Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Carmen famosum
(180 words)
[German version] The carmen famosum (CF) (according to Paulus, Sent. 5,4,6) or
malum carmen (defamatory poem) is a criminal offence like the
occentatio placed beside each other in the Tabulae duodecim (8,1). It is possible that this crime was only barely comprehensible even for ancient writers (e.g. Cic. Rep. 4,12), particularly because of the extremely severe penalty for mere defamation: probably death penalty. It was a matter of private punishment, though, so it was barely more than a legally p…
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Carmen Saliare
(161 words)
[German version] Hymn of the Salii. This cultic song in 35 fragments of unknown sequence, partly in saturnians, is only preserved by antiquarians ( Antiquarian; C. Arvale, C. Saeculare); a commentary on it was written by Aelius Stilo in the 1st cent. BC. It was regarded as belonging to the oldest Roman poetry (Varro, Ling. 7,3). Its age is uncertain, addenda probably date from as late as the 2nd cent. AD (SHA Aur. 21). It begins with a general
invocatio, the
axamenta (Paul. Fest. 3,12-15 L). Of the extant invocations of the gods, only Jupiter can be identified with ce…
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Carmentis
(253 words)
[German version] (In Greek always, in Latin very rarely Carmenta). Roman goddess of birth and ‘everything future’ (Fast. Praenestini on 11 January). Even if in historical times, she was overshadowed by related female deities (especially Iuno Lucina), her old importance is evident in the existence of a Flamen Carmentalis. Her sanctuary lay between the Capitol and the Tiber at the Porta Carmentalis [1] and was regarded as being founded by the matrons at the resumption of births after a birth-strike…
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Carmina triumphalia
(181 words)
[German version] Song of the soldiers, whose parade concluded a triumphal procession. There is evidence to show that in the
carmina triumphalia, the triumphant general received both praise (Liv. 4,20,2) and mockery. The reported antiphony may particularly refer to the latter (Liv. 4,53,11). Obscene ridicule and satire in this context were generally compared with the satirical poetry at weddings (Fescennine verses); they were seen as apotropaic, or rather seen as a further admonishment along with the
hominem te esse memento of the bearer of the
corona triumphalis. The evidence is …
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Carminius
(326 words)
[German version] [1] (M. Ulpius) C. Athenagoras Official, 2nd cent. AD Proconsul of Lycia-Pamphylia,
cos. suff. possibly under Commodus [1. 151]. The family came from Attuda (for his relatives: EOS 2, 633). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [1a] C. C. Gallus Suffect consul AD 120 Suffect consul AD 120 [1]. Probably to be identified with the proconsular legate of the same name. PIR2 A 1065. Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography
1 W. Eck, P. Weiß, Hadrianische Suffektconsuln: Neue Zeugnisse aus Militärdiplomen, in: Chiron 32, 2002 (in print). [German version] [2] L.C. Lusitan…
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Carmo
(107 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Hispania, Iberia | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pyrenean peninsula Settlement of the Turdetani, modern Carmona (province of Sevilla in Spain). C. rose to importance during the conflicts between Rome and Carthage (3rd/2nd cents. BC; App. Ib. 25; Liv. 33,21,6ff.). Caes. B Civ. 2,19,4 and Str. 3,2,2 refer to C. as one of the most important towns of Baetica. The names of some of the officials of this
municipium civium
Romanorum or
Latinorum are known from coins [1. 199] and from inscriptions (CIL II 1378ff.; 5120). Barceló, Pedro (Pots…
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Carna
(209 words)
[German version] Roman goddess whose temple was vowed and founded on the Caelius mons by the first Brutus immediately after the expulsion of the Tarquinii; (Macrob. Sat. 1,12,31). Its foundation day is 1 June, the festival of the
Carnaria (CIL III 3893). C. received offerings of bacon and bean gruel (Macrob. Sat. 1,12,32; cf. Ov. Fast. 6,169-182:
Kalendae fabariae), which suggest a simple, old-fashioned way of life (Ovid) or which are meant to depict C. as a protector of physical strength (Macr.). The authors state that her role is the protection of …
