German version] [2] L.C. Lusitan…
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Carmo
(107 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Hispania, Iberia | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pyrenean peninsula Settlement of the Turdetani, modern Carmona (province of Sevilla in Spain). C. rose to importance during the conflicts between Rome and Carthage (3rd/2nd cents. BC; App. Ib. 25; Liv. 33,21,6ff.). Caes. B Civ. 2,19,4 and Str. 3,2,2 refer to C. as one of the most important towns of Baetica. The names of some of the officials of this
municipium civium
Romanorum or
Latinorum are known from coins [1. 199] and from inscriptions (CIL II 1378ff.; 5120). Barceló, Pedro (Pots…
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Carna
(209 words)
[German version] Roman goddess whose temple was vowed and founded on the Caelius mons by the first Brutus immediately after the expulsion of the Tarquinii; (Macrob. Sat. 1,12,31). Its foundation day is 1 June, the festival of the
Carnaria (CIL III 3893). C. received offerings of bacon and bean gruel (Macrob. Sat. 1,12,32; cf. Ov. Fast. 6,169-182:
Kalendae fabariae), which suggest a simple, old-fashioned way of life (Ovid) or which are meant to depict C. as a protector of physical strength (Macr.). The authors state that her role is the protection of …
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Carnation
(212 words)
[German version] As we do not know of any ancient name, we cannot clarify whether the carnation was found in ancient times. Possibly it is meant by the name Διὸς ἄνθος/
Diòs ánthos, ‘flower of Zeus’ Latin
Iovis flos, from which the modern name of the genus,
Dianthus, is also derived. At any rate, of the 65 representatives that grow in Greece from among the 120 wild European species of carnation, 20 are regarded as endemic [1. 81]. In the shrub-like Cretan carnation,
Dianthus arboreus, archaeologists see the model for wall paintings in the palace of Knossos. As Zeus is said to …
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Carnea, Carneus, Carnus
(1,177 words)
[German version] (Κάρνεια, Κάρνειος, Κάρνος;
Kárneia,
Kárneios,
Kárnos). The C. was a standard Dorian midsummer festival dedicated to Apollo Carneus (to the ‘ram’-Apollo, cf. Hsch. s.v. κάρνος ... πρόβατον) with musical agons (Hellanicus of Lesbos, FGrH 4 F 85). It was allegedly institutionalized in 676/3 BC (Sosibius, FGrH 595 F 3). Part of the festival was the sacrifice of a ram: in Theocritus (5,82f.) a shepherd raises a choice ram just for the C. The epithet Carneus did not belong solely to Apollo…
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Carneades
(628 words)
(Καρνεάδης;
Karneádēs). [German version] [1] Academic philosopher from the 3rd/2nd cent. BC Academic philosopher, born 214/3 (or 219/8 BC) in Cyrene, died 129/8 in Athens. He probably came to Athens as a young man, later receiving rights of citizenship. After studying i. a. under the Stoic Diogenes [15] of Babylon he joined the Academy, taking over leadership from another of his masters, Hegesinus [1], in around 164/60. He gave up the leadership in 137/6, thus long before his death, perhaps for health re…
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Carneiscus
(86 words)
[German version] (Καρνεΐσκος;
Karneískos). Pupil of Epicurus, originating in Asia Minor, perhaps from Cos or Rhodes. In his work Φιλίστας (
Philístas), comprising at least two volumes, he wrote on the Epicurean concept of friendship. The end of the 2nd volume (extant in PHercul. 1027) is dedicated to one Zopyrus, otherwise unknown. C. expresses his disagreement with the Peripatetic philosopher Praxiphanes, criticizing his writing on friendship for suggesting improper forms of relationship between friends. Epicurean School Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bibliography T. Dorandi,…
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Carni
(210 words)
[German version] Celtic tribe (cf. triumph of M. Aemilius Scaurus
de Galleis Karneis: CIL I 12,49), who may have arrived at the Adriatic coast towards the end of the 3rd cent. BC. C. are first mentioned in 181 BC as inhabiting the region later known as Aquileia: Liv. 39,22,6f.; 40,34,2; 45,6; 54,2ff. According to Str. 4,6,9, they occupied the hinterland of Aquileia, together with some Norici ( Noricum) and the Veneti (5,1,9); their relationship with these is not quite clear as, according to Str. 7,5,3, th…
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Carnifex
(103 words)
[German version] The hangman, who in Roman society as in virtually every place and time fulfilled a despised function, to be performed beyond the pale of civic life. Execution of capital punishment by the
carnifices was supervised under the Roman Republic by the
tresviri capitales . Whether they were state slaves, as was generally supposed in the past, is entirely uncertain. In Cumae and Puteoli it was the independent undertakers, during the imperial age soldiers too, who fulfilled the duties of the
carnifex. Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) Bibliography W. Kunkel, Staatsordnung …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carnion
(62 words)
[German version] (Καρνίων;
Karníōn). Tributary of the Gatheatas, modern Xerilas; the Gatheatas rises on the north-western slopes of the Taygetus and discharges into the Alpheius [1] south of Megale Polis (Paus. 8,34,5; Callim. H. 1,24). Plin. HN 4,20 mentions, possibly erroneously, an otherwise unknown Arcadian town of the same name. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Meyer, Doris (Strasbourg) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten, vol. 3, 288f.
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Carnuntum
(681 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Commerce | Legio | Legio | Limes | Pannonia Important Roman base and settlement on the Danube at the intersection of the amber trade route (running from Aquileia through the March valley to the Baltic Sea) and the road along the Danube valley, modern Petronell and Bad Deutsch-Altenburg. Its Celtic name which can be linked with the neighbouring tribe of the Carni (e.g. Old Iranian
carn‘stone mount’) indicates a (as yet unverified) pre-Roman settlement. The
locus Norici regni C., from where Tiberius set out agains…
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Carnus
(66 words)
(Κάρνος;
Kárnos). [German version] [1] Epithet of Apollo and Zeus see Carnea Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) [German version] [2] Island on the Acarnanian west coast Island on the Acarnanian west coast of Alyzeia, identified as the modern Calamus. Documentation: Scyl. 34; Plin. HN 4,53; Artem. in Steph. Byz. s.v. C. Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) Bibliography W. M. Murray, The Coastal Sites of Western Akarnania, 1982 Philippson/Kirsten 2, 390-392.
