Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Catualda
(75 words)
[German version] Marcomannian noble who had fled from Marbod to the Gothic Gutones. At the instigation of Drusus he invaded the kingdom of Marbod in
c. AD 18 with the help of the Gutones who wanted to free themselves from Marcomanni subjugation and drove him into exile in Ravenna. Shortly afterwards he himself was driven out by the Hermundurian Vibilius and fled to Forum Iulii (Fréjus) (Tac. Ann. 2, 62-63). Eder, Walter (Berlin)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Catugnatus
(69 words)
[German version] (Κατούγνατος;
Katoúgnatos). Celtic name compound ‘for battle born, well acquainted with battle’ [1. 168]. Leader of the Allobroges who plundered Gallia Narbonensis in 61 BC. C. was able for a long time successfully to hold his ground against the Romans and also to save himself when they seized the town of Solonum which he was defending (Cass. Dio 47,1-48,2; Liv. per. 103). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Schmidt.
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Catullus
(1,460 words)
[German version] [1] Valerius C., C. Roman poet, 1st cent. BC Roman poet of the 1st cent. BC born in Verona (
scriptor lyricus Veronae nascitur, Jer. Chron. a. Abr. 1930). The
praenomen is confirmed through Apul. Apol. 10, the
nomen gentile by Suet. Iul. 73 and Porph. ad Hor. Sat. 1,10,18. The Valerii Catulli are known fr…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Catumelus
(43 words)
[German version] (Catmelus). Celtic name compound ‘ceaseless in battle’ [1. 168]. Gallic prince who commanded a camp of relief troops on the Roman side in the campaign against the Histrians at Lake Timavus in 178 BC (Liv. 41,1,8). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Schmidt.
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Catumerus
(51 words)
[German version] (Actumerus). Celtic name -- passed down in various forms -- of a Chatti prince, grandfather of Italicus (Tac. Ann. 11,16,1; 11,17,1). Strabo (7,1,4) calls him Οὐκρόμηρος (
Oukrómēros). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography E. Koestermann, Cornelius Tacitus Annalen, 11-13 und 57-58, 1967 A. Scherer, Die kelt.-german. Namengleichungen, in: Corolla Linguistica 1955, 199-210.
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Caturiges
(122 words)
[German version] Gallic tribe, settling in the Alpes Cottiae on the upper course of the Durance, mistakenly placed by Ptol. 3,1,35 in the Alpes Graiae, and by Str. 4,6,6 in the mountains above the Salassi. In Caes. B Gall. 1,10,4, the C. are named as a tribe hostile to Rome. Plin. HN 3,125 sees the C. as expelled Insubres. They were conquered under Augustus (CIL V 7231; 7817 = Plin. HN 3,137). Their capitals were Caturigomagus (modern Chorges) and Eburodunum (modern Embrun). Since the time of Diocletian (AD 284-305), they belonged to the province of Alpes Maritimae. Graßl, Herbert (Salzburg) Bibliography G. Barruol, Les peuples préromains du sud-est de la Gaule, 1975, 340-344 J. Prieur, La province romaine des Alpes Cottiennes, 1968, 77f. …
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Catuvellauni
(83 words)
[German version] Powerful tribe in Britannia north of the lower Thames, who most likely had links with the Gallic Catualauni. Their most influential rulers were Tasciovanus and his son Cunobellinus [1]. Following the conquest of Britannia by Claudius (Cass. Dio 60,20,2), the C. were organized as a
civitas with Verulamium as its centre (Tac. Ann. 14,33). Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography
1 S. S. Frere, Britannia, 31987, 44f. S. S. Frere, Verulamium Excavations 1, 1972 R. E. M. and T. V. Wheeler, Verulamium, 1936 K. Branigan, The C., 1985.
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Cauca
(85 words)
[German version] Celtiberian town, modern Coca (province of Segovia). First mentioned in the context of the brutal war conducted by Lucullus in 151 BC (App. Ib. 51f.). Scipio, too, laid the town to ruins in the course of his battle against Numantia (App. Ib. 89). In the imperial age, the town belonged to the
conventus of Clunia (Plin. HN 3,26), and gained fame as the birthplace of emperor Theodosius I (Zos. 4,24,4). Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography Tovar 3, 334 F. Wattemberg, La región vaccea, 1959.
