Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Castalia
(253 words)
[German version] (Κασταλία;
Kastalía, Lat.
Castalia). Spring in Delphi, dedicated to Apollo and the Muses, located at the exit of the gorge of the Phaedriades, its waters discharging into the river Pappadia; according to a -- geologically incorrect -- ancient assumption, the spring was fed by the Cephissus [1], which flows on the opposite slope of Mount Parnassus (Paus. 10,8,9f.; schol. Pind. Paean 6,5; POxy. 5, 841). In literature, C. is often used synonymously with Delphi. The Castalian water, wh…
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Cast; Cast collections
(2,843 words)
Kader, Ingeborg (München RWG) Cast/Cast Collection (CT) [German version] 1: Definition (CT) A cast is made by mechanically moulding an already existing plastic work of art or model. Designations such as copy, replicate or reproduction should account for this characteristic on a linguistic level, and always imply a lower valuation; in contrast, one speaks of a replica when the model is reproduced using the same manufacturing method. In everyday language, the notion of a copy somewhat vaguely designates both …
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Castel d'Asso
(184 words)
[German version] Medieval fortress west of Viterbo on the site of the Roman Castellum Axia (Cic. Caecin. 7,20), situated on a tuff plateau that falls away steeply to water courses to the west, north and south. The tuff spur is protected from the hinterland by three ditches. In archaic times, the settlement stretched as far as the eastern ditch, but in the Hellenistic period it was situated only on the western part of the spur. On the steep slopes on the north opposite the medieval castle there is …
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Castel di Decima
(188 words)
[German version] Medieval fortress 18 km south of Rome on the via Laurentina. On the hill of the castle there is a settlement from the 8th-6th cents. BC with a large necropolis from which since 1971
c. 350 tombs have been systematically examined. The settlement was protected by two watercourses, the third side was fortified in the 8th cent. BC by an embankment to which a wall made of large regular tuff blocks was bonded at the end of the 7th cent. In the 6th cent. BC a large fortification wall made of regular tuff stone blocks in …
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Castellina del Marangone
(174 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria Small settlement close to the coast on a hill above the mouth of the river Marangone between Tarquinia and Caere; the walled settlement was continuously settled from the late Bronze Age to 1st cent. BC. A few remnants of the buildings have been excavated or are visible in the terrain. Sprawling necropolises to the coast; shrines outside the town on the coast at Punta della Vipera and at the mouth of the Marangone. Since the 6th…
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Castellina-in-Chianti
(156 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria At the northern town exit lies a large Etruscan grave tumulus (so-called Monte Calvario; diameter 53m; height 40 m) with chambers facing the four points of the compass. The south and west tombs have rectangular burial chambers, dromos and two dromos cells, the central burial chamber is missing in the east tomb, whilst the dromos cells are missing in the north tomb. All the tombs are built of limestone slabs corbelled to the ceili…
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Castellum
(529 words)
I. Roman [German version] [I 1] According to Veg. Mil. 3,8 (
Nam a castris diminutivo vocabulo sunt nuncupata castella) the
castella are relatively small camps that are probably distinguishable from the permanent auxiliary camps and tended to be established in a rather
ad hoc manner to secure supplies or as part of a larger fortification (Veg. Mil. ibid.).