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Carnutes
(79 words)
[German version] Tribe living in Gallia Lugdunensis between the Seine and the Loire, neighbours of the Senones (Str. 4,2,3; 4,3,4; Tib. 1,7,12; Ptol. 2,8,10). After fierce resistance, they were conquered by Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 2-8 passim; Plin. HN 4,107;
Carnuti foederati). Their most important towns were Cenabum and Autricum. It was a Carnutan tradition for their druids to annually hold court in a sacred location. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Provost, Le Val de Loire dans l'Antiquité, 1993.
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Carolingian Renaissance
(6,900 words)
Strothmann, Jürgen (Bochum RWG) [German version] I. Political (CT) Strothmann, Jürgen (Bochum RWG) [German version] A. Concept (CT) The enormous renewal of Latin writing according to classical models, the extensive copying of classical writings beginning around 780 and extending well into the 9th cent., and not least the intellectual and literary efforts of numerous scholars arising apparently out of nowhere at the court of Charlemagne meant that the term renaissance, chosen by analogy with the ‘Italian Renaissan…
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Carp
(224 words)
[German version] (Family of the Cyprinidae). (1.) The carp that lives in rivers and ponds (Ath. 7,309a) (
Cyprinus carpio L.; κυπρῖνος/
kyprînos, Latin
cyprinus or
carpa) was a popular edible fish (Cassiod. Var. 12,4,1; cf. Nep. Themistocles 10,3). Aristotle describes its fleshy palate, οὐρανός/
uranós, that simulates a tongue (Hist. an. 4,8,533a 28-30), and mentions that thunderstorms drive it into a daze (Hist. an. 7(8),20,602b 23f.; Plin. HN 9,58). Supposedly it spawns five to six times a year (Aristot. Hist. an. 6,14,568a 16f.; Plin. H…
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Carpasia
(160 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Kypros | (Καρπασία, Καρπάσεια;
Karpasía,
Karpáseia). Town on the north coast of the northern tip of Cyprus -- also named C. -- north of the modern Rizokarpaso (Hellanicus FGrH 4 F 57). Remains of port installations, town walls and necropolis with chamber tombs; so far, houses from classical to Roman times have been excavated, also an early Christian basilica complex. In 306 BC, C. was captured by Demetrius [2] Poliorcetes. As an independent
pólis, C. is epigraphically verified only for the Ptolemaic period. Bishop'…
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Carpathians
(209 words)
[German version] (Καρπάτης ὄρος/Κάρπαθον ὄρος;
Karpátēs óros/
Kárpathon óros, Lat.
Carpates montes,
Carpatae,
Alpes Bastarnicae). Arch-shaped mountain range, rich in forests and water, between the Balkans ( Haemus) and the Alps, the natural border between the Balkan peninsula and the steppes of north-eastern Europe. Marinus (Ptol. 3,5,6; 15; 18; 20; 7,1; 8,1) was the first to recognize the C. as a separate mountain range, whereas they were previously mainly seen as being part of the Alps or the Haemus. Gold, …
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Carpathos
(465 words)
[German version] (Κάρπαθος;
Kárpathos, Lat.
Carpathus). With an area of
c. 332 km2the second largest island of the Dodecanes between Crete and Rhodes, with a coastal length of about 160 km (in the south the peak of Kali Limni with a height of 1220 m). The statement in Diod. Sic. (5,54,4,) that C. (the name is pre-Greek, Hom. Il. 2,676 refers to the island as Κράπαθος,
Krápathos) once belonged to the kingdom of the Minos is confirmed by archaeological finds. In the modern Karpathos on the south-eastern coast, Minoan-influenced pottery was found in a Mycenaea…
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Carpetani
(180 words)
[German version] The C. are mentioned by Pol. 3,14,2 in the context of Hannibal's expansion into central Spain as the most powerful tribal group of that region. Hannibal clashed with them when he went to war against the Olcades in 221 BC, and against the Vaccaei a year later. When he wanted to cross the Tagus, he faced opposition from the C. (Pol. 3,14,5-9). Hannibal attacked them again in 219 BC during the siege of Saguntum, alongside the Oretani (Liv. 21,11,13). In line with most Spanish trib…
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Carphyllides
(99 words)
[German version] (Καρφ-/Καρπυλλίδης;
Karph-/Karpyllídēs). Epigrammatist, probably of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager. Under the lemma Καρφυλλ- an epigrammatic epitaph is extant (Anth. Pal. 7,260), in which the deceased looks back with content onto his long life, crowned by the love of his children and grandchildren. Of lesser stylistic value is an epideictic poem, transmitted under the lemma Καρπυλλ- (9,52): The rareness of his name, which in neither of its two forms is evident anywhere else, is an argument against the assumption of two separate authors (Knaack). Albiani, Maria Grazia…
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Carpi
(130 words)
[German version] (Κάρποι;
Kárpoi). Important Dacian tribe; its original settlement area was located between Olbia and the mouth of the Danube. In the 3rd cent. AD, the C. settled in the lower Danube region. From then on, they were frequently in bloody disputes with Rome, initially in Dacia, later also in Moesia and Thrace; these opened the way into the Roman empire for other tribes, especially the Goths. From the time of the emperor Aurelian, the Romans settled individual groups of the C. in Roman …
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Carpis
(74 words)
[German version] (Κάρπις;
Kárpis). Punic settlement on the western base of the Bon peninsula (probably near Mraïssa). Sources: Plin. HN 5,24; Ptol. 4,3,7; Geogr. Rav. 37,49; 88,39; Guido 132,60). C. rose to become a
colonia in around AD 1 (CIL VIII Suppl. 4, 25417). Inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 993-998; Suppl. 1, 12454f.; Suppl. 4, 24106f. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography C. Lepelley, Les cités de l'Afrique romaine 2, 1981, 281f. P. Trousset, s.v. C., EB, 1779f.