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Carnation
(212 words)
[German version] As we do not know of any ancient name, we cannot clarify whether the carnation was found in ancient times. Possibly it is meant by the name Διὸς ἄνθος/
Diòs ánthos, ‘flower of Zeus’ Latin
Iovis flos, from which the modern name of the genus,
Dianthus, is also derived. At any rate, of the 65 representatives that grow in Greece from among the 120 wild European species of carnation, 20 are regarded as endemic [1. 81]. In the shrub-like Cretan carnation,
Dianthus arboreus, archaeologists see the model for wall paintings in the palace of Knossos. As Zeus is said to …
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Carnea, Carneus, Carnus
(1,177 words)
[German version] (Κάρνεια, Κάρνειος, Κάρνος;
Kárneia,
Kárneios,
Kárnos). The C. was a standard Dorian midsummer festival dedicated to Apollo Carneus (to the ‘ram’-Apollo, cf. Hsch. s.v. κάρνος ... πρόβατον) with musical agons (Hellanicus of Lesbos, FGrH 4 F 85). It was allegedly institutionalized in 676/3 BC (Sosibius, FGrH 595 F 3). Part of the festival was the sacrifice of a ram: in Theocritus (5,82f.) a shepherd raises a choice ram just for the C. The epithet Carneus did not belong solely to Apollo…
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Carneades
(628 words)
(Καρνεάδης;
Karneádēs). [German version] [1] Academic philosopher from the 3rd/2nd cent. BC Academic philosopher, born 214/3 (or 219/8 BC) in Cyrene, died 129/8 in Athens. He probably came to Athens as a young man, later receiving rights of citizenship. After studying i. a. under the Stoic Diogenes [15] of Babylon he joined the Academy, taking over leadership from another of his masters, Hegesinus [1], in around 164/60. He gave up the leadership in 137/6, thus long before his death, perhaps for health re…
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Carneiscus
(86 words)
[German version] (Καρνεΐσκος;
Karneískos). Pupil of Epicurus, originating in Asia Minor, perhaps from Cos or Rhodes. In his work Φιλίστας (
Philístas), comprising at least two volumes, he wrote on the Epicurean concept of friendship. The end of the 2nd volume (extant in PHercul. 1027) is dedicated to one Zopyrus, otherwise unknown. C. expresses his disagreement with the Peripatetic philosopher Praxiphanes, criticizing his writing on friendship for suggesting improper forms of relationship between friends. Epicurean School Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bibliography T. Dorandi,…
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Carni
(210 words)
[German version] Celtic tribe (cf. triumph of M. Aemilius Scaurus
de Galleis Karneis: CIL I 12,49), who may have arrived at the Adriatic coast towards the end of the 3rd cent. BC. C. are first mentioned in 181 BC as inhabiting the region later known as Aquileia: Liv. 39,22,6f.; 40,34,2; 45,6; 54,2ff. According to Str. 4,6,9, they occupied the hinterland of Aquileia, together with some Norici ( Noricum) and the Veneti (5,1,9); their relationship with these is not quite clear as, according to Str. 7,5,3, th…
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Carnifex
(103 words)
[German version] The hangman, who in Roman society as in virtually every place and time fulfilled a despised function, to be performed beyond the pale of civic life. Execution of capital punishment by the
carnifices was supervised under the Roman Republic by the
tresviri capitales . Whether they were state slaves, as was generally supposed in the past, is entirely uncertain. In Cumae and Puteoli it was the independent undertakers, during the imperial age soldiers too, who fulfilled the duties of the
carnifex. Schiemann, Gottfried (Tübingen) Bibliography W. Kunkel, Staatsordnung …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carnion
(62 words)
[German version] (Καρνίων;
Karníōn). Tributary of the Gatheatas, modern Xerilas; the Gatheatas rises on the north-western slopes of the Taygetus and discharges into the Alpheius [1] south of Megale Polis (Paus. 8,34,5; Callim. H. 1,24). Plin. HN 4,20 mentions, possibly erroneously, an otherwise unknown Arcadian town of the same name. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Meyer, Doris (Strasbourg) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten, vol. 3, 288f.