Castella are probably comparable in size and number of garrisons with the ‘small citadels’ of the limes or the
burgi (Veg. Mil. 4,10:
castellum parvulum, quem burgum vocant). Herz, Peter (Regensburg) [German version] [I 2] Rural part o…
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Casthanaea
(97 words)
[German version] (Κασθαναία;
Kasthanaía). Near C. (‘village’, Str. 9,5,22) on the Magnesian east coast, the Persian fleet foundered in a storm in 480 BC (Hdt. 7,188; Persian War). In around 290 BC, C. was included in the
synoikismós following the foundation of Demetrias [1]. Coins were minted at the time Constantine (coin finds). C. is equated with the as yet hardly investigated ruins near the modern Keramidion. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography H. Kramolisch, s.v. K., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 310 W. K. Pritchett, Xerxes' Fleet at the ‘Ovens’, in: AJA 47, 1963, 1ff. F. …
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Castianera
(50 words)
[German version] (Καστιάνειρα;
Kastiáneira). Legitimate concubine of Priamus, mother of Gorgythion who was killed by Teucer (Hom. Il. 8,302ff.). She is from Aesyme in Thrace: Priamus' marriage policy creates a widespread network of relationships to diverse coalition partners. Stoevesandt, Magdalene (Basle) Bibliography G. Wickert-Micknat, Die Frau (ArchHom R), 1982, 83.
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Casticus
(79 words)
[German version] Celtic compound name from
-ico- [1. 330-331]. Son of Catamantaledes, king of the Sequani, ‘the one who defeats the enemy in battle’ [1. 66-69; 2. 166-167]. C. was persuaded by Orgetorix in 59 BC to seize royal power in his house as his father had apparently died. The triple alliance between C., Orgetorix and Dumnorix failed because of the death of Orgetorix (Caes. B Gall 1,3,4). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Evans.
2 Schmidt. H. Bannert, s.v. C., RE Suppl. 15, 84-87.
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Castigatio
(189 words)
[German version] Expression describing an educational measure, as can be inferred from the meaning of the word (
castum agere, ‘to make pure’). The person carrying out the punishment is often excluded from liability for the consequences of
castigatio upon the punished: thus the master punishing his apprentice (e.g. Dig. 9,2,5,3). The same goes for the
paterfamilias with regard to his children and the master to his slaves (Dig. 7,1,23,1; 48,19,16,2).
Castigatio as a policing or juridical measure is partly linked to such private authority-based relationships: by the …
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Castillo Doña Blanca
(102 words)
[German version] Prehistoric Tartessian, fortified proto-urban settlement with a harbour at the ancient junction of the Río Guadalete and the Bahía de Cádiz, now a hill in the alluvial land east of the port of Puerto de S. Maria, since the 8th cent. BC obviously with a large proportion of Phoenician settlers and a cultural strongly Oriental profile to match. From the necropolis (
de las Cumbres) are tomb inventories typically influenced by the Orient. Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) Bibliography D. Ruiz Mata, in: Madrider Mitteil. 27, 1986, 87ff. Id., C. J. Pérez, El poblado fenicio d…
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Castinus
(82 words)
[German version] Flavius C., in 420/21 worked as a
comes domesticus in Gaul; in 422 as
mag. militum of the Honorius he unsuccessfully fought the Vandals at the Baetica, he fell out with Bonifatius who evaded him and went to Africa. In 423 C. probably supported the usurpation of Iohannes and remained in office, becoming
cos. in 424 but achieving no recognition in the East [1. 383]. Later C. fled -- supposedly to Africa (PLRE 2, 269f.). Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography
1 Bagnall.
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Castolus
(154 words)
[German version] (Καστωλός;
Kastōlós). Town (and river?) in Lydia. The ‘plain of C.’ (Καστωλοῦ πεδίον;
Kastōloû pedíon) was the perpetual rallying-point for the Persian army when on alert (cf. Cyrus the Younger:Xen. Hell. 1,4,3; Xen. An. 1,1,2; 9,7). The plain cannot be localized with certainty, but should be not far from Sardis, near the Persian royal road: according to inscriptions, possibly the plain of Burçak around Söğüt çayı; C. would then be the modern Bebekli. Formerly independent (Ethnika IG II2 3059; 3233) with fortifications (
tetrapyrgia) around its plain, in imperia…
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Castor
(571 words)
(Κάστωρ;
Kástōr). [German version] [1] see Dioscuri see Dioscuri Geus, Klaus (Bamberg) [German version] [2] C. of Rhodos Greek historian, 1st cent. BC Greek historiographer of the first half of the 1st cent. BC, whose vita in Suda s.v. is confused with that of the homonymous Galatian dynast, author of
Chronicle in six books from Belus ( Baal) and Ninus (2123/2 BC) on until the restructuring of the Near East by Pompey (61/0 BC), with lists of kings and officials from Assyria, Sicyon, Argus, Athens, Alba and Rome. The structure of his many-stra…
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Castor bean
(278 words)
[German version] (σιλλικύπριον/
sillikýprion, κίκι/
kíki, κρότων/
krótōn, Lat.