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Caucasa
(47 words)
[German version] (Καύκασα;
Kaúkasa). Port on the northern coast of Chios (Hdt. 5,33,1); its inhabitants are epigraphically referred to as
Kaukaseís (SGDI 5654; SEG 19, 575;
Apollon Kaukaseus and
Artemis Kaukasis in Erythrae, Syll.3 3, 1014a,19f.). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography L. Bürchner, s.v. K., RE 6, 2292.
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Caucasiae Pylae
(44 words)
[German version] (Καυκάσιαι Πύλαι;
Kaukásiai Pýlai). Pass in the Caucasus, only mentioned in Plin. HN 6,30; the same as what is now the Georgian military road, described in Ptol. 5,8,9 as Σαρματικαὶ Πύλαι (
Sarmatikaì Pýlai). Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) Treidler, Hans (Berlin)
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Caucasian languages
(416 words)
[German version] The languages of the Caucasus area (with the exception of Georgian not attested until modern times) that do not belong to any of the neighbouring language families (Indo-Germanic, Turkic, Semitic) and are considered autochthonous. The assignment of today's Caucasian ethnic groups to the ethnonyms mentioned in the ancient sources (e.g. the Circassians -- self-designation
Ad
γ
e -- and the Κερκέται/
Kerkétai of Hecataeus, the Abchasians and Abasinians -- self-designation
Apswa -- and the Ἀψίλαι/
Apsílai or Ἀβασκοί/
Abaskoí of Arrian) remains uncertain in m…
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Caucasus
(194 words)
[German version] (Καυκάσιον ὄρος;
Kaukásion óros, Hdt. 3,97; Καύκασον ὄρος;
Kaúkason óros, App. praef. 4, App. Mith. 103; καυκάσια ὄρη, Str. 11,2,1;
Caucasii/Caucasei montes, Plin. HN 5,98; 6,47; Mela 1,15; 1,19; Geogr. Rav. 2,20). First mentioned at Aesch. PV 422; 719 (πόλισμα καυκάσου, καύκασον); the name has been retained until today. High mountain range (1,100 km long, up to 60 km wide) between the Black Sea and the…
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Caucon
(215 words)
[German version] (Καύκων;
Kaúkōn). Eponymous hero of the Peloponnesian people of the Caucones [1]; his genealogy is dependent on the ancient localization of the people first named in Hom. Od. 3. 366. His grave was shown in Lepreum in Triphylia (Paus. 5,5,5; Str. 8,345), and according to the Triphylian cult centre on Samicon, he is seen as the son of Poseidon (Ael. NA 1,24). Yet as a result of the Arcadian localization, C. is also the son of Arcas (schol. Hom. Od. 3,366) or of Lycaon (Apollod. 3,97…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Caucones
(166 words)
(Καύκωνες;
Kaúkōnes). [German version] [1] Tribe on the Peloponnese Hom. Od. 3,366 prompted logographers and exegetes of Homer to place the settlement area of this tribe on the Peloponnese. The results of these investigations are recorded by Strabo (7,7,1f.; 8,3,11; 8,3,16f.). Accordingly, the C. settled chiefly in Triphylia (grave of Caucon in Lepreum), but also penetrated into Arcadia and Messenia. Antimachus even referred to the western Achaean Dyme [1] as Cauconian (schol. Lycoph. 571), probably after a stream by the name of Caucon. Hecataeus considered the C. to be non-Greek (FGrH 1 F 119). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. M. Biraschi, Strabone e Omero, in: Id. (ed.), Strabone e la Grecia, 1994, 23-57. [German version] [2] Allies of the Trojans Tribe on the Parthenius, the border river between Bithynia and Paphlagonia, with Tieium as their city (Str. 12,542). They were considered allies of the Trojans (Hom. Il. 10,429); with them, Poseidon found safety for Aeneas who was fighting against Achilles (Hom. Il. 20,329). …
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Caudex
(28 words)
[German version] Cognomen (‘the ship's plank’) of Ap. Claudius C.,
cos. 264 BC; the original legend was passed down through Seneca (dial. 10,13,4). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum)
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Caudini
(34 words)
[German version] Samnite tribe, capital Caudium (Liv. 23,41,13; Plin. HN 3,105). Subjugated in 275 BC by L. Cornelius Lentulus, whose family from then on bore the cognomen of ‘Caudinus’. Buonocore, Marco (Rome)
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Caudium
(106 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars Capital of the Samnite Caudini, modern Montesarchio;
mansio on the
via Appia between Capua and Beneventum, possibly
municipium. Grave gifts, found in the necropolis near Montesarchio, indicate habitation from the 8th to the 3rd cents. BC. C. was twice enclosed by a walled circle; the later ring, established in the south-east of the town, was possibly built in conjunction with the
renormatio, which Augustus undertook after 31 BC for the veterans of the
legio XXX. Buonocore, Marco (Rome) Bibliography G. D'Henry…
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Caulonia
(229 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Colonization (Καυλωνία;
Kaulōnía, Lat.
Caulonia,
Caulonea…
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Caunus
(821 words)
(Καῦνος;
Kaûnos). [German version] [1] Eponym of the Carian town C. [2] Eponym of the Carian town C. [2], who gains contours chiefly in connection with his twin sister Byblis. The myths depict various constellations of their incestuous relationship (Parthenius 11). Walde, Christine (Basle) Bibliography S. Jackson, Apollonius of Rhodes: the Cleite and Byblis Suicides, in: SIFC 14, 1997, 48-54. [German version] [2] Coastal town in the border areas between Caria and Lycia This item can be foun…
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Caurus
(64 words)
[German version] (Χῶρος;
Chôros, Plin. HN 2,119). The turbulent north-west wind that blows from 30° from west to north. It is sometimes (as in Vitr. De arch. 1,6,10) distinguished from the
Corus. Winds Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography R. Böker, s.v. Winde, RE 8 A, 2294,45ff., 2352 (fig. 14), 2356,16 (
corus!), 2373 (fig. 26: wind star of Vitruvius) and 2375 (fig. 27: wind-rose of Pliny).
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Causa
(1,054 words)
[English version] The word
causa is linked, with considerable changes, in medieval and common law scholarship to the respective applications in Roman legal sources, i.e.,
causa stipulationis…
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Causa
(587 words)
[German version] The term
causa (cause, motive, purpose, legal grounds) is often used to describe the circumstance which explains or justifies a situation. Thus Cicero goes into the question of whether every event can be traced back to a
…
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Causality
(1,497 words)
[German version] A. Concept The concept of causality does not begin to take shape until the Middle Ages (Lat.
causalitas), and is not attested in ancient literature. But, from the beginning, the philosophers and scientists of antiquity reflected on the forms that can be taken by the chain of events (causality in its broadest sense). A particular topic of discussion was the extent to which events in the cosmos are causally linked (principle of causality). Detel, Wolfgang (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] B. Pre-Socratics In early Greek thought, material objects and things are primarily vehicles for forces and powers. Correspondingly, the principles of pre-Socratic natural philosophy ( Pre-Socratics; e.g. earth, water or f…
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Causidicus
(199 words)
[German version] A court orator who appears in court as a champion of a party. Whilst Cic. De or. 1,202 uses the term in an obviously derogatory sense as being distinct from a true orator, and whilst a similar evaluation is evident in Gai. Dig. 1,2,1 (
causas dicentibus),
causidicus is later applied in inscriptions (CIL 5,5894) and constitutions as a neutral vocational title alongside (Cod. Iust. 2,6,6) or identical (Cod. Theod. 2,10,5) to
advocatus . As such, a
causidicus belonged to the state controlled professional association (Cod. Iust. 2,7,11, 1) of orators appearing in court. The…
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Cauterization
(475 words)
[German version] Therapeutic intervention in human and veterinary medicine, consisting of the causing of a ‘burn’ on the surface of the body using two different techniques with their respective indications: a burn in the actual sense by means of an iron made red-hot on coals, then by means of a lamp-wick (
…
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Cautes, Cautopates
(221 words)
[German version] (Καύτης, Καυτοπάτης;
Kaútēs,
Kautopátēs). Antithetical pair of companions of Mithras, associated with a large number of attributes, e.g. burning torches [1]. The etymology is disputed, the most plausible being the derivation from old Iranian *
kaut ‘young’ [2]. Already the earliest iconographic representation displays them as complementary opposites [3]. They are the ‘twin brothers’ who are nourished by Mithras' water miracle (Mithraeum of Santa Prisca, Rome). The only literary documentation (Porph. de antro Nympharum 24 with conjecture
Arethusa, p. 24,14…
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Cautio
(574 words)
[German version] (from
cavere). A conditional promise of payment in the form of a
stipulatio , to secure a right. If this promise is linked to a pledge (
pignus ) or a surety, then it is also called a
satisdatio . For Roman legal praxis,
cautiones were a tried and tested means to anticipate future problems. By Roman procedural law, legal representatives could act only as independent parties to a case, so that the verdict was pronounced for or against them (Gai. Inst. 4,86). For this reason, if the defendant was represented, the plaintiff ensured by means of a
cautio iudicatum solvi (Dig. 46,…
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Cavades
(263 words)
[German version] [1] C.I. Sassanid king since 488 AD Sassanid king from AD 488, son of Perozes. After he had first played individual powerful families off against each other, he supported the social-religious movement of Mazdac in order to destroy the power of the aristocracy. This led in 496 to a conspiracy of the Zarathustrian clergy with the higher nobility, in the course of which C.'s brother Z…
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Cavalcade Painter
(148 words)
[German version] Main master of the ‘Gorgoneion group’ active around 580 BC, a group of painters involved in Corinthian vase painting who mainly decorated bowls and kraters; they are named after a frequent motif of the pictures inside the bowls. The outside of bowls painted by the Cavalcade Painter (CP) mostly show friezes with horsemen (hence the name), battle scenes and animal friezes; one example showing the ‘suicide of Ajax’ rich with inscriptions of names (Basle, AM, BS 1404). The kraters sh…
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Cavalry
(2,665 words)
I. Ancient Orient [German version] A. History With the development of the skill of driving teams of horses in the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BC, the methodological foundations of riding also were in place ( Horse III, Horsemanship). Although there is definite evidence of mounted messengers and scouts from as early as the 14th/13th cents. BC onwards (Akkadogram LÚPETḪALLUM ‘rider’ in Hittite texts; Egyptian pictorial evidence [10]), the use of the cavalry as an armed force did not develop until during the 9th/8th cents. Dec…
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Cavarillus
(61 words)
[German version] Celtic name compound from
cavar ‘powerful, strong’ [1. 331-332]. Noble Aeduan, as a successor of Litaviccus in 52 BC commander of an infantry contingent of his tribe for Caesar. C. defected to Vercingetorix and was captured in battle together with Cotus and Eporedorix (Caes. B Gall. 7,67,7). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Evans. H. Bannert, s.v. C., RE Suppl. 15, 87-88.
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Cavarinus
(62 words)
[German version] Celtic name compound (see Cavarillus). King of the Senones, appointed by Caesar as a successor to his brother Moritasgus. In 54 BC, condemned to death by his own tribe, he had to flee. A year later he did, however, again lead a Senonian cavalry contingent on Caesar's side against Ambiorix (Caes. B Gall. 5,54,2; 6,5,2). Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum)
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Cavarus, Cauarus
(157 words)
[German version] (Καύαρος;
Kaúaros). Last king of the Celtic realm in East Thrace with capital in Tyle in the late 3rd cent. BC (Pol. 4,46,4). Numerous finds of bronze coins, of which several nominals and types were issued, caused a renewed discussion of the location and nature of his kingdom in recent research [1. 7-15; 2]. C.'s silver coins were minted in Cabyle [3]. Polybius praised C.'s achievements: he safeguarded merchant shipping in the Black Sea, supported Byzantium in 220 BC in a war against Rhodes and effected a peace (Pol. 4,52,1-2; 8,22).…
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Cave sanctuaries
(283 words)
[German version] Cave sanctuaries existed in antiquity in two contexts in particular: firstly as ‘sacred caves’ of the Bronze Age and Neolithic cultures, as well as of the Minoan palace period in Crete, and secondly as ‘initiation caves’ in the archaic period and classical Greek periods, later also in the Roman West. The caves of Minoan Crete in particular…
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Caystru pedion
(201 words)
[German version] [1] River plain of the Caystrus (Καΰστρου/Καΰστριον πεδίον;
Kaÿ́strou/