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Carpo
(59 words)
[German version] (Καρπώ;
Karpō). Like Thallo, Auxo and Hegemon, an Attic cult name of goddesses who are concerned with fertility and the well-being of the state. Pausanias (9,35,1f.) attempts to classify them into Charites and Horae; evidently on account of its name (
karpós = ‘Fruit’, ‘Crop’) C. is regarded as one of the Horae. Schaffner, Brigitte (Basle)
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Carpocrates, Carpocratians
(213 words)
[German version] Clemens Alexandrinus (strom. 3. 2) documents a C. of Alexandria, whose son Epiphanes died early and who in a writing ‘About Justice taught that everything is common to everyone. In AD 160 Marcellina is supposed to have spread the teaching of C. in Rome (Iren. 1,25,6; Orig. 5,62). The world was created by angels; the soul has to escape from them in order to return to the eternal father; it would escape the coercion of reincarnation if it despised the earthly and the (Jewish) laws …
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Carpus
(196 words)
(Κάρπος;
Kárpos). [German version] [1] Son of Zephyrus and a certain Hore Handsome youth, son of Zephyrus and of a certain Hore ( Horae). He organizes a swimming race with Calamus, his best friend, but drowns in the event. In mourning, his friend kills himself and is turned into reeds. C. is turned into a crop of the field (Nonnus, Dion. 11,385-481). Frey, Alexandra (Basle) [German version] [2] C. of Antioch Mathematician A mathematician, who lived presumably in the 1st or 2nd cent. AD. Information on him is given in four fragments by Pappus (8,3), Proclus (in Euc…
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Carricini
(99 words)
[German version] Central Italian tribe between the Frentani and the Samnites, in whose territory lay the
municipia Cluviae and Iuvanum of the
regio IV (
Caraceni is transmitted, cf. Ptol. 3,1,66ff., but incorrect). Mentioned in connection with the Second Samnite War in 311 BC (Diod. Sic. 20,26,3f.; Liv. 9,31,2-5) and with the revolt of the Samnite Lollius against Rome, who in 269 BC found refuge with the C. (Zon. 8,7,1). Buonocore, Marco (Rome) Bibliography A. La Regina, Cluvienses Carricini, in: ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 331-340 G. Firpo, in: G. Firpo, M. Buonocore (ed.), Fonti la…
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Carrinas
(416 words)
Roman family name, presumably of Etruscan origin (in Greek also Καρείνας, Καρρείνας;
Kareínas,
Karreínas), reliably attested from the 1st cent. BC (ThlL, Onom. 2,209f.). I. Republican Age [German version] [I 1] C., C. Follower of Marius Follower of Marius, in the Civil War sent to Picenum against Pompeius in 83 BC (Plut. Pompeius 7); he was
praetor in 82 BC
, and suffered a number of defeats in northern and central Italy. After the flight of the consul Cn. Papirius Carbo to Africa, the remaining Marian military leaders united their troops with the Samn…
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Carrot
(199 words)
[German version] This biennial vegetable,
Daucus carota L., that grew wild in Europe and belonged to the family of the umbelliferous plants σταφυλῖνος (
staphylînos), was called καρωτόν (
karōtón), δαῦκον (
daûkon: Theophr. Hist. pl. 9,15,5), Latin
pastinaca,
daucus. Through cultivation the originally dry and woody root became pleasant-tasting, nutritious and sweet. Dioscorides (3,52,1 Wellmann and Berendes) describes the one purple-coloured ornamental flower of the
staphylínos ágrios in the middle of the otherwise white umbel and recommends (cf. Plin. HN 20,30…
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Carsidius Sacerdos
(54 words)
[German version] Acquitted in AD 23 of the charge that he provided grain to Tacfarinas in Africa (Tac. Ann. 4,13,3).
Praetor urbanus in 27 (InscrIt 13,1 p. 299). In 37, he was exiled to an island because of his contact with Albucilla (Tac. Ann. 6,48,4). PIR2 C 451. Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting)
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Carsioli, Carseoli
(222 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Coloniae | Coloniae A town of the Aequi on the upper course of the Turano between Arsoli and Carsòli.
Colonia latina (302-298 BC) on the
via Valeria, 42 miles from Rome. In 168 BC, Bithys, the son of the Thracian king, was exiled there. From 89 BC a
municipium of the
tribus Aniensis. Ovid staid there (Ov. Fast. 4,681ff.). Few pre-Roman remains, regular town structure with tufa walls in
opus quadratum and polygonal limestone terracing. Temple complex; 3 km to the east a votive repository of the 6th-2nd cen…
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Carsium
(100 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Roman fort on the embankment road of the Danube, built under Trajan, modern Hîrşova/Constanţa in Romania (Tab. Peut. 7,3
Carsio; It. Ant. 224; Not. Dign. or. 39,22
Carso; Geogr. Rav. 4,7,2
Carsion; Ptol. 3,10,5 Κάρσους; Procop. Aed. 4,11,20 Καρσώ). Road junction, ford across the Danube. Destroyed by the Huns, rebuilt, into the 6th cent. garrison for military units, amongst them the
legio I Italica,
ala II Hispanorum et Aravacorum,
milites Scythici. Burian, Jan (Prague) Bibliography R. Vulpe, Histoire ancienne de la Do…
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Carsulae
(167 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Umbri, Umbria Town of the imperial age (Tac. Hist. 3,60; Plin. Ep. 1,4), on the
via Flaminia between Narnia and Mevania in Umbria, on an elevated plain, a little to the north of San Gemini.