ricinus, the latter however also the name of a species of louse, e.g. in Columella 6,2,6 and 7,13,1), i.e.
Ricinus communis (
Euphorbiacea arbor mirabilis or
Palma Christi), originating from Africa. It grew wild in Greece, but in Egypt, several species were cultivated along the shores of lakes and rivers (cf. Diod. Sic. 1,34,11). Hdt. 2,94 provides information on the extraction of the oil, suitable for lamps but of unpleasant smell, either by cold pressing the cracked fruits of the
kíki or by roasting and…
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Castorius
(41 words)
[German version] Roman geographer of the 4th cent. AD.; his work was the primary model of the Geographus Ravennas. C. is also erroneously considered the author of Tabula Peutingeriana (see in this regard [1]). Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography
1 Miller, XIII.
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Castra
(2,134 words)
A. Military camp [German version] [I 1] General The Roman soldiers always made sure that they were protected by fortifications. This also applied when they only stopped for a night on campaigns. In the evening of their arrival the field camp had to be set up and destroyed again on the morning of departure. The plural
castra was the name given to any kind of military camp, the singular
castrum certainly existed but was not used in mil. vocabulary.
Castellum is the diminutive form of
castra (Veg. Mil. 3,8) and also had a civilian meaning. The origin of the Roman camps is uncertain; because …
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Castratio
(224 words)
[German version] Castration is common in many of the high cultures of antiquity. Voluntary
castratio occurs
inter alia from religious motives (e.g. priests of Cybele, Christian ascetics) or for therapeutic purposes (e.g. in hernia cases). Castrated slaves are attested in Greece from the end of the 5th cent. BC, in Rome from the mid 2nd cent. BC; they are mostly employed as personal servants or as catamites. At Hellenistic courts, eunuchs serve
inter alia as tutors or as military commanders. They often fill highly influential positions, even at the Roman imperial cour…
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Castration of animals
(328 words)
[German version] (
castratio) was a frequent procedure in ancient agriculture, designed to adapt the characteristics of male animals to the requirements of human beings. In horses and cattle, the castration served the purpose of altering the temperament of the animal without impairing its viability (Xen. Cyr. 7,5,62). Aristotle describes the effects of castration in his zoological writings, drawing attention to how the mutilation of a small part of the body affects an ani- mal's entire appearance. …
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Castricius
(217 words)
[German version] [1] C., Ti. Teacher of Latin rhetoric and orator, 2nd cent. AD Teacher of Latin rhetoric and orator of high-flown speeches at the time of Antonines who was even listened to by Gellius (13,22); befriended by Fronto (ep. ad am. 2,2), highly regarded by Hadrianus because of his fine education and moral attitudes. C. favoured the reading of Republican authors (Sallust, Metellus Numidicus, C. Gracchus: Gell. NA 2,27; 1,6; 11,13) is linked with the revival of old Roman virtues: Stylistic and moral judgment go hand in hand in the spirit of Cato's
vir bonus, peritus dicendi; C. …
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Castrum
(279 words)
[German version] [1] C. Inui Town of the Rutuli (Sil. Pun. 8,359) in the centre of Latium, founded by the kings of Alba Longa (Verg. Aen. 6,775). Abandoned in the archaic period, often confused with C. Novum in Etruria (Rut. Namat. 1,227). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography A. Nibby, Analisi storico-topografica-antiquaria della Carta de' Dintorni di Roma 1, 1848, 440 Nissen 2, 579 O. Toti, 1984. [German version] [2] C. Novum Settlement on the southern coast of Etruria This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Tribus …
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Castulo
(287 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Pyrenean peninsula Iberian settlement 7 km south of Linares (possibly the modern Cazlona, province of Jaén) above the right bank of the Guadalimar. Lead and silver mines, communication links with the Iberian east coast and the Atlantic (
via Augusta and Guadalquivir) and the fertile surrounding countryside governed the history of C. The first settlement (La Muela) is i.a. verified by a metallurgical workshop (8th cent. BC), as well as a sanctuary, which was later built on top. Nec…
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Casuentus
(44 words)
[German version] River in Lucania (Plin. 3,97; Kasas in Bacchyl. 10,115; Basintos, Basentius in Guido 29), descends from the Apennines near Potentia and flows into the Gulf of Taranto near Metapontum, modern Basento. Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography Nissen 1, 336, 343; 2, 908.
