Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Caravan trade
(655 words)
[German version] In the Hellenistic period there already was a long history of trade relations between the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East on the one hand, and India and the Far East on the other. Goods were mainly transported by land; each section of the land routes from the Mediterranean to India and China was controlled by the peoples whose land it crossed, and who profited from the caravan trade (CT) as intermediaries. Several routes are mentioned in the literature: while the trade rou…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Caraway
(271 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient Caraway was widespread as an aromatic plant in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Ethiopia and Asia Minor and is mentioned in Mycenaean Linear B texts as
ku-mi-no [6. 131, 136, 227]. The word is a cultural term that can be traced back to the 3rd millennium (Sumerian *
kamun; Akkad.
kamūnum, Hittite
kappani- [with m > p change], Ugarite
kmn, Hebrew
kammōn, Turkish
çemen, English/French
cumin). Egyptian caraway (Cuminum cyminum; Egyptian
tpnn, Coptic
tapen) seems to have possibly been another species of caraway [5]. Caraway was also used medically in…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carbasus
(49 words)
[German version] (κάρπασος, καρπήσιον;
kárpasos,
karpḗsion). Phoenician or previously Indian term for cotton, such as that from Tarraco (modern Tarragona) in Spain (Plin. HN 19,10). Plants used as antidotes ( Alexipharmaka) such as species of
Helleborus and
Valeriana were also thus described (cf. Colum. 10,17). Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carbo
(38 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen (‘the ulcer’) of the most important plebeian branches of the Papirii in the 2nd and 1st cents. BC (Cic. Fam. 9,21,3). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography ThlL, Onom. 183f. Kajanto, Cognomina, 341 Schulze, 314.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carcabus
(58 words)
[German version] (Καρκάβος, Καρνάβας [
Karkábos,
Karnábas] in Eust. at Hom. Il. 4,88). Founder of Zelia at Cyzicus, son of Triopas and father of Pandarus. He kills his cruel father and flees to Tros, the king of the Dardani, who expiates him and gives him the land of Zelia (schol. Hom. Il. 4,88). Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH)
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Carcer
(329 words)
[German version] According to Varro, Ling. 5,151, the term
carcer, i.e. a place for individual detention, is derived from
coercere; it is thus linked to the magistracy's powers of
coercitio for the direct enforcement of its authority, and not the punishment of criminal misconduct. ‘The
carcer has to be maintained for the detention, not the punishment of people’:
carcer enim ad continendos homines, non ad puniendos haberi debet (Ulp. Dig. 48,19,8,7). Civil law offences and other obligations, for which the obligator was liable in person, were regulated by the XI…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carcinus
(585 words)
(Καρκίνος;
Karkínos). [German version] [1] Cancer, the crab that was turned into a sign of the zodiac for biting Heracles in the foot at the behest of Hera while fighting the Hydra (Eratosth. Katasterismoi 11). The Alexandrian month of Karkinon (Καρκινών) was named after it. Walde, Christine (Basle) [German version] [2] Epic poet C. of Naupactus, epic poet of the archaic period. In Paus. 10,38,11 C. is named, with reference to Charon of Lampsacus, as the author of the Ναυπάκτια ἔπη (
Naupáktia épē), evidently a history of this town, lying at the entrance to the Corinthian Gulf…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carco
(56 words)
[German version] (Καρκώ;
Karkṓ). Equated by Hesychius (s.v. C., 834) to the Lamia, C. is one of the frightening female monsters who can be taken as personifications of death, especially the death of small children which they eat. This aspect is emphasized by C.'s name (related to
kárcharos = ‘caustic’, ‘shrill’). Schaffner, Brigitte (Basle)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Cardamyle
(176 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Καρδαμύλη;
Kardamýlē). Spartan perioecic settlement on the western side of the Taygetus peninsula. The ancient acropolis, on a hillside surrounded by precipitous cliff faces (Str. 8,4,4), lies about 2 km inland from the sea, 1 km north of the modern Kardamili. Pottery from the Mycenaean to the Roman periods; remains of the ring wall from the classical or Hellenistic period. In Hom. Il. 9,150 and 292, C. is named as one of…
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Cardia
(294 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Thraci, Thracia | Colonization | Persian Wars (Καρδία;
Kardía). Town on the northern face of the Thracian Chersonesus on the Melas Kolpos (Ps.-Scyl. 67; Ps.-Scymn. 698f.; Str. 7a,1,52;54), not localized (the modern Bakla Liman?), described in Dem. Or. 23,182 as the gateway to Thrace. It was founded towards the end of the 7th cent. BC by Miletus, possibly with colonists from Clazomenae (Str. loc. cit), and re-established by Miltiades with Attic coloni…
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Cardo, kardo
(377 words)