Municipium of the
tribus Clustumina. Excavations:
via Flaminia within the town area, forum (lining the
via Flaminia in the east with two small tetragonal arches, trapeziform, its southern end delimited by a temple with two
cellae), theatre, amphitheatre (86 × 62 m), cisterns. To the east of the road, the church of S. D…
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Carteia
(127 words)
[German version] Located close to the mouth of the Guadarranque near Algeciras in Spain (near Cieza, province of Murcia), C. played an important role because of its Phoenician acculturation. During the Second Punic War, the Romans defeated the fleet of the Carthaginian Adherbal [3] near C. in 206 BC. From the base of C., the Roman general Laelius began the negotiations which were to lead to the surrender of Gades (Liv. 28,30,3). In 171 BC, C. became a
colonia Latina libertorum, the first outside Italy. The town remained loyal to Rome throughout, e.g. in the war against V…
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Cartennae
(103 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Commerce | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Καρτέννα[ι], Κάρτιν[ν]α;
Karténna[i],
Kártin[n]a). Probably a Punic town in the later Mauretania Caesariensis, modern Ténès (sources: Mela 1,31; Plin. HN 5,20; Ptol. 4,2,4; It. Ant. 14,2; Aug. Epist. 93,20-22; Iulius Honorius, Cosmographia 47; Geogr. Rav. 40,46; 88,9). In around 30 BC, C. admitted a
colonia of veterans. C. was important as a harbour town, not least as a landing place for the
vexillationes, deployed in the battles against the Mauri. Inscriptions: CIL V…
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Carthage
(1,885 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Africa | Wine | | Coloniae | Africa | Etrusci, Etruria | Commerce | Colonization | Limes | Limes | Pertinax | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Punic Wars | Punic Wars | Rome | Rome (Phoenician
Qrt-ḥdšt, ‘new town’; Greek Καρχηδών/
Karchēdṓn, Lat.
Carthago). I. History [German version] A. From Phoenician foundation to Roman colony According to Timaeus' report (FGrH 566 F 60), C. was founded in 814/13 or 813/2 BC -- on the site of Tunis' modern suburb of the same name. The colonist were …
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Carthage
(5,523 words)
Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) [German version] I. Archaeological Excavations (CT) Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) [German version] A. From the beginnings to the settling of the White Fathers in 1875 (CT) Legends about the untold riches of the Punic metropolis have always fascinated treasure hunters, starting with Scipio's soldiers, who ransacked and razed the city in 146 BC, and with Pompey's legionnaires, who, two generations later, after the victory against the Numidian king Hiarbas near Utica (83 BC), scoured the nearby d…
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Carthago Nova
(350 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | | Coloniae | Commerce | Hispania, Iberia | Phoenicians, Poeni | Punic Wars | Punic Wars | Pyrenean peninsula | Rome | Rome Carthago Nova (CN) was founded by Hasdrubal in
c. 225 BC as his new centre of power in the location of Mastia (with the best harbour of the entire Spanish Mediterranean coast; modern Cartagena). The Carthaginian town was adorned with many representative buildings: a temple to the Punic deities Baal and Eshmun, palaces, docks, as well as a massi…
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Carthalo
(395 words)
(Punic *Qrthls = ‘(Ml)qrt has saved’; Greek Καρθάλων;
Karthálōn). [German version] [1] Son of Malchus (6th cent. BC), Carthaginian priest of Melqart Son of Malchus (2nd half of the 6th cent. BC?). As the Carthaginian priest of Melqart he was entrusted with presenting the tithe of the booty to the god in Tyrus but on his return refused to support his father's rebellion and was executed by him (Just. Epit. 18,7,7-15) [1. 23f.]. Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) [German version] [2] Carthaginian nauarch in 1st Punic War in 256/5-248/7 BC In the First Punic War the Carthaginian nauarc…
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Cartima
(82 words)
[German version] Modern Cártama, province of Málaga. Iberian, according to [1. 1126] Celtiberian town; mainly epigraphically verified (CIL II 1949-1962; identical with Certima in Liv. 40,47,2?). In AD 53/54, it became a
civitas libera (CIL II 1953:
decemviri), under Vespasian a
municipium civium Latinorum (CIL II 1956 and Suppl. 5488). According to inscriptions and extant remains (CIL II p. 248; Suppl. p. 876), C. also seems to have enjoyed prosperity later on. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography
1 Holder 3. Tovar 1, 132.
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Cartimandua
(139 words)
[German version] British client queen of the Brigantes, a confederation of tribes in the north of the province. In AD 51, she demonstrated her loyalty to Rome by handing over Caratacus (Tac. Ann. 12,36; Hist. 3,45). Because of their dependance on a stable northern border, several provincial governors intervened in C.'s favour in internal Brigantian conflicts: in 48 P. Ostorius Scapula (Tac. Ann. 12,32,2), and A. Didius Gallus between 52-57 [1. 48f., 231] (Ann. 12,40) by dispatching auxiliary coh…
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Cartography
(3,225 words)
I. Cartography [German version] A. Definition In the following, ‘maps’ are defined as graphic representations with the purpose of easing the understanding of spatial-geographical concepts. The extent to which Greeks and Roman produced and used maps has been the subject of controversy in recent times, not least, because it touches on the wider question of how far we can safely assume that our own cultural attitudes and expectations were shared by classical antiquity. Talbert, Richard (Chapel Hill, NC) [German version] B. The concept of maps It is obvious that antiquity had no con…
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Cartography
(1,860 words)
[English version] Maps - in the broader sense of graphical representations facilitating spatial understanding - were made by the Greeks and the Romans in many forms since early times. The assumption - still detectable in novels and films - that maps played in those cultures a role comparable to their function in our contemporary world is widespread. However, recent research is skeptical about this. It assumes that the maps used by the Greeks and the Romans were only rarely relevant for the organiz…
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Cartonnage
(132 words)
[German version] Cardboard or papier mâché made from used pieces of papyrus for making mummy bandages (for humans or animals). Common in Egypt during the Ptolemaic period (find spots: necropoleis of Ghoran, Madīnet al-Nuḥās, Al-Ḥība); a number of examples can be dated to the end of the Augustan period (find spots: Abū Ṣīr al-Malaq). Numerous 3rd-cent. BC fragments of Greek literary texts (e.g. Callimachus, Menander, Plato; list in [1]) and copies of documents (petitions or submissions/
enteúxeis to the Ptolemaic court) have been recovered from dismantled cartonnage. Dorandi, Tizia…
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Carura
(190 words)
(τὰ Κάρουρα;
tà Károura). [German version] [1] City in SW Asia Minor Town in south-western Asia Minor on the upper course of the Maeander at the border between Caria and Phrygia (Str. 12,8,17; 14,2,29), near the modern Sarayköy. Thanks to its hot springs, C. was an ancient health resort; a medical school (in the tradition of Herophilus [1]) was based near the sanctuary of Men Karu (Str. 12,8,20), halfway between C. and Laodicea [4] (2nd/1st cents. BC). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography Miller, 726 W. M. Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, 1890, 49 Ramsay 1, 164; 16…
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Carus [1]
(428 words)
(Κάρος, Κάκυρος;
Káros,
Kákyros). Celtiberian from Segeda, general of several Iberian tribes and towns that defeated the army of the consul Q. Fulvius [I 17] Nobilior on 23/ 8/153 BC. The Roman prohibition of building a wall around Segeda caused the confrontation. C. was killed while pursuing the enemy (App. Ib. 45; Diod. Sic. 31,39; Flor. Epit. 1,34 [Megaravicus]). Hispania Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) [German version] [2] Poet friend of Ovid A poet friend of Ovid (Pont. 4,13 is addressed to him; 3,5 in the
Tristiae, where the identity of the respective addressees is con…
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Carus(s)a
(34 words)
[German version] (Κάρουσσα;
Károussa). Settlement on the Paphlagonian Black Sea coast east of Sinope (Peripl. m. eux. 24; Scyl. 89; Plin. HN 6,7). Marek, Christian (Zürich) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 2244.