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Cat
(565 words)
[German version] I. Egypt and the Near East The cat was particularly significant in Egypt where there is evidence of it being kept as a pet from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC at the latest; the period of its domestication, however, stretched far into the 1st millennium. The Egyptian cat used to be regarded as the precursor of the European domestic cat, but today it is assumed that the origin of the latter was the Near East: it was first mentioned in Mesopotamia [1] in the 17th cent. BC as a wil…
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Catabathmus
(104 words)
[German version] (Καταβαθμός;
Katabathmós). In the Ptolemaic period, the fort of C. with its harbour -- modern Sollum -- was the border town from Egypt to the Cyrenaea. C. retained is border town character throughout subsequent cents. Its strategic location was important. Source references: Sall. Iug. 19,3; Str. 17,1,5; 13; 3,1; 22; Mela 1,40; Plin. HN 5,38f.; It. Ant. 71,7; Stadiasmus maris magni 29f. (GGM I 437f.). The surroundings of the settlement are also occasionally referred to as
Katabathmós --
C. (‘descent’)
mégas; cf. Pol. 31,18,9; Ptol. 4,5,4; Sol. 27,3; Oros. 1,2,88. Huß, …
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Catacecaumene
(223 words)
(Κατακεκαυμένη;
Katakekauménē, ‘burnt earth’). [German version] [1] Volcanic zone in western Asia Minor Volcanic zone, characterized by ash-like soil and black rocks, in western Asia Minor (Mysia and eastern Lydia: Xanthus FGrH 765 F 13; Str. 12,8,18f.), about 40×10 km in size (exaggerated in Str. 13,4,11) on the upper reaches of the Maeander, which flows through the C. (Str. 13,4,5); parallel to it in the south is a volcano-free crystalline schistose zone; separate from that the fault line of the Kogamos va…
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Catacombs
(1,037 words)
[German version] A. Function, architecture, development Derived from the ancient local name of the underground Christian burial complex S. Sebastiano (
coemeterium catacumbas from Greek
katà kýmbas, ‘near the hollows’) by the
via Appia near Rome, the underground necropoleis, rediscovered in Rome since the 16th cent., were also called catacombs instead of
coemeterium or
crypta. As differentiated from smaller, private
hypogaea , catacombs in modern research are understood to be larger community cemeteries using suitable geological l…
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Catadupa
(46 words)
[German version] Name of the first Nile cataract on the border between Egypt and Nubia near Elephantine, first attested in Hdt. 2,17. The name alludes to the noisy roaring of the water (Cic. Rep. 6,19). Jansen-Winkeln, Karl (Berlin) Bibliography H. Kees, s.v. Katadupa, RE 10, 2458.
