Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Chicory
(236 words)
[German version] (κιχόριον, κιχόρη, κίχορα;
kichórion,
kichórē,
kíchora in Theophr. Hist. pl. 1,10,7; 7,7,3 and passim;
cichorium, cichoreum, cichora in Plin. HN 21,88, and ἐντύβιον, ἔντυβον,
intybus or
intubus Columella 11,3,27; Plin. HN 19,129). The endive, the name for two related composite species native to the Mediterranean Sea: 1) the mainly perennial wild succory (
Cicorium intybus L.) with its hirsute shoot that are more than one metre high; it has many names in common with the plantain (
plantago) that grows in the same location and was likewise made into syrup an…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chidibbia
(90 words)
[German version] Town in Africa proconsularis in the valley of Medjerda, modern Slouguia. Initially C. was a simple
civitas, but at the latest at the end of the 2nd cent. AD, it was under the administration of
undecimprimi (CIL VIII 1, 1327; Suppl. I, 14875) and in the 3rd cent., rose to the status of
municipium . Inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 1326-1352; VIII 2, 10614; Suppl. I, 14870-14879; BCTH 1932/33, 198f.; AE 1992, 513f. no. 1819. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography C. Lepelley, Les cités de l'Afrique romaine 2, 1981, 105.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chigi Painter
(243 words)
[German version] Late proto-Corinthian vase painter from
c. 640 BC, named for the exceptional vase in Rome (VG, formerly Chigi collection; the term Chigi Painter (CP) has displaced ‘Macmillan Painter’ in archaeological terminology). The Chigi Vase is the earliest and most richly painted Corinthian
olpe, with a volute handle. Separated by black bands picked out in light colours (decorative motifs, a hare hunt), three polychrome friezes follow one below the other: a battle, with the oldest representation of a hoplite phalanx; then adjacent …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Child, Childhood
(1,221 words)
[German version] A. The conception of childhood and attitude towards the child In antiquity, numerous terms for the child (in literature, legal language etc.) distinguish stages of childhood (βρέφος/
bréphos, παιδίον/
paidíon, παῖς/
paîs; Lat.
infans,
puer), stress the different significance of the child to each of its parents (
pais/
téknon) or the child's unfitness to be held guilty or responsible before the law (
infans,
impuber); some of these terms possess a broad spectrum of meaning [6. 12-22]. In the dichotomy of childhood and adulthood as observed in both Greece an…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Childeric I
(222 words)
[German version] Frankish king (
c. 436-482), son of the
hḗrōs epónymos Meroveus and father of Clovis I. (Chlodovechus). C. ruled the Frankish province of Tournai from
c. 463, and was frequently victorious as an ally of Rome fighting in northern Gallia against the West Goths and the Saxons. He was probably also entrusted with administrating the province of
Belgica II (Greg. Tur. Franc. 2,9-27; Fredegar 3,11-12 MGH SRM 2). A legend relates that he interrupted his reign with eight years' exile in Thuringia (Greg. Tur. Franc. 2,12). C.'s tomb was discovered in 1653 at his capital Tou…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Child exposure
(711 words)
[German version] Exposure of children (Greek έκθεσις/
ékthesis; Lat.
expositio/
oblatio), which must be clearly distinguished from infanticide, is to be seen as a method of ancient family planning. The decision whether to expose an infant lay with the head of the family: in Greece -- with the exception of Sparta, where the phyle elders (των φυλετῶν οί πρεσβύτατοι) examined newly born infants either to order or to forbid that they be raised -- this was the κύριος/
kýrios ; in Rome the
pater familias. Demographic theories regarding the frequency of infant exposure are not unprob…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Children's and Young Adults' Literature
(1,903 words)
Kümmerling-Meibauer, Bettina (Tübingen RWG) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) In accordance with recent definitions, children's and young adults' literature (CYAL) embraces the whole spectrum of fiction and non-fiction writing for children and young people. What is involved here are not only texts specifically written for children (CYAL as such) but also texts expressly recommended for reading by children and young people (intentional CYAL). Thus consideration will be also given to writings not origi…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Children's Games
(662 words)
[German version] The educational value of children's games was already known in antiquity; thus Plato (Pl. Leg. 643b-c; cf. Aristot. Pol. 7,17,1336a) saw in games imitating the activities of adults a preparation for later life. Quintilian (Quint. Inst. 1,1,20; 1,1,26; 1,3,11) fostered guessing games, games with ivory letters and learning in games in order to promote the child's mental capacities; for this purpose, the
ostomáchion game (
loculus Archimedius) -- in which 14 variously shaped geometric figures had to be placed into a square or objects, people or ani…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chiliarchos
(102 words)
[German version] (Χιλίαρχος). Commander of a 1,000-man contingent in the Macedonian and Ptolemaic armies (e.g. Arr. Anab. 1,22,7). At the same time, the term serves as a Greek translation for the commander of the royal guard in Persia, the 1,000 μηλοφόροι (
mēlophóroi) (Aesch. Pers. 304). After the conquest of Persia the expression came to apply to the most important office in the new imperial order after Alexander's death (Diod. Sic. 18,48,4). The military and political powers attached to it are unclear. With the emergence of the kingd…
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Chilon
(452 words)
(Χίλων;
Chílōn). [German version] [1] Spartan politician, 6th cent. BC From Sparta; son of Damagetus; owing to his leading role in the politics of Sparta (ephor