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Carventum
(57 words)
[German version] Town in Latium near Praeneste; member of the Latin League (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 5,61). The
arx Carventana is mentioned in connection with the disputes between Rome and the Aequi until 409 BC (Liv. 4,53,55). No traces from a later period; its identification with Roccamassima is unfounded. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography BTCGI 5, 20-28.
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Carvilius
(362 words)
Name of a plebeian (probably immigrant) family, attested in the 3rd-2nd cents. BC, but later disappeared (ThlL, Onom. 219f.; Schulze, 139, A.8; 403; 454). The quaestor and witness in the trial of Camillus in 391 BC, Sp. C. (MRR 1,93), may have been a later fabrication; there was also a chieftain of Britain by the name of C. (Caes. B Gall. 5,22,1). [German version] [1] C., L. Tribunus plebis 212 BC People's tribune in 212 BC, alongside Sp. C., perhaps his brother. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] C., Sp. Leader of a scribal school Freedman of Sp. C. Maximus Ruga, around 2…
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Carya
(71 words)
[German version] (Καρύα;
Karúa). Daughter of the Laconian King Dion, beloved of Dionysus. Her sisters, Orphe and Lyko, who lock up C., are struck with insanity by Dionysus and transformed into the cliffs of Taygetus; however C. is transformed into a walnut tree (Serv. Ecl. 8,29). According to epic poet Pherenicus, C. is, like other Hamadryads, a daughter of Oxylus and his sister Hamadryas (Ath. 3,78b). Walde, Christine (Basle)
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Caryae
(213 words)
(Καρύαι;
Karýai). [German version] [1] Arcadian settlement Arcadian settlement (χωρίον) on the southern shore of the lake of Pheneus (Paus. 8,13,6; 14,1). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) [German version] [2] Settlement in NW-Parnon This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta Settlement in the north-western Parnon range, on Sparta's north-eastern border with Arcadia, either near the modern Analipsis on the banks of the Saranda-Potamos in the north-east of the plain of Kambos, or near Arachova north of the village that once again bears th…
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Caryanda
(172 words)
[German version] (τὰ Καρύανδα;
tà Karýanda). Carian (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 242; Scyl. FGrH 709 T 1f.) harbour town between Myndus and Bargylia (Str. 14,2,20), south of the modern Güllük körfezi, originally on an offshore island (Salih adası?), later relocated to the mainland. C. was a member of the Delian League and home of the seafarer (Hdt. 4,44,1) and geographer Scylax. On Salih adası, remains of a walled settlement have been found; the mainland settlement of C., incorporated into Myndus in the 3rd cent. BC, should be located not far from Salih adası near…
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Caryatids
(390 words)
[German version] (Καρυάτιδες;
Karyátides). Female figures, mostly in long robes, used as supports for various utensils (i.a. mirror handles) or in an architectural context ( Architectural sculpture), where they replace columns, semi-columns or pilasters. According to Vitruvius (1,1,5), the term was derived from the Peloponnesian town of Caryae [2]; it cannot be found in Greek before the 4th cent. BC (Lynceus in Ath. 6,241d). In inscriptions on buildings of the 5th cent. BC (Erechtheion), caryatids are referred to as κώραι (
kṓrai). The earliest architectural caryatids occ…
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Carystius
(163 words)
[German version] (Καρύστιος;
Karýstios) of Pergamum. Greek polygraph with a wide range of interests, who probably lived in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC. The majority of fragments is found in Athenaeus, who predominantly quotes from Ἱστορικὰ ὑπομνήματα (at least 2 vols, or possibly 3 vols, if the two references ἐν τρίτῳ Ὑπομνημάτων in Ath. 12,542e; 13,577c are to be assigned to the same opus: discussion in [2]), an assorted collection of reports on various historical personalities, customs, and …
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Carystus
(487 words)
(Κάρυστος;
Kárystos, Lat.