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Catalauni
(78 words)
[German version] A tribal group of Gallia Belgica, who probably originally settled in the area of the Remi, in the modern Champagne. Its name and its capital of the same name, modern Châlon-sur-Marne, are only mentioned by later authors (Amm. Marc. 15,11,10; 27,2,4; Eutr. 9,13; Jer. Chron. AD 274; Not. Gall. 6,4;
Durocatalauni: It. Ant. 361). The Catuvellauni, who migrated to southern Britannia, are probably part of the same tribal group. Campi Catalauni Schön, Franz (Regensburg)
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Catalepton
(161 words)
[German version] Surviving manuscripts under this name ( Appendix Vergiliana) include 19 short poems: 3 Priapea and 16 mixed ones, obviously the result of confusion in earlier collections (
C. et Priapea et Epigrammata: Donat. vita Verg. 56;
Priape a C. Epigrammata: Servius, vita Verg. 15). The title (κατὰ λεπτόν;
katà leptón) is Alexandrian and means ‘small things’ or ‘smaller poems’. The collection is metrically very varied. The influence of Catullus and parallels with Virgil can be observed in these
Priapea -- which correspond with the
Priapea in the large…
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Catalogue
(989 words)
[German version] A. Definition A catalogue is a listing of similar terms in an homogenous context, which in its form is clearly delineated. Each of its components is an ‘element of a continuous development’ [4. 64]. There is no coherent ancient definition; one characteristic feature is numbering (cf. Hom. Od. 16,235), which also played an important part in the differentiated aesthetical evaluation by the ancient Homer philologists (cf. schol. on Hom. Il. 2,494ff. and frequent other examples). Aristo…
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Catane
(544 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Natural catastrophes (Κατάνη;
Katánē, Lat.
Catina). City on the east coast of Sicily on the fertile plain south of the volcano Mount Etna [1], modern Catania; it was founded in 729 BC by Chalcidians who had some years previously settled in Naxos. In the 2nd half of the 6th cent., the lawgiver Charondas was active in C; the town was visited by Ibycus and Xenophanes; Stesichorus died there. In the 1st half of…
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Cataonia
(87 words)
[German version] (Καταονία;
Kataonía). Region and
strategia in south-eastern Cappadocia between Taurus and Antitaurus, bordering on Cilicia, Commagene, and Melitene (Str. 11,12,2; 12,1,1-2,4), originally a Luwian-speaking region; in 301 BC, it fell to Seleucus I, probably as a dowry of Stratonice for Ariarathes III of Cappadocia; in AD 17, it became part of the province of Cappadocia, belonged to Armenia Minor under Diocletian, to Armenia II in AD 386, and to Armenia III in AD 536. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. K., RE 10, 2478f. Hild/Restle, 202.
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Catapult
(1,122 words)
[German version] A. The invention of catapults The ancient catapult was a long-range weapon of war which threw its projectiles by means of spring power. There probably is no other technical device from antiquity about which we have equally comprehensive information from illustrated technical treatises (Philo, Vitruvius, Heron), historiography (Ammianus Marcellinus), specialist military literature (Vegetius) and other illustrations. In recent times the number of archaeological finds which complement the…
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Categories
(1,231 words)
(κατηγορίαι;
katēgoríai, Lat.
praedicamenta). [German version] A. Definition ‘Category’ is a universal term: categories are conceived partly as ‘classes’ or genres of object, partly as concepts or meanings, and partly as universal ‘predicates’ (basic forms of statement; Greek κατηγορίαι). Aristotle, the Stoics and Neoplatonism (Plotinus and the commentators on Aristotle) developed various doctrines concerning categories, relating to various disciplines (grammar and logic, semantics and predication theory, physics and ontology, also psychology). Hoffmann, Philippe…
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Catenae
(155 words)
[German version] A genre of Biblical commentaries first appearing in the 6th cent. AD, of which there were many examples in the Middle Ages. In the exegesis of Biblical texts, excerpts of extant commentaries by Church Fathers were reworked into ‘chain commentaries’ or
catenae. The existence of several writings by the Church Fathers is only known through these
catenae. If the excerpts are written on the margins of the manuscripts around the Biblical text, they are described as margin
catenae, and if the commentary follows on from the text, they are known as broad
catenae Florilegium; Sch…
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Cathaei
(108 words)
[German version] (Καθαῖοι;
Kathaîoi). Indian people in the Punjab either east of the Hydraotes or between Hydaspes and Acesines [2], subjugated by Alexander the Great (Arr. Anab. 5,22; Diod. Sic. 17,91,2; Curt. et al.); perhaps to be identified with Sanskrit
Kāthaka (attested as a Vedic school, as also the Kambistholoi and Madyandinoi). Their customs (burning of widows, bride selection, wearing jewellery and high regard for physical beauty) were described by Onesicritus (fr. 34 in Str.) who also reports that there were many metals …
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Cathedral School
(1,201 words)
Koerrenz, Ralf (Jena RWG) [German version] A. Definition (CT) Schools established in the centres of power and organisation of bishoprics for the primary purpose of training diocesan clerics. Beyond that, they also fulfilled an important educational function for the maintaining of the political structure through the so-called
schola exterior. Koerrenz, Ralf (Jena RWG) [German version] B. Chronology (CT) Since the mid-8th cent. the function of the Cathedral School (CS) had been programmatically as well as organisationally established in the interplay bet…
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Catilina
(958 words)
[German version] L. Sergius C. came from a patrician gens that had been politically unsuccessful for a relatively long time. Born in 108 at the latest, he appears on 17. Nov. 89 BC in the
consilium of the consul Pompeius Strabo as L. Sergi(us) L. f. Tro(mentina) [1. 160ff.]. At the end of the 80s he was legate to Sulla (Sall. Hist. 1,46) [2. 110ff.]. He probably did not murder his brother [3. 1688], but he probably killed M. Marius Gratidianus (Q. Cic. comm. pet. 10; Ascon. 84; 90C), the brother of his wife Gratidia (Schol. Bern.…
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Catilius
(177 words)
[German version] [1] [Ca]tilius Longus Eques from Bithynia, 1st cent. AD
Eques from Apamea in Bithynia who was accepted into the Senate by Vespasian (CIL III 335 = Eck, ZPE 42, 1981, 242ff. = AE 1982, 860). Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] L.C. Severus Procos. Asiae, 3rd cent. AD Descendant of C. [3]. as attested in
Frater
Arvalis, 213 and 218; probably
procos. Asiae (IGR IV 1281) [1. 112f., 418f.]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] L.C.Severus Iulianus Claudius Reginus Cos. ord. II 120 AD Senator from Bithynia, see C. [1] [2. 133ff.; 3. 127ff.]. Praetorian c…
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Catillus
(105 words)
[German version] Mythical founder of Tibur (Hor. Carm. 1,18,2; Sil. 4,225; Stat. Silv. 1,3,100). According to Cato (Orig. fr. 56 in Solin. 2,7) he was an Arcadian and fleet commander of Euander. A certain Sextius considered him to be an Argive (Solin. 2,7). He was the son of an Argive seer Amphiaraus and upon the behest of his grandfather he moved to Italy as
ver sacrum . His three sons Tiburtus (Tibur/Tiburnus), Coras and C. drove the Sicans out of their town and then called it Tibur (Solin. ibid; Verg. Aen. 7,670 with Serv.; Hor. Carm. 2,6,5; Plin. HN 16,237). Bloch, René (Berne)
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Catinus
(154 words)
[German version] [1] Dish of clay or metal for meals Dish of clay or metal for meals (fish, meat, desserts). Vessel for the kitchen and cooking, for sacrificial offerings and for melting metals; identified by graffiti probably as the vessel forms Dragendorff 31 and 32 ( Clay vessels). Bowls (
acetabulum ) were also called
catinus. Terra sigillata; Clay vessels Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg) Bibliography G. Hilgers, Lat. names of vessels, BJ 31. Supplement 1969, 48f., 142-144 F. Fless, Opferdiener und Kultmusiker auf stadtröm. histor. Reliefs, 1995, 19f. [German version] [2] Meltin…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Catius
(369 words)
Plebeian surname (ThlL, Onom. 264f.). I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] C., Q. Aedile, 210 BC In 210 BC plebeian
aedile, in 207 legate of the consul C. Claudius Nero. In 205 envoy to Delphi to deliver the booty resulting from the defeat of Hasdrubal (Liv. 28,45,12). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] C. Vestinus, C. Military tribune under Antonius, 1st cent. BC Military tribune under Antonius 43 BC at Mutina, was taken prisoner by Plancus (Cic. Fam. 10,23,5). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) II. Imperial period [German version] [II 1] C. see Caesius [II 4]. Eck, Wer…
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Cato
(1,353 words)
Roman cognomen perhaps of Etruscan origin [1. 310, 315, 418], in conjunction with
catus (‘astute’, ‘crafty’ [2; 3. 250]. In Republican times widespread in the families of the Hostilii and Valerii, prominent among the Porcii, according to whose model C. is used now and again as a synonym for a conservative Roman; quite rarely also as
gentilicium [1. 303]. Porcius Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] Porcius C., M. Cato the Elder, 234-149 BC (234-149 BC), ‘Cato the Elder’, ‘Censorius’, energetic politician and founder of Roman prose literature, is the b…
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Catreus
(61 words)
[German version] (Κατρεύς;
Katreús). Son of Minos and Pasiphae, eponym of the Cretan town Catre; he is killed by his son Althaemenes, even though he fled to Rhodes to avoid his father who had been warned by an oracle (Apollod. 3,12-16); when his grandson Menelaus takes part in his funeral, Paris kidnaps Helena (ibid. 3,3). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
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Cattigara
(387 words)
[German version] (Καττίγαρα;
Kattígara). Port in South-East Asia first mentioned by Ptol. (1,11,1; 17,4; 23) and Marcianus of Heraclia (1,46, GGM I, p. 538); a ὅρμος τῶν Σινῶν (‘harbour of the Sinai’). The name of the Σῖναι (
Sînai) points to C. being in the region of the Gulf of Tonking, of the ancient Μέγας κόλπος (
Mégas kólpos) [1] or Σινῶν κόλπος (
Sinôn kólpos) [2], as Marcianus himself and also Ptol. 7,3,3 call it. It formed the southern border of the
Sînai and, according to ancient belief in around AD 200 it represented the eastern end of the
Oikouménē . In this area…
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Cattiterides
(271 words)
[German version] (Καττιτερίδες;
Kattiterídes, ‘tin islands’). The C. were probably the regions and islands of the Atlantic coast of both Gaul and Britain; C. also generally referred to the south-west of Britain and the offshore islands. Most ancient authors had but little specific knowledge of this region. Thus Pliny reports that the Greek Midacritus was the first to import tin from the island of
Cassiteris (
Midacritus, Plin. HN 7,197), without providing exact topographical details. Hdt. 3,115 doubted the very existence of these tin islands, probably because …
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Cattle
(2,971 words)
[German version] I. General information Cattle (
Bos taurus) belong to the
bovine family and are descended from the Eurasian big-horned aurochs (
Bos primigenius). Longhorn wild cattle were most likely domesticated in Central Asia between 10,000 to 8,000 BC and in the Near East around 7,000 to 6,000 BC. In the 3rd millennium BC various breeds of domesticated cattle spread throughout Europe. Herds of wild cattle still existed in the forested regions of the eastern Mediterranean, such as Dardania and Thrace (Varro, Rust. 2,1,5), as well as in Central Europe (Caes. B Gall. 6,28). In antiquit…
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Brill’s New Pauly