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Carnuntum
(681 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Commerce | Legio | Legio | Limes | Pannonia Important Roman base and settlement on the Danube at the intersection of the amber trade route (running from Aquileia through the March valley to the Baltic Sea) and the road along the Danube valley, modern Petronell and Bad Deutsch-Altenburg. Its Celtic name which can be linked with the neighbouring tribe of the Carni (e.g. Old Iranian
carn‘stone mount’) indicates a (as yet unverified) pre-Roman settlement. The
locus Norici regni C., from where Tiberius set out agains…
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Carnus
(66 words)
(Κάρνος;
Kárnos). [German version] [1] Epithet of Apollo and Zeus see Carnea Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) [German version] [2] Island on the Acarnanian west coast Island on the Acarnanian west coast of Alyzeia, identified as the modern Calamus. Documentation: Scyl. 34; Plin. HN 4,53; Artem. in Steph. Byz. s.v. C. Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) Bibliography W. M. Murray, The Coastal Sites of Western Akarnania, 1982 Philippson/Kirsten 2, 390-392.
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Carnutes
(79 words)
[German version] Tribe living in Gallia Lugdunensis between the Seine and the Loire, neighbours of the Senones (Str. 4,2,3; 4,3,4; Tib. 1,7,12; Ptol. 2,8,10). After fierce resistance, they were conquered by Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 2-8 passim; Plin. HN 4,107;
Carnuti foederati). Their most important towns were Cenabum and Autricum. It was a Carnutan tradition for their druids to annually hold court in a sacred location. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Provost, Le Val de Loire dans l'Antiquité, 1993.
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Carolingian Renaissance
(6,900 words)
Strothmann, Jürgen (Bochum RWG) [German version] I. Political (CT) Strothmann, Jürgen (Bochum RWG) [German version] A. Concept (CT) The enormous renewal of Latin writing according to classical models, the extensive copying of classical writings beginning around 780 and extending well into the 9th cent., and not least the intellectual and literary efforts of numerous scholars arising apparently out of nowhere at the court of Charlemagne meant that the term renaissance, chosen by analogy with the ‘Italian Renaissan…
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Carp
(224 words)
[German version] (Family of the Cyprinidae). (1.) The carp that lives in rivers and ponds (Ath. 7,309a) (
Cyprinus carpio L.; κυπρῖνος/
kyprînos, Latin
cyprinus or
carpa) was a popular edible fish (Cassiod. Var. 12,4,1; cf. Nep. Themistocles 10,3). Aristotle describes its fleshy palate, οὐρανός/
uranós, that simulates a tongue (Hist. an. 4,8,533a 28-30), and mentions that thunderstorms drive it into a daze (Hist. an. 7(8),20,602b 23f.; Plin. HN 9,58). Supposedly it spawns five to six times a year (Aristot. Hist. an. 6,14,568a 16f.; Plin. H…
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Carpasia
(160 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Kypros | (Καρπασία, Καρπάσεια;
Karpasía,
Karpáseia). Town on the north coast of the northern tip of Cyprus -- also named C. -- north of the modern Rizokarpaso (Hellanicus FGrH 4 F 57). Remains of port installations, town walls and necropolis with chamber tombs; so far, houses from classical to Roman times have been excavated, also an early Christian basilica complex. In 306 BC, C. was captured by Demetrius [2] Poliorcetes. As an independent
pólis, C. is epigraphically verified only for the Ptolemaic period. Bishop'…
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Carpathians
(209 words)
[German version] (Καρπάτης ὄρος/Κάρπαθον ὄρος;
Karpátēs óros/
Kárpathon óros, Lat.
Carpates montes,
Carpatae,
Alpes Bastarnicae). Arch-shaped mountain range, rich in forests and water, between the Balkans ( Haemus) and the Alps, the natural border between the Balkan peninsula and the steppes of north-eastern Europe. Marinus (Ptol. 3,5,6; 15; 18; 20; 7,1; 8,1) was the first to recognize the C. as a separate mountain range, whereas they were previously mainly seen as being part of the Alps or the Haemus. Gold, …
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Carpathos
(465 words)
[German version] (Κάρπαθος;
Kárpathos, Lat.
Carpathus). With an area of
c. 332 km2the second largest island of the Dodecanes between Crete and Rhodes, with a coastal length of about 160 km (in the south the peak of Kali Limni with a height of 1220 m). The statement in Diod. Sic. (5,54,4,) that C. (the name is pre-Greek, Hom. Il. 2,676 refers to the island as Κράπαθος,
Krápathos) once belonged to the kingdom of the Minos is confirmed by archaeological finds. In the modern Karpathos on the south-eastern coast, Minoan-influenced pottery was found in a Mycenaea…
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Carpetani
(180 words)
[German version] The C. are mentioned by Pol. 3,14,2 in the context of Hannibal's expansion into central Spain as the most powerful tribal group of that region. Hannibal clashed with them when he went to war against the Olcades in 221 BC, and against the Vaccaei a year later. When he wanted to cross the Tagus, he faced opposition from the C. (Pol. 3,14,5-9). Hannibal attacked them again in 219 BC during the siege of Saguntum, alongside the Oretani (Liv. 21,11,13). In line with most Spanish trib…
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Carphyllides
(99 words)
[German version] (Καρφ-/Καρπυλλίδης;
Karph-/Karpyllídēs). Epigrammatist, probably of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager. Under the lemma Καρφυλλ- an epigrammatic epitaph is extant (Anth. Pal. 7,260), in which the deceased looks back with content onto his long life, crowned by the love of his children and grandchildren. Of lesser stylistic value is an epideictic poem, transmitted under the lemma Καρπυλλ- (9,52): The rareness of his name, which in neither of its two forms is evident anywhere else, is an argument against the assumption of two separate authors (Knaack). Albiani, Maria Grazia…
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Carpi
(130 words)
[German version] (Κάρποι;
Kárpoi). Important Dacian tribe; its original settlement area was located between Olbia and the mouth of the Danube. In the 3rd cent. AD, the C. settled in the lower Danube region. From then on, they were frequently in bloody disputes with Rome, initially in Dacia, later also in Moesia and Thrace; these opened the way into the Roman empire for other tribes, especially the Goths. From the time of the emperor Aurelian, the Romans settled individual groups of the C. in Roman …
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Carpis
(74 words)
[German version] (Κάρπις;
Kárpis). Punic settlement on the western base of the Bon peninsula (probably near Mraïssa). Sources: Plin. HN 5,24; Ptol. 4,3,7; Geogr. Rav. 37,49; 88,39; Guido 132,60). C. rose to become a
colonia in around AD 1 (CIL VIII Suppl. 4, 25417). Inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 993-998; Suppl. 1, 12454f.; Suppl. 4, 24106f. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography C. Lepelley, Les cités de l'Afrique romaine 2, 1981, 281f. P. Trousset, s.v. C., EB, 1779f.
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Carpo
(59 words)
[German version] (Καρπώ;
Karpō). Like Thallo, Auxo and Hegemon, an Attic cult name of goddesses who are concerned with fertility and the well-being of the state. Pausanias (9,35,1f.) attempts to classify them into Charites and Horae; evidently on account of its name (
karpós = ‘Fruit’, ‘Crop’) C. is regarded as one of the Horae. Schaffner, Brigitte (Basle)
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Carpocrates, Carpocratians
(213 words)
[German version] Clemens Alexandrinus (strom. 3. 2) documents a C. of Alexandria, whose son Epiphanes died early and who in a writing ‘About Justice taught that everything is common to everyone. In AD 160 Marcellina is supposed to have spread the teaching of C. in Rome (Iren. 1,25,6; Orig. 5,62). The world was created by angels; the soul has to escape from them in order to return to the eternal father; it would escape the coercion of reincarnation if it despised the earthly and the (Jewish) laws …
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Carpus
(196 words)
(Κάρπος;
Kárpos). [German version] [1] Son of Zephyrus and a certain Hore Handsome youth, son of Zephyrus and of a certain Hore ( Horae). He organizes a swimming race with Calamus, his best friend, but drowns in the event. In mourning, his friend kills himself and is turned into reeds. C. is turned into a crop of the field (Nonnus, Dion. 11,385-481). Frey, Alexandra (Basle) [German version] [2] C. of Antioch Mathematician A mathematician, who lived presumably in the 1st or 2nd cent. AD. Information on him is given in four fragments by Pappus (8,3), Proclus (in Euc…
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Carricini
(99 words)
[German version] Central Italian tribe between the Frentani and the Samnites, in whose territory lay the
municipia Cluviae and Iuvanum of the
regio IV (
Caraceni is transmitted, cf. Ptol. 3,1,66ff., but incorrect). Mentioned in connection with the Second Samnite War in 311 BC (Diod. Sic. 20,26,3f.; Liv. 9,31,2-5) and with the revolt of the Samnite Lollius against Rome, who in 269 BC found refuge with the C. (Zon. 8,7,1). Buonocore, Marco (Rome) Bibliography A. La Regina, Cluvienses Carricini, in: ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 331-340 G. Firpo, in: G. Firpo, M. Buonocore (ed.), Fonti la…
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Carrinas
(416 words)
Roman family name, presumably of Etruscan origin (in Greek also Καρείνας, Καρρείνας;
Kareínas,
Karreínas), reliably attested from the 1st cent. BC (ThlL, Onom. 2,209f.). I. Republican Age [German version] [I 1] C., C. Follower of Marius Follower of Marius, in the Civil War sent to Picenum against Pompeius in 83 BC (Plut. Pompeius 7); he was
praetor in 82 BC
, and suffered a number of defeats in northern and central Italy. After the flight of the consul Cn. Papirius Carbo to Africa, the remaining Marian military leaders united their troops with the Samn…
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Carrot
(199 words)
[German version] This biennial vegetable,
Daucus carota L., that grew wild in Europe and belonged to the family of the umbelliferous plants σταφυλῖνος (
staphylînos), was called καρωτόν (
karōtón), δαῦκον (
daûkon: Theophr. Hist. pl. 9,15,5), Latin
pastinaca,
daucus. Through cultivation the originally dry and woody root became pleasant-tasting, nutritious and sweet. Dioscorides (3,52,1 Wellmann and Berendes) describes the one purple-coloured ornamental flower of the
staphylínos ágrios in the middle of the otherwise white umbel and recommends (cf. Plin. HN 20,30…
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Carsidius Sacerdos
(54 words)
[German version] Acquitted in AD 23 of the charge that he provided grain to Tacfarinas in Africa (Tac. Ann. 4,13,3).
Praetor urbanus in 27 (InscrIt 13,1 p. 299). In 37, he was exiled to an island because of his contact with Albucilla (Tac. Ann. 6,48,4). PIR2 C 451. Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting)
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Carsioli, Carseoli
(222 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Tribus | Coloniae | Coloniae A town of the Aequi on the upper course of the Turano between Arsoli and Carsòli.
Colonia latina (302-298 BC) on the
via Valeria, 42 miles from Rome. In 168 BC, Bithys, the son of the Thracian king, was exiled there. From 89 BC a
municipium of the
tribus Aniensis. Ovid staid there (Ov. Fast. 4,681ff.). Few pre-Roman remains, regular town structure with tufa walls in
opus quadratum and polygonal limestone terracing. Temple complex; 3 km to the east a votive repository of the 6th-2nd cen…
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Carsium
(100 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Roman fort on the embankment road of the Danube, built under Trajan, modern Hîrşova/Constanţa in Romania (Tab. Peut. 7,3
Carsio; It. Ant. 224; Not. Dign. or. 39,22
Carso; Geogr. Rav. 4,7,2
Carsion; Ptol. 3,10,5 Κάρσους; Procop. Aed. 4,11,20 Καρσώ). Road junction, ford across the Danube. Destroyed by the Huns, rebuilt, into the 6th cent. garrison for military units, amongst them the
legio I Italica,
ala II Hispanorum et Aravacorum,
milites Scythici. Burian, Jan (Prague) Bibliography R. Vulpe, Histoire ancienne de la Do…
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Carsulae
(167 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Umbri, Umbria Town of the imperial age (Tac. Hist. 3,60; Plin. Ep. 1,4), on the
via Flaminia between Narnia and Mevania in Umbria, on an elevated plain, a little to the north of San Gemini.
Municipium of the
tribus Clustumina. Excavations:
via Flaminia within the town area, forum (lining the
via Flaminia in the east with two small tetragonal arches, trapeziform, its southern end delimited by a temple with two
cellae), theatre, amphitheatre (86 × 62 m), cisterns. To the east of the road, the church of S. D…
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Carteia
(127 words)
[German version] Located close to the mouth of the Guadarranque near Algeciras in Spain (near Cieza, province of Murcia), C. played an important role because of its Phoenician acculturation. During the Second Punic War, the Romans defeated the fleet of the Carthaginian Adherbal [3] near C. in 206 BC. From the base of C., the Roman general Laelius began the negotiations which were to lead to the surrender of Gades (Liv. 28,30,3). In 171 BC, C. became a
colonia Latina libertorum, the first outside Italy. The town remained loyal to Rome throughout, e.g. in the war against V…
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Cartennae
(103 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae | Commerce | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Καρτέννα[ι], Κάρτιν[ν]α;
Karténna[i],
Kártin[n]a). Probably a Punic town in the later Mauretania Caesariensis, modern Ténès (sources: Mela 1,31; Plin. HN 5,20; Ptol. 4,2,4; It. Ant. 14,2; Aug. Epist. 93,20-22; Iulius Honorius, Cosmographia 47; Geogr. Rav. 40,46; 88,9). In around 30 BC, C. admitted a
colonia of veterans. C. was important as a harbour town, not least as a landing place for the
vexillationes, deployed in the battles against the Mauri. Inscriptions: CIL V…
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Carthage
(1,885 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Africa | Wine | | Coloniae | Africa | Etrusci, Etruria | Commerce | Colonization | Limes | Limes | Pertinax | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Punic Wars | Punic Wars | Rome | Rome (Phoenician
Qrt-ḥdšt, ‘new town’; Greek Καρχηδών/
Karchēdṓn, Lat.
Carthago). I. History [German version] A. From Phoenician foundation to Roman colony According to Timaeus' report (FGrH 566 F 60), C. was founded in 814/13 or 813/2 BC -- on the site of Tunis' modern suburb of the same name. The colonist were …
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Carthage
(5,523 words)
Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) [German version] I. Archaeological Excavations (CT) Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) [German version] A. From the beginnings to the settling of the White Fathers in 1875 (CT) Legends about the untold riches of the Punic metropolis have always fascinated treasure hunters, starting with Scipio's soldiers, who ransacked and razed the city in 146 BC, and with Pompey's legionnaires, who, two generations later, after the victory against the Numidian king Hiarbas near Utica (83 BC), scoured the nearby d…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carthago Nova
(350 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Caesar | | Coloniae | Commerce | Hispania, Iberia | Phoenicians, Poeni | Punic Wars | Punic Wars | Pyrenean peninsula | Rome | Rome Carthago Nova (CN) was founded by Hasdrubal in
c. 225 BC as his new centre of power in the location of Mastia (with the best harbour of the entire Spanish Mediterranean coast; modern Cartagena). The Carthaginian town was adorned with many representative buildings: a temple to the Punic deities Baal and Eshmun, palaces, docks, as well as a massi…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carthalo
(395 words)
(Punic *Qrthls = ‘(Ml)qrt has saved’; Greek Καρθάλων;
Karthálōn). [German version] [1] Son of Malchus (6th cent. BC), Carthaginian priest of Melqart Son of Malchus (2nd half of the 6th cent. BC?). As the Carthaginian priest of Melqart he was entrusted with presenting the tithe of the booty to the god in Tyrus but on his return refused to support his father's rebellion and was executed by him (Just. Epit. 18,7,7-15) [1. 23f.]. Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) [German version] [2] Carthaginian nauarch in 1st Punic War in 256/5-248/7 BC In the First Punic War the Carthaginian nauarc…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Cartima
(82 words)
[German version] Modern Cártama, province of Málaga. Iberian, according to [1. 1126] Celtiberian town; mainly epigraphically verified (CIL II 1949-1962; identical with Certima in Liv. 40,47,2?). In AD 53/54, it became a
civitas libera (CIL II 1953:
decemviri), under Vespasian a
municipium civium Latinorum (CIL II 1956 and Suppl. 5488). According to inscriptions and extant remains (CIL II p. 248; Suppl. p. 876), C. also seems to have enjoyed prosperity later on. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography
1 Holder 3. Tovar 1, 132.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Cartimandua
(139 words)
[German version] British client queen of the Brigantes, a confederation of tribes in the north of the province. In AD 51, she demonstrated her loyalty to Rome by handing over Caratacus (Tac. Ann. 12,36; Hist. 3,45). Because of their dependance on a stable northern border, several provincial governors intervened in C.'s favour in internal Brigantian conflicts: in 48 P. Ostorius Scapula (Tac. Ann. 12,32,2), and A. Didius Gallus between 52-57 [1. 48f., 231] (Ann. 12,40) by dispatching auxiliary coh…
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Brill’s New Pauly