Carystus). [German version] [1] Town in Euboia This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Macedonia, Macedones | Marble | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) Town on the coastal plain on the gulf of the same name in the south-east of Euboea, also called Karystos today; it lies about 3 km inland between the acropolis and the harbour, and was known as a foundation of the Dryopes, who in the course of the Doric migration had to leave their homela…
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Casae
(168 words)
[German version] [2] Town in the province of Numidia Town in the province of Numidia, north-east of Lambaesis, modern El Mahder. The small settlement developed into a town and -- probably under the Severan emperors -- became a
municipium (CIL VIII 1, 4327). A division of the
legio III Augusta was garrisoned there: CIL VIII Suppl. 2, 18532. Inscription: CIL VIII 1, 4322-4353; Suppl. 2, 18527-18539. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AAAlg, sheet 27, no. 141 C. Lepelley, Les cités de l'Afrique romaine 2, 1981, 400f. [German version] [1] Town in Cilicia (Κάσαι;
Kásai). Town in Cilicia …
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Casae Calbenti
(31 words)
[German version]
Statio in Mauretania Caesariensis, 15 miles from Tipasa, 32 miles from Icosium (It. Ant. 15,3-5), probably modern Castiglione. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AAAlg, sheet 4, no. 50.
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Cascellius
(132 words)
[German version] (C. Aulus Cascellius). Jurist, pupil of Volcatius, who in turn was taught by Q. Mucius Pontifex (Dig. 1,2,2,45; Plin. HN 8,144); evident in documents of 73 BC as a senator, he held no further office after his quaestorship, but dedicated himself to practical jurisprudence [2]. The
iudicium Cascellianum (Gai. Inst. 4,166a), which he had drafted, allowed the winner of a
sponsio trial to claim for material restitution within the framework of prohibitory interdicts on property (a form of interim order for the protection of property) [1] (
restitutio )…
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Casia
(119 words)
[German version] (
cassia, κασσία;
kas〈s〉ía) was the name originally given to species of Cinnamomum, especially
C.
zeylanicum ( Cinnamon, κιννάμωμον in Hdt. 3,107) and
C. cassia (from southern China, cf. Theophr. Hist. pl. 9,5,1 and 3; Dioscorides 1,13 [1. 1,17f.] = 2.1,12 [2. 35ff.]), but also, already in antiquity, to species of the genus of leguminosae
Cassia, especially the black husks of
C. fistula (
C. solutiva, κασσία μέλαινα, γλυκοκάλαμος) introduced via Alexandria. Their edible pith that acts as a laxative (called senna pulp) was used frequently also in the Middle Ages. Hü…
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Casilinum
(198 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Punic Wars Town in the border region between
ager Falernus and
ager Campanus, three miles north of Capua (Tab. Peut. 6,3; in Str. 5,3,9 instead of 24 erroneously 19 miles; cf. Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 15,4), at the strategically important bridge of the
via Appia across the Volturnus; thus also of importance in 216 BC in the war against Hannibal (Liv. 23,17ff.). After its recapture by the Romans in 214 BC (Liv. 24,19), it became a
praefectura (Fest. 262,10), but its importance quickly dwindled (Plin. HN 3,70). I…
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Casinum
(154 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Oscan, later Volscian and Samnite town in the Liris valley. Because of its location on the
via Latina, C. played a strategically important role during the Samnite wars; it probably became a
colonia Romana in 312 BC. The acropolis was located in Montecassino, a walled circle (
opus polygonale) enclosed C. on the slope south of the modern Cassino (province of Frosinone). Archaeological monuments: amphitheatre, forum (on a terrace with a temple), theatre;
villa with thermae on the Rapido, attributed to Varro; a…
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Casium
(172 words)
[German version] (Κάσιον sc. ὄρος). Hellenized form of Hurrite Ḫazzi, name of the 1,770 m high Ǧebel al-Aqra, i.e. Ṣaphon, the mount of the gods with the residence of the god Baal
c. 40 km north of Ugarit in north-western Syria. In the 1st millennium BC the Ṣaphon/Casium became the Syrio-Palestine mount of the gods ̣
par excellence; the name Casium is also to be found in the Nile delta on Lake Sirbon (Hdt. 2,6,1; 3,5,2) where the border between Egypt and Syria ran (Hdt. 2,158,4). In Syria the cult of Zeus Casius was practised on the Casium until …
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Casmenae
(415 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Κασμέναι;
Kasménai). Town in Sicily, founded by Syracuse in 644 BC (Thuc. 6,5,3); its fortified position and the lack of its own mint indicate its status as a dependent ‘military colony’. In 554/3 BC, Camarina, supported by several Siculan communities, attempted to free itself from Syracusan dependency. In the ensuing war, in which C. supported Syracuse, the town was destroyed (Dion. Hal. Epist. ad Pompeium 5,5 = FGrH 556 Philistus F 5 with the reading of 1. 2361). The remains of an inscription on a bronze…
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Casos
(163 words)
[German version] (Κάσος;
Kásos). Southernmost island of the Dodecanese, 27 nautical miles from Crete, neighbouring island to Carpathus; with a total area of 66 km2, it is 17 km long and 6 km wide, mountainous, its highest peak Mount Prionas at 600 m. Its population was of Doric origin. Some remains of the ancient town have survived near the modern Polio above the modern Fri. C. was a member of the Delian League with a tribute of 1,000 drachmas (ATL 1,302f.; 2,80; 3,24; 210). Later, C. became Rhodian, as did Carpathus…
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Caspapyrus
(82 words)
[German version] (Town in India, Hecat. in Steph. Byz.; Caspatyrus of Hdt. 4,44). Here Scylax had begun his journey with the fleet of Darius I down the Indus and through the sea to Egypt. An identification with Multan (as Kāśyapapura) in the Punjab hardly is possible; C. should rather be looked for west of the Indus, perhaps on the Kabul River, as the journey first took an easterly direction. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography K. Karttunen, India in Early Greek Literature, 1989, 41-46.