c. 556 BC), in the middle of the 6th cent. he became first ephor (Sosicrates FHG IV 502 [1]); also ascribed to him was the strengthening of the ephorate in relation to the kings (Diog. Laert. 1,68). Owing to his elegiac poetry and his wisdom he was counted among the ‘Seven Sages’ of archaic Greece (Pl. Prt. 343a; Diog. Laert. 1,68-73). Rylands papyrus 18 (= FGrH …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chilonis
(158 words)
(Χιλωνίς;
Chilōnís). [German version] [1] Legendary wife of king Theopompus Legendary figure, said to be the wife of king Theopompus, whom she is supposed to have freed from imprisonment by Messenians (Polyaenus, Strat. 8,34; Quint. Inst. 2,17,20; Plut. Lycurgus 7,2; Mor. 779e). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Wife of Cleonymus, 3rd cent. BC Wife of Cleonymus, son of Cleomenes II; she committed adultery with Acrotatus, later to be king; after the death of Cleonymus, who had left Sparta because of her, and joined Pyrrhus, she apparently married Acrotatus (Syll.3 …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chilperic
(248 words)
[German version] [1] Burgundian king, 5th cent. AD C. I, Burgundian king; died
c. 480. Co-ruler from 457, after the death of his brother Gundic in
c. 472 he replaced the latter as
magister militum Galliarum (Sid. Apoll. Epist. 5,6,2). First having fought against the West Goths, he eventually went over to their side and dissolved the treaty of federation with the Western Roman Empire. Magister militum Spickermann, Wolfgang (Bochum) Bibliography J. Richard, s.v. Chilperic I., LMA 2, 1824f. A. Demandt, s.v. Chilperic, RE Suppl. 12, 1588. [German version] [2] Merovingian king, 6th ce…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chimaera
(190 words)
[German version] (χίμαιρα;
chímaira). C., ‘goat’, is the Lycian monster, ‘lion in front, snake behind, and she-goat in the middle’ (Hom. Il. 6,181 = Lucr. 5,905), slain by Bellerophon. It is the child of Typhon by Echidna, mother of the Sphinx (Phix: Hes. Theog. 319-326); a different tradition says it was reared by the Lycian Amisodarus (Hom. Il. 16,328). A firm component of the myth, since Homer, is that it breathes fire: according to Ov. Met. 9,647 and Apollod. 2,31 from the eponymous goat's h…
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Brill’s New Pauly
China
(298 words)
[German version] (Σῖνα;
Sîna). C. comprises within its modern borders several ancient cultural zones, with various traditions and ties looking to the west and the south. The steppe zone in the north was in continuous contact with western Siberia and eastern Europe from at least the 2nd millennium BC, always under the influence of the central Chinese cultures of the Yellow River region and the coastal zone. Southern China was orientated towards the south and south-east. Traffic along the ‘silk roads…
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Brill’s New Pauly
China
(943 words)
[English version] As an ancient high culture, China possesses not a few of its own ‘classical’ models in the plastic arts, literature and philosophy. Classical Antiquity of the West, a thousand-years younger, is of restricted interest in China only because of its standing overseas. There were indeed occasional contacts in Antiquity between the Roman Empire and China; in particular, the Silk Road provided opportunities for commercial and cultural exchange, so that in Xian, e.g., Nestorian Christianity is attested epigraphically. But these …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chiomara
(144 words)
[German version] (Χιομάρα;
Chiomára). Celtic name of the wife of the Tolistobogian king Ortiagon [1. 156]. In 189 BC, after the victory of Cn. Manlius Vulso over the Galatians at Olympus, C. came into the hands of a
centurio. When he first sexually assaulted her and then wanted to set her free in return for a high ransom, she had him killed at the handover. She delivered his head to her husband. Polybius is supposed to have met her personally in Sardis, evidently when she was interned there after the fall of Ortiagon in 183 BC. P…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chion
(196 words)
[German version] (Χίων;
Chíōn). From Heraclea; pupil of Plato; in 353/352 BC he killed Clearchus, tyrant of Heraclea. A collection of 17 letters in his name has come down to us; they reflect C.'s life from the time he moves to Athens to visit Plato's school to the moment when, having received news of Clearchus' seizure of power, he returns to Heraclea to carry out the assassination. Although the authenticity of these letters has found defenders [1], they are in all probability spurious; they were p…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Chione
(149 words)
(Χιόνη;
Chiónē). [German version] [1] Daughter of Boreas and Oreithyia Daughter of Boreas and Oreithyia; mother of Eumolpus by Poseidon. To avoid discovery she threw her child into the sea, but it was rescued by Poseidon (Eur. Erechtheus fr. 349 TGF; Apollod. 3,199-201). The name C., from χιών (
chiṓn) ‘snow’, is fitting for a daughter of the north wind; another C., daughter of Arcturus, was said to have been abducted by Boreas and given birth by him to the three Hyperborean priests of Apollo (Hecat. FGrH 264 F 12; Ps-Plut. Fluv. 5,3). Kearns, Emily (Oxford) [German version] [2] Daughter of…
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Chione novel
(212 words)
[German version] (Χιόνη;
Chiónē). A Greek novel, usually thus named after the putative female protagonist; three fragments survive, known to us only from Wilcken's summary transcription of a Coptic palimpsest, the so-called
Codex Thebanus, which was subsequently lost. The meagre fragments are difficult to interpret, but seem to show Chione as protagonist, courted by many suitors and then forced into marriage against her will; with her lover, she considers how she can end her life. Clear similarities to the Chariton novel (also contained in the
Cod. Thebanus) lead to the supposit…
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Brill’s New Pauly