Kaÿ́strion pedion). River plain of the Caystrus [1] from the plain of Kilbis on the upper course of the river (Κιλβιανὸν πεδίον, Str. 13,4,13; Steph. Byz. s.v. Assos) to the west; on its middle or rather lower course was the Ἄσιος λειμών (
Ásios leimṓn; ‘Asian meadow’) with flocks of wild geese, cranes, and swans (Hom. Il. 2,461; Cic. Orat. 163; Str. 14,1,45). Mount Tmolus afforded a view on the surrounding plains, including the…
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Cebenna mons
(25 words)
[German version] Mountain range in Gallia (modern Cévennes), separating the Arverni from the Helvii (Caes. B Gall. 7,8; 56).…
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Cebes
(238 words)
[German version] (Κέβης;
Kébēs) from Thebes. Friend of Socrates (Pl. Crit. 45b; Xen. Mem. 1,2,48; 3,11,17); together with his companion Simmias Socrates' main interlocutor in Plato's
‘Phaedon’. According to Pl. Phd. 61d-e, before coming to Athens C. met the Pythagorean Philolaus in Thebes, but was himself not a Pythagorean [1]. In Diog. Laert. 2,125 three dialogues (not extant), with the titles
Pínax (‘Painting),
Hebdómē (‘The Seventh Day) and
Phrýnichos, are attributed to C. The dialogue entitled
Pínax and falsely attributed to C. was probably written during the 1st cent. AD; the first author to attest to it is Lucian (De Mercede Conductis 42; Rhetorum Praeceptor 6). In the dialogue, an anonymous speaker reports how in a sanctuary of Cronus a likewise anonymous old man explained to him a painting on display there, representing in allegorical form the false and the correct path in life. The text enjoyed considerable popularity during the 16th and 17th cents. …
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Cebren
(263 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Κέβρην;
Kébrēn). Town in the Troad, located on two hills, Çal Dağı and the Fuğla Tepesi near Akpınarköyü on the middle reaches of the Scamander. On the opposing bank of the river lay Scepsis with whom C. was in perpetual dispute. C. was the residence of one of Priam's illegi…
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Cebriones
(89 words)
[German version] (Κεβριόνης;
Kebriónēs). Bastard son of Priamus, half-brother of Hector, who makes him his chariot driver after Archeptolemus' death (Hom. Il. 8,318f.). C. participates in the storming of the Greeks' ship camp; the chariot is entrusted to a weaker fighter for this time period (ibid. 12,91ff.). Finally, Patroclus kills C. with the throw of a stone and ridicules him as he falls from the chariot by comparing him with a diver (ibid. 16,737-750).…
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Cecropis
(132 words)
[German version] (Κεκροπίς;
Kekropís). After the phyle reforms of Cleisthenes [2] the seventh of the 10 phyles of Attica ( Attica with map); its eponymous hero: Cecrops. At the time of the 10 phyles, C. comprised 11 (four
…
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Cecropius
(43 words)
[German version] C. was the prefect of a cavalry division (the
ala Dalmatorum) and participated in the conspiracy against emperor Gallienus, whom he murdered in AD 268 near Milan (SHA Gall. 14,4; 7ff.; Zos. 1,40,2). PIR2 C 595. Franke, Thomas (Bochum)
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Cecrops
(658 words)
[German version] (Κέκροψ;
Kékrops). Indigenous (Apollod. 3,177) Attic first king, who was revered cultically on the acropolis of Athens, where his grave also lay (Antiochus-Pherecydes FGrH 333 F 1). The Cecropion (building inscription Erechtheion IG I3 474,56. 56-63) is presumably identical with the structure at the south-west corner of the Erechtheion, which was taken into consideration during the construction of the temple, and can be dated before the Persian Wars (Hecatompedon inscription IG I…
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Cedalium
(100 words)
[German version] (Κηδαλίων, κήδαλον,
Kēdalíōn,
kḗdalon, which probably describes a tool: ‘poker’?). Comes from the island of Naxos, initiates Hephaestus into the blacksmith's craft at the request of his mother Hera (schol. Hom. Il. 14,296). On Lemnos, Hephaestus makes C. the leader of blinded Orion. Sitting on his shoulders, C. leads Orion towards the sun, through whose rays Orion is healed of his blindness (Hes. fr. 148a M-W; Eratosth. Katasterismoi 32; Apollod. 1,4,3). Scarcely more than the title is known of Sophocles' satyr play ‘C.. (TrGF IV fr. 328-333). Nünlist, René (Basl…
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