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Caspeira
(99 words)
[German version] (Κάσπειρα;
Káspeira). City of the Caspiraei in India (Ptol. 7,1,47; 49). The name C. was often associated with modern Cashmere, but whereas Ptolemaeus locates C. in the eastern Punjab, the Caspiraei's territory extends from the Punjab as far as the Vindhya mountains in the south; the Caspiraei appear therefore to have lived approximately in modern Rajasthan and Gujarāt. Ptol. (7,1,42), however, connects the land of Caspeiria with the upper reaches of the Jhelum, the Chenāb and the Rāvi, and this again rather suggests Cashmere. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliograph…
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Casperius
(192 words)
[German version] [1] C. Centurio, 1st cent. AD
Centurio. In AD 51, he tried -- in the castle of Gorneae in Armenia -- to mediate between Pharasmanes and Mithridates (Tac. Ann. 12,45f.). Corbulo sent him to the Parthian king Vologaeses in 62 (Tac. Ann. 15,5,2ff.; PIR2 C 461). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] C. Aelianus Military tribune, 2nd half of 1st cent. AD Military tribune, who accompanied Vespasian to Egypt in AD 69 (Philostr. VA 7,18). Praetorian prefect under Domitian, and once again under Nerva, when he joined an opposition group around Co…
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Caspian Sea
(290 words)
[German version] (Κασπία θάλαττα;
Kaspía thálatta; also known as ‘Hyrcanian Sea’ after the pre-Iranian Caspii or Hyrcanii who settled on its south-western shore). The world's largest drainless salt lake (371,000 km2) with
c. 50 smaller islands; in the west, it borders on the Caucasus, in the east on the Iranian highlands, in the south on the Elburz range, and in the north on the Russian lowlands. Rivers flowing into the Caspian Sea (CS) are: Volga (Tanais), Ural, Terek (Atrek), Sulak, and Kura (Cyrus). Whereas the CS was seen…
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Caspii
(49 words)
[German version] Indian mountain tribe in the Hindu Kush; the ancestors of the Kāfir (i.e. ‘the disbelieving’) in the valleys of the Kūnar, the river of Tschitral. In the records of the Persian taxation districts in Hdt. 3,93, they are summarized with the Saces. Renger, Johannes (Berlin)
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Caspii montes
(104 words)
[German version] Κάσπιον ὄρος;
Káspion óros is, according to Eratosthenes (in Str. 11,2,15), the indigenous name of the Caucasus; according to Ptol. 5,13,4 it is the mountain range separating Armenia from the Parthian province of Media (modern Talyš mountains, the border between Azerbaijan and Iran). In Mela 1,109 and Plin. HN 5,99, the Caspii montes are an independent mountain range, alongside the Caucasus, probably the Elburz mountain range with Mt. Demavend (5670 m). According to Amm. Marc. 23,6,74, they formed the northern border of the Persian empire. Plontke-Lüning, Annegre…
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Cassander
(933 words)
[German version] (Κάσσανδρος;
Kássandros). Son of Antipater [1], born before 353 BC (Ath. 1,18a), sent by his father in 324 in his place to Alexander [4] in Babylon but was mistreated by the king, which caused lifelong hatred (Plut. Alexander 74). The slander spread by the circle around Olympias that C. and his brother Iolaus [3] poisoned Alexander is repeated in several sources and also in the Alexander Romance (however, see Arr. Anab. 7,27; Plut. Alexander 74). After Alexander's death (323) …
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Cassandra
(622 words)
[German version] (Κασσάνδρα,
Kassándra, ‘who stands out among men’ [1. 54-57]; Lat. Cassandra). In the
Iliad ‘the most beautiful daughter’ of Priamus (Hom. Il. 13,366-67), who ‘compares to the golden Aphrodite’ (ibid. 24,699); Ibycus describes her as ‘she of the narrow ankles’ (fr. S 151 Davies). Beauty, youth and social status as a princess make her the paradigmatic feminine adolescent. The attempted rape on the part of Ajax [2] fits this scenario; afterwards C. sought asylum at a stature of Athena in her sanctuary, as is reported already in the
Iliupersis and in Alcaeus (S 262 Pa…
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Cassanitae
(142 words)
[German version] (Ptol. 6,7,6: Κασσανῖται; Plin. HN 6,150:
Casani; Agatharchidas in Diod. Sic. 3,45,6: Γασάνδαι/
Gasándai). People on the south-west coast of Arabia adjoining the Kinaidokolpites in the north and the Elisaroi in the south. In the area of the C. were the residence of the king
Badeṓ (Βάδεως πόλις Steph. Byz.; probably al-Badī in Asīr), the town of
Ambḗ, the village of
Mámala (probably Mamala in Asīr) and
Adḗdu (probably al-Ḥudaida). The C. should be identified with the Ghassān who originally were at home in Yemenite Tihāma before they settled in …
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Cassi
(50 words)
[German version] One of five tribes in Britannia, who surrendered to Caesar in 54 BC (Caes. B Gall. 5,21). Their settlement area, which cannot be localized exactly, was in the south-east of the island. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography A. L. F. Rivet, C. Smith, The Place-names of Roman Britain, 1979, 302.
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Cassia
(219 words)
[German version] [1] C. Mother of Avidius Cassius Wife of Avidius Heliodorus, mother of Avidius Cassius [1. 217]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] C. Marciana Wife of senator Wife of a senator, relative of Cassius Apronianus (I. Eph. 3, 710B; Raepsaet-Charlier no. 197). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] C. Paterna Wife of Iulius [II 18] Asper Wife of Iulius Asper,
cos. II AD 212 (PIR2 C 529). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 Syme, SHA-Coll., 1987. [German version] [4] C. Byzantine poet and abbess, died c. AD 800/805 (also
Cassiane and
Eicasia). Byzantine poet a…
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Cassianus, Iohannes
(433 words)
[German version] A. Biography Early church writer, born in 360, died in Marseilles in 430/35. His origins remain disputed: Scythia minor (Dobrudja) or, more likely, southern Gaul [1; 2; 3]. In his youth, he entered a monastery in Bethlehem (De inst. 4,31; Conl. 17,5); also a lengthy stay with the Egyptian monks. In the early 5th cent., C. was certainly in Constantinople, where he was consecrated as a deacon by John Chrysostom (De inst. 11,13; De incarnatione 7,31). In 404 he was in Rome, in order to…
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Cassiepea, Cassiopea, Cassiope
(158 words)
(Κασσιέπεια, Κασσιόπεια, Κασσιόπη,
Kassiépeia, Kassiópeia, Kassiópē). [German version] [1] Mistress of Zeus Daughter of Arabus, wife of the son of Agenor Phoenix, mother of Phineus, Cilix and Doryclus, by Zeus of Atymnius [2] (Hes. Cat. fr. 138; Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 86; Apollod. 3,1,2). According to Antoninus Liberalis (40), also the mother of Europe [2] and Carme (cf. Hes. Cat. fr. 140). Waldner, Katharina (Berlin) [German version] [2] Wife of Epaphus, son of Zeus Wife of Epaphus, son of Zeus and Io, mother of Libya, after whom the country of Libya is named (Hyg…
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Cassignatus
(61 words)
[German version] Celtic composite name of uncertain origin [1. 167-171; 2. 165]. Galatian prince, in 180 BC ini- tially rejected by Eumenes II, but later the leader of two
alae of Galatian cavalry on the side of Pergamum and Rome against Perseus. C. fell 171 BC in the battle by the Callinicus (Pol. 24,8; Liv. 42,57,7-9). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Evans