[German version] The point around which something rotates; technical term in Roman land-surveying ( limitatio); within the rectangular grid of the survey, it refers to the horizontal lines (
limites). Originally, it was a cosmological term, referring to the pivotal point of the uni- verse; later, it was used to describe the north-south axis -- in contrast with the east-west axis of the
decumanus , which divided the world into two halves, one of sunrise and one of sunset, or one of day and one of night [1. 147]. In gromatic theory ( Surve…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carduchi
(175 words)
[German version] (Καρδοῦχοι;
Kardoûchoi). First mentioned by Xenophon (Xen. An. 3,5,15 and
passim), a mountain people living in the northernmost foothills of the Zagrus, the Καρδούχεια ὄρη (Diod. Sic. 14,27,4). Xenophon describes the C. as living in villages and cultivating the fields, growing wine and raising cattle, as well as doing craftwork. He particularly emphasizes their military significance as archers and catapult shooters. Whilst in the Greek reports it is mainly the (‘natural’) aggression of the…
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Cares, Caria
(3,236 words)
(Κᾶρες, Καρία;
Kâres,
Karía). [German version] I. Geography Tribe and region in south-western Asia Minor, its borders defined in the north by the Maeander and the mountain ranges of Mycale and Mesogis, and in the east by the Salbacus range; the Carian south coast stretches from the Triopic promontory to the bay of Telmessus (Str. 14,2,1; Liv. 37,16). Along its western coast -- characterized by gulfs and long stretched-out peninsulas -- lay the following towns which initially still belonged to Ionia: Mi…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Carfulenus
(94 words)
[German version] Very rare family name. C. commanded several cohorts under Caesar in the Alexandrinian War (Bell. Alex. 31,1-3). After the Ides of March 44 BC, he joined Octavian ( Augustus), and was expelled from the Senate on 28 November 44 (C(Cic. Phil. 3,23), perhaps because he was a people's tribune (MRR 2,324). In April 43, he was sent to Mutina, where M. Antonius attacked both him and the consul Pansa; C.'s wing fought victoriously, but he himself probably died in the aftermath (Cic. Fam. 10,33,4; App. B Civ. 3,272ff.). Kienast, Dietmar (Neu-Esting)
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Carian
(845 words)
[German version] Language of the inhabitants of Caria ( Cares, Caria), documented in
c. 200 inscriptions -- from the 7th-4th cents. BC that are mostly very short or fragmentary and written in a characteristic alphabetic script -- which apart from Greek-Carian bilingual inscriptions from Athens that came from Carian mercenaries and almost solely contain personal names, for the most part come from Egypt (e.g. Saqqāra, Abydus, Abu Simbel), and to a lesser extent from Caria itself (e.g. Caunus, Hyllarima, Sinur…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Caricature
(725 words)
[German version] The terms caricature, grotesque,
grylloi are sometimes defined differently, sometimes not strictly separated, sometimes used synonymously [11. 89]; but although the word grotesque is differentiated from caricature because, unlike it, caricature refers precisely to a model, in order to cover as many aspects as possible a broader definition of the term caricature is to be preferred [4. 4]. Therefore, regarding term and delimitation. cf. the essential [9]. Caricature as deviation from the normal evoked mockery very early on (Thersites: Hom. Il. 2…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Caricature
(1,606 words)
Pfarr, Ulrich (Mömbris RWG) [German version] A. Definition (CT) The concept of caricature, which arose around 1600 in Italy, refers first of all to ‘loaded’, i.e. exaggerated, humorous portrait drawings [7. 346]. Already in drawings of the Middle Ages, however, techniques of exaggeration, distortion and contrast are found [7. 13-17] which are today seen as characteristics of caricature. The objects of Classical caricature are Classical works of art and the themes of Classical mythology, but also the Clas…
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Carinae
(226 words)
[German version] Two Roman municipal districts, separated by the
murus terreus Carinarum, a part of the pre-Servian wall which still existed in Varro's times (Varro Ling. 5,48), between Esquiline and Palatine. As part of the Augustan reorganization, both districts were jointly assigned to regio IV (Templum Pacis); the origin of the name is disputed (Serv. Aen. 8,351; Hor. Epist. 1,7,48). The district was the most desirable residential area for the Roman nobility; it was said that, even in Archaic times, T…
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Carinus
(218 words)
[German version] Imperator Caesar M.A. Carinus Augustus, the eldest son of Carus, a brother of Numerianus; around November AD 282, he was made Caesar and
princeps iuventutis by his father, and in spring 283, when his father marched against the Persians, C. was elevated to Augustus. After his campaign against the Quadi (F. Gnecchi, I Medaglioni Romani 2, 1912, pl. 123, no. 8), he called himself Germanicus maximus, adding to that Persicus maximus after Carus' victory in the east, and also, for unknown reasons, Britannicu…
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Brill’s New Pauly