2 Schmidt.
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Cassiodorus
(1,366 words)
[German version] A. Life Flavius Magnus Aurelius C., a senator, born
c. AD 490, came from a family of the senatorial aristocracy -- probably of Syrian origin (the name refers to the Syrian Zeus Kasios), but for generations settled in Scylacium (Squillace in Calabria) -- which was very influential in Bruttium and Sicily (
primatus: Cassiod. Var. 1,4,14) and carried out important political tasks (PLRE 2, 263f., C. 1 and 2). As a
comes sacr. larg. of Odoacer, C.'s father (PLRE 2, 264f.) went over to Theoderic at the right time (AD 490), handed Sicily over to him without …
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Cassiope
(160 words)
[German version] (Κασσιόπη;
Kassiópē, Lat.
Cassiope). Port on the north-eastern coast of Corcyra (Korfu), modern Kassiopi. From Hellenistic times onwards (founded by Pyrrhus?) important staging point for the crossing to Italy, as used by Cicero in 50 BC (Cic. Fam. 16,9,1) and Nero in AD 66 (Suet. Nero 22,3). Zeus Kasios was venerated in C. (Plin. HN 4,52), as evident from coins [2] and inscriptions (ILS 4043; SEG 23, 395; 477) [1]. His temple was later built over with a three-naved basilica in the early Christian period [3; 4]. In late antique itineraries, C. (
Cassiape,
Cassiope) is used…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Cassiphone
(117 words)
[German version] (Κασσιφόνη,
Kassiphónē, ‘Fratricide’). Daughter of Odysseus and of Circe, therefore sister of Telegonus. C. is mentioned in description at Lycoph. 807ff.; the name itself is mentioned only in the Commentary of Tzetzes. This figure is probably a late classical or Hellenistic invention, intended to expand the structure of Telegonia: there Telegonus, whom he does not know, kills his father Odysseus and marries his stepmother Penelope; Telemachus, on the other hand, marries his step…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Cassius
(5,432 words)
Name of a plebeian
gens (cf. Tac. Ann. 6,15,1), the representatives of whom have been known historically since the middle of the 3rd cent. BC. The most important family, especially in the 1st cent. BC, are the Cassii Longini. A patrician C. (around 500 BC, C. I 19) is rare. I. Republican age [German version] [I 1] C., C. Governor of Asia 89-88 BC Praetor 90 BC (?), in 89-88 governor of the province of Asia whence he, with M'. Aquillius [I 4], induced Nicomedes of Bithynia to attack Mithridates (MRR 2,34). He then had to retreat from the victorious Mithridat…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Cassivellaunus
(90 words)
[German version] Britannic king north of the Thames. In 54 BC commander in chief of the Britannic troops against Caesar upon whom C's guerilla tactics inflicted heavy losses. After the fall of the Trinovantes and four other tribes, Caesar succeeded in advancing to C.'s
oppidum. With the mediation of the Atrebate Commius a peace treaty was signed that placed the Trinovantes under the protection of Rome and agreed upon the giving of hostages and a tribute (
vectigal) (Caes. B Gall. 5,11,8; 18,1ff.; Cic. Att. 4,18,5). Kunst, Christiane (Potsdam)
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Cassope
(280 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Κασσώπη;
Kassṓpē). City in south-western Epirus near the modern Kamarina, main city of the Thesprotian tribe of the Cassopaei (Κασσωπαῖοι, Str. 7,7,1; 7,7,5 and inscriptions; Κασσωποί, Scyl. 31); they settled in an area of about 900 km2 -- very fertile in its southern parts -- between the Gulf of Ambracia, the Ionian Sea and the Acheron (map: [6. 116]). Within this tribal territory lay the Elean colonies of Buchetium, Elatria, Pandosia, and Batiae (localization…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Castabala
(133 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pompeius | Rome (Καστάβαλα;
Kastábala). Situated on the north-eastern edge of the Cilician plain near Karatepe, C. was a cult centre of Artemis Perasia (Str. 12,2,7; [2]; the goddess Kubaba ( Cybele) of
Kaštabalay is already mentioned in an Aramaic text of the 5th/4th cents. [1]). From the time of Antiochus [6] IV, C. was a polis, bearing the name of
Hierapolis (coins). From about 63 BC-AD 17, it was probably the seat of a dynasty of client kings (Tarkondimotos). Roman buildings: theatre, stadium, c…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Castabos
(208 words)
[German version] (Κάσταβος;
Kástabos). Site in the north-west of the Carian Chersonesus (Bozburun Yarımadası) in the hinterland of the Bay of Bybassus (the modern Hisarönü), to the east above ancient Bybassus (the modern Hisarönü) in the Rhodian Peraea. On the Pazarlık, a ridge of the Eren Dağı, remains of an Ionic peripteros (
c. 300 BC), a small theatre and further structures belonging to the much-visited sanctuary of Hemithea (Diod. Sic. 5,62 f.), a goddess of healing whose originally Carian cult, traceable back to the end of the 7th cent. BC…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly