Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Ghazni
(89 words)
[German version] Finds of coins from the period of the Indo-Greek kings Artemidorus [1], Peucolas and Archebius (around 130 BC) and the Saka king Azes I (around 70 BC) prove that G. was an important centre in the Graeco-Bactrian period. The Buddhist monastery of Tapa Sardar (2nd-4th cents. AD) discovered closeby and buildings of the Islamic Ghaznowid dynasty of the 11th-12th cents. attest to the continuous importance of the region. Brentjes, Burchard (Berlin) Bibliography F. R. Allchin, N. Hammond, The Archaeology of Afghanistan from the earliest times to the Timuri…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Ghiaccio Forte
(125 words)
[German version] In antiquity the Etruscan settlement situated on a hill that was flat on top and fell away steeply on the edges, 14 km south-east of Scansano, probably belonged to the area of influence of Vulci. In the 6th cent. BC there was a rural sanctuary here. A settlement can only be proven for the late 4th and early 3rd cents. BC. The settlement that was fortified by a surrounding wall made of large blocks with rough stone filling was violently destroyed in about 280 BC. American excavatio…
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Giants
(1,148 words)
(Γίγαντες;
Gígantes). [German version] I. Mythology Giants are usually huge, clumsy beings from primeval times; according to the commonest myth, the Gigantomachy, they attempted unsuccessfully to deprive Zeus and the Olympians of power. In Homer the Giants are a lawless and arrogant marginal people destroyed because of their king Eurymedon (Hom. Od. 7,59-61); they settled close to the Cyclopes and Phaeaces (Hom. Od. 7,205f.). According to Hesiod, during the castration of Uranus, drops of blood fa…
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Gibeon
(171 words)
[German version] Town in the Ephraimitic mountains. G. was one of the Canaanite city states of the southern transverse run that separated the northern and southern part of the Israelite settlement area in Palestine (Jos 9 and passim). According to the literary testimonies (OT, Hellenistic-Roman and Byzantine authors; e.g. Eus. On. 66,11-16), it must have been settled at least from the late Bronze Age (2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC) until after the beginning of the Common Era. It is true that the identification with
al-Ǧib c. 9 km north-west of Jerusalem has not been proven wi…
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Gigantomachy
(376 words)
[German version] (γιγαντομαχία;
gigantomachía, Plato and others, γιγαντία;
gigantía, Philostratus;
Gigantomachia Claudianus and others). Battle of the Giants against the (Olympian) gods for the rule of the world, usually set in Phlegrae or Phlegra (e.g. Aesch. Eum. 295; Eur. HF 1194; Ion 988) that was, in a second step, equated with the peninsula of Pallene (e.g. Hdt. 7,123); won by the gods with the help of Heracles (the role of Heracles probably mentioned for the first time in Hes. Theog. 954 [1. 41…
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Gigonus
(113 words)
[German version] (Γίγωνος;
Gígōnos). The town situated close to Cape Gigonis, that is probably to be found north-west of modern Nea Kallikrateia on the west coast of the Chalcidian Peninsula, is mentioned in Hdt. 7,123,2 with regard to the campaign of Xerxes; G. is also mentioned in the Athenian tribute quota lists between 434/3 and 421 BC and for 432 as the line of communication of an Athenian army marching from Macedonia to Poteidaia (Thuc. 1,61,5; 62,2), then however, like the cape, it is only mentioned again in the geographical literature. Zahrnt, Michael (Kiel) Bibliography F. Papazo…
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Gigthis
(110 words)
[German version] Town on the Lesser Syrte, 30 km north-east of Medenine, modern Bou Grara. Evidence: Ptol. 4,3,11; It. Ant. 60,1; 518,5; Tab. Peut. 6,5. G. was presumably a Phoenician or Punic settlement and in later times perhaps the outlying area of the Cinithi, the allies of Tacfarinas. Under Hadrian or Antoninus Pius the town was accorded
ius Latii maius, and under Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161) it became a
municipium (CIL VIII Suppl. 4, 22707). Further inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 25-34; Suppl. 1, 11017-11047; Suppl. 4, 22691-22757. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography S. Lancel, E. Lip…
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Gigurri
(161 words)
[German version] (Georres, Giorres). In Valdeorras on the upper Sil (Province of Orense) the inscription ILS I 2079 was found on which a Roman soldier with the Celtic epithet (according to [2. 1089])
Reburrus is called
Gigurrus Calubrigensis. Calubriga is the (according to [1. 705]) Celtic name of an unknown town (assumptions in this regard in [3. 95]). The Asturian tribe of the G. is mentioned on several occasions (Plin. HN 3,28; Ptol. 2,6,37; Geogr. Rav. 4,45). As Valdeorras was called Val de Geurrez or Jurrez in the Middle Ages…
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Gilda
(61 words)
[German version] Town in
Mauretania Tingitana, north-west of Volubilis, perhaps identifiable with Souk el-Arba of Sidi Slimane. Evidence: Mela 3,107; Ptol. 4,1,13 (Σίλδα;
Sílda); It. Ant. 23,4; Steph. Byz. s.v. Γίλδα; Geogr. Rav. p. 43,3 (?). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography M. Euzennat, Les voies romaines du Maroc ..., in: M. Renard (ed.), Hommages à A. Grenier II (Coll. Latomus 58), 1962, 599f.
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Gildas
(154 words)
[German version] Oldest historian of the Britons with the epithet
Sapiens. G. was a Romanized Celt from western Britain, was born before AD 504 and wrote before 547, as a Christian who was fully committed to Roman culture, the work
De excidio et conquestu Britanniae that was important for the history of the island during and after the decline of Roman rule. A description of the topography is followed by the history in Roman times, emphasizing the events of Church history. The invasion of the Anglo-Saxons is interpreted as a punishment fro…
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Gildilas
(57 words)
[German version] Eastern Goth,
comes Syracusanae civitatis in AD 526/7, commander of the province of Sicilia, known from two letters of Athalaric (Cassiod. Var. 9,11; 14) who threatened the
comes Gotharum G. with dismissal from office because of serious irregularities in the levying of taxes and in legal decisions. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) Strothmann, Meret (Bochum)
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Gildo
(482 words)
[German version] Son of the Moorish king Nubel and brother of Firmus (Amm. Marc. 29,5,6), born before AD 330, executed on 31 July 398. In the rebellion of his brother Firmus, G. supported the
magister militum Theodosius in 373-375 and distinguished himself by arresting the
vicarius of Romanus, Vincentius, and two rebellious leaders, Belles and Fericius (Amm. Marc. 29,5,6; 21; 24). In about 386 G. was elevated to the position of
comes Africae (Oros. 7,36). He was initially on friendly terms with the usurper Maximus, with whom he had served in the battle against Firmu…
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Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh Epic
(592 words)
[German version] (Gilgameš, Gilgameš Epic). G., legendary ruler of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia; linked in the sources passed down to us with the construction of the 9-km long city wall of Uruk around 2900 BC. Non-literary sources already mention G. about 2700 BC. The rulers of the 3rd dynasty of Ur (21st cent. BC) originating in Uruk maintained that they were genealogically connected with G. and therefore fostered the stories passed down about G. and his equally legendary predecessors ( Epic) in…
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Gillium
(69 words)
[German version] Town in
Africa proconsularis, situated west of Thubursicum Bure, modern Henchir Frass. Inscriptions: Revue Tunisienne 6, 1899, 447 (new Punic); CIL VIII suppl. 4, 26222-26236 (
decuriones Gillitani, 3rd cent. AD). Victor Tonnennensis mentions an abbot of the
monasterium Gillense or
Gillitanum (Chron. min. II p. 203, 553,1; 204, 557,2) for the years 553 and 557. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography AATun (1:50 000), sheet 32, no. 11.
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Ginger
(80 words)
[German version] Through Plin. HN 12,28 we know that the Romans did not import the rhizome of the
zingiber or
zimpiber (Zingiber officinalis L.), a bitter-tasting spice, from Asia like today but from Arabia and Troglodytia (southern Egypt). Palladius used it to spice preserved quinces (Agric. 11,20,2). Dioscorides attributes to the
zingíberi a warming, stomach-friendly effect (2,160 Wellmann = 2,189 Berendes). It helped with cataracts and in antidotes. Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography R. Stadler, s.v. Ingwer, RE IX 2, 1554.
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Gir
(72 words)
[German version] River that has its source in the high Atlas Mountains, presumably the Oued Guir. C. Suetonius Paullinus advanced to it with his troops in AD 42. References: Plin. HN 5,15 (
Ger); Ptol. 4,6,13; 16; 31 (Γείρ;
Geír); Geogr. Rav. p. 2,69; 3,14; 36,28; 37,11 (
Ger); Claud. Carm. 21,252 (
Gir); Anon. Geographia Compendiaria 31 (GGM II 502; Γίρ;
Gír). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography H. Dessau, s.v. G., RE VII 1, 1366.
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Giraffe
(280 words)
[German version] The ancient sources give varying accounts of the place of origin of the giraffe (
Camelopardalis girafa): Agatharchides (De mare rubro = Phot. bibl. 250,455b 4 B.) considers that it was among the Troglodytae in Nubia, Plin. HN 8,69 under the name
nabun it had there in Ethiopia, Artemidorus of Ephesus (Str. 16,775) locates it in Arabia, whilst Paus. 9,21,2 places it in India. The name καμηλοπάρδαλις,
camelopardalis (
-parda,
-pardala) comes from similarities with the camel and panther: ‘it has the figure of a camel but the spots of a panther’ (Varro,…
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Gitiades
(186 words)
[German version] Bronze sculptor from Sparta, where he created the temple and cult image of Athena
Polioúchos kaì Chalkíoikos as well as extensive mythological scenes in bronze reliefs (Paus. 3,17,2). The latter were presumably displayed on the walls of the temple, and according to later coin reproductions, the gown of the Athena statue was also provided with reliefs. G. had also written a hymn to Athena. Also on view in Amyclae were two bronze tripods by him with Aphrodite and Artemis as supporting figures that …
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Gizeh
(192 words)
[German version] Egyptian necropolis for the residence of the Old Kingdom (2700-2190 BC) on a plateau in the Libyan desert west of Cairo that juts out prominently. The pyramid complexes of the Kings Cheops, Chefren and Mycerinus from the 4th dynasty (
c. 2600-2400 BC) characterize the place; they are surrounded by the mastabas and cliff tombs of the members of the royal family and high officials. After the 4th dynasty the cemetery was, by the end of the Old Kingdom, intensively occupied further by private tombs, particularly by the …
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Glabrio
(37 words)
[German version] Roman cognomen (‘bald-head’, cf.
glaber) in the family of the Acilii ( Acilius [I 10-13]; [II 6-9]), in the Imperial period also in other families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Degrassi, FCIR 254 Kajanto, Cognomina 236.
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Gladiator
(901 words)
[German version] The Romans took over the custom from the Etruscan Campania of having gladiators fight at funerals in honour of the person who had died. Gladiators first appeared in Rome on the occasion of the burial of Brutus Pera in 264 BC (Val. Max. 2,4,7). The aristocratic
gentes outdid each other in the arrangement of their funerals; therefore the number of gladiators in use steadily increased. Sharp competition for offices supported the tendency in the late Republic for separating the gladiatorial combats (
munus,
munera ) from the funerals, in order to …
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Glagolithic
(595 words)
[German version] (Glagolica). The older of the two Slavonic alphabets that was invented by Constantine (with the monk's name Cyrillus). Until the 18th cent. the origin of G. was connected with the activity of Jerome (342-429) as
doctor maximus and patron saint of Dalmatia [13. 111], to whom a few slavonic apocrypha [12. 7, 26, 27] were ascribed. Assemanus [1] was the first to establish the theory that Constantine-Cyrillus certainly was the inventor of G.; this is generally accepted today. The
Vita Constantini (VC) [6] is the only source to report about how one year before h…
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Glanis
(166 words)
[German version] [1] The silurid The silurid (
silurus glanis), an (up to 3 metres long) freshwater fish. Aristot. Hist. an. 8(9),37,691 a20-b2 describes the care of the brood of the
glánis, whose name was passed on to Thomas of Cantimpré (
glamanez monstrum [1] 6,26) and Albertus Magnus (
garcanez, animal. 24,35 [2]) via the Arabian-Latin translation of Michael Scotus as
glanieuz without real knowledge of the animal. A connection to evil demons was ascribed to it, perhaps due to its supposed attacks on fishing nets [3. 1 § 458]. Hünemörder, Christian (Hamburg) Bibliography
1 H. Boese (…
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Glannaventa
(74 words)
[German version] (probably modern Ravenglass/Cumbria). The camp was laid out at the beginning of Hadrian's rule at an anchorage at the river (not excavated); especially striking is a bathhouse outside the walls; the building's walls with windows 3.5 metres high are still extant. G. was likely abandoned in the late 4th cent. Todd, Malcolm (Exeter) Bibliography E. Birley, The Roman Fort at Ravenglass (Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeological Society 58), 1958, 14-30.
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Glanum
(333 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Gallia/Gaul Town in
Gallia Narbonensis (modern Saint-Rémy-de-Provence) in the region of the Salluvii. Located on the great trade route running east-west that connected Italy with Spain (later the
via Domitia), G.'s importance was also due to its location at the end of the north-south road which provided G. control over the direct access to the Crau plain. A Celtic-Ligurian sanctuary that was dedicated to the god Glan and the
Matres [1] was located in the vicinity of a mineral spring. The res…
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Glaphyra
(185 words)
[German version] [1] Courtesan of the priest-king Archelaus [6] of Comana Courtesan of the priest-king Archelaus [6] of Comana and mother of Archelaus [7], whom Antonius [I 9] elevated to king of Cappadocia in 36 BC (Cass. Dio 49,32,3; App. B Civ. 5,7). Octavianus criticized the relationship of Antonius with G. (Mart. 11,20). OGIS 361. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] Daughter of king Archelaus [7] of Cappadocia Daughter of king Archelaus [7] of Cappadocia, granddaughter of G. [1], in her first marriage G. was married to Alexander, the eldest so…
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Glaphyrae
(127 words)
[German version] (Γλαφύραι;
Glaphýrai). The catalogue of ships of the
Iliad (Hom. Il. 2,711ff.) mentions the town together with Boebe and Iolcus. Its mythological founder was Glaphyros, son of Magnes and father of Boibos. In historical time, the ethnic term Γλαφυρεύς (
Glaphyreús) is documented for officials from Demetrias [1]. Therefore, it can be assumed that G. existed until the Hellenistic period, although Str. 9,15,5 does not mention G. at the Synoikismos for Demetrias. The exact location of G. at the southern bank of the former Boebe Lake is not certain. Kramolisch, Herwig (E…
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Glass
(1,832 words)
(ὕαλος;
hýalos or ὕελος;
hýelos,
vitrum) [German version] I. Methods of Glass Production Glass is a mixture of silicic acid (silicon dioxide, quartz or quartz sand) and alkali (soda, sodium bicarbonate or potash) as flux [2; 7; 8]. Since it was apparently unknown in antiquity that alkali makes the mixture water-soluble, only glass with sufficient lime to neutralize this reaction is preserved. Producers of raw glass (ὑελέψης;
hyelépsēs or ὑαλοψός;
hyalopsós) knew from experience which sand (ψάμμος ὑαλικός;
psámmos hyalikós) or which calcareous plant ashes made the glass durable. Up i…
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Glauberg
(566 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Princely graves, Princely seats The G. is an early Celtic (5th cent. BC) princely seat with a princely grave ( Princes, tombs and residences of; s. also the map) that lies a good 30 km north of Frankfurt/Main on the eastern edge of Wetterau in Hesse. The G. rises as a high plateau
c. 150 m over the plain; it comprises an area of
c. 8 ha. Initial excavations took place already in the 1930s and were continued in the 1980s and 1990s, only then truly shedding light on the importance of the place. The G. was a…
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Glauce
(354 words)
(Γλαύκη;
Glaúkē). [German version] [1] Nereide Nereid (Hom. Il. 18,39; Hes. Theog. 244; Hyg. Praef. 8), whose name describes the glossy blue as well as comparable colour shades of the sea (Hom. Il. 16,34; Hes. Theog. 440) and whose masculine counterpart is Glaucus. G. is also represented as a nymph at various locations (Paus. 8,47,2f.; Tzetz. Theogony 100-102). Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) [German version] [2] Spring nymph, bride of Jason Spring nymph in Corinth, equated by some authors with the daughter of the local king Creon, who otherwise is called Creus…
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Glaucia
(39 words)
[German version] Roman
cognomen (the identification with the Greek proper name Γλαυκίας (
Glaukías) is disputed, [1]) in the family of the Servilii (known is the praetor in 100 BC C. Servilius Glaucia). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Schulze 343.
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Glaucias
(360 words)
(Γλαυκίας;
Glaukías). [German version] [1] Bronze sculptor from Aegina Bronze sculptor from Aegina. According to Pausanias, he created statues of the boxers Glaucus, Philo and Theagenes in Olympia, whose victories or honours occurred in the 1st quarter of the 5th cent. BC. According to the description, they were depicted in motion, some of them at shadow-boxing; small bronze statues give at least an idea of this. He created a monument for Gelon of Syracuse after his chariot victory in 488 BC; parts of the base with inscriptions are preserved. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overb…
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Glaucon
(411 words)
(Γλαύκων;
Glaúkōn). [German version] [1] Athen. strategós about 440 BC Son of Leagoras, Athenian
stratēgós at Samos in 441-440 BC (Androtion FGrH 324 F 38 with comm.); in 439-438 and 435-434
stratēgós, in 433-432 commander of the fleet sent to Corcyra (Thuc. 1,51; Syll.3 72). Often mentioned on Attic
kalos-inscriptions in 480-450 BC. Traill, PAA 277035. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] Son of Critias, father of Plato's mother Perictione Son of Critias, father of Charmides and of Plato's mother Perictione (Pl. Prt. 315a; Charm. 154ab; Symp. 222b; T…
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Glauconome
(61 words)
[German version] (Γλαυκονόμη;
Glaukonómē). Nereid at Hes. Theog. 256 and Apollod. 1,11. Her name means ‘she who lives/rules in the glossy (γλαυκός; cf. Glauce) sea’ [1]. For the word formation, cf. the names Amphinome: ‘she who rules widely’ and Eurynome: ‘she who rules for miles around’ (Hom. Il. 18,44; 398f.). Ambühl, Annemarie (Groningen) Bibliography
1 G. Herzog-Hauser, s.v. Nereiden, RE 17, 15.
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Glaucus
(2,298 words)
(Γλαῦκος;
Glaûkos). The name means ‘glossy blue’, also ‘luminous’ [1]; Glauce: Hom. Il 16,34). [German version] [1] Sea demon A sea demon, into which a Boeotian fisherman from Anthedon was transformed after consuming a magical herb. The place of his jump into the sea after the transformation, Γλαύκου πήδημα (
Glaúkou pḗdēma, ‘Glaucus' jump’), was indicated (Paus. 9,22,6-7). Representations are known by Evanthes, Hedyle and Nicander (Ath. 7,295b-297c), by Callimachus (Suda s.v.), Q. Cornificius (Macrob. Sat. 6,5,13) and Cicero (Plut. Cic. 2,3,86…
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Glaukopis
(116 words)
[German version] (γλαυκῶπις;
glaukôpis). Epic epithet. In Homer used as a metrical substitute or complementary for the name Athene, above all in the connection γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη (
glaukôpis Athḗnē). The noun μήνη (
mḗnē, ‘moon’) is also documented several times as a reference word for
glaukopis (first in Empedocles, 31 B 42 Diels/Kranz). The epithet can be interpreted in two ways: either as ‘owl-eyed’ (from γλαῦξ,
glaûx, ‘owl’) or ‘with a sparkling look’ (from γλαυκός,
glaukós, ‘sparkling’). Both interpretations were already represented in antiquity. The suffix limb -ωπι…
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Glaze
(291 words)
[German version] Modern technical term for a special surface treatment in the production of pottery, that consists of a flux of lead and silicon-oxide. Glaze is found only in a few ancient ceramic forms; earliest examples occur in Mesopotamia of the 3rd millennium BC. Glaze is mostly used erroneously as a technical term for ancient surface treatments that are based on a strongly levigated shiny clay [1]; glaze is furthermore to be separated from vessels and objects of silicic ceramics made of quartz sand with a surface similar to glaze and containing copper ( Faience). Between 50 BC an…
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Glevum
(216 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Britannia The region around Gloucester, located at the lowest lying crossing-point over the Severn, was first occupied by the Roman army in
c. AD 50. A legion base was erected in Kingsholm, probably by the
legio XX Valeria Victrix [1]; this was abandoned in
c. AD 60 and replaced towards the end of the rulership of Nero by a fortress on the ground of modern Gloucester, which itself was abandoned in
c. AD 74/5. On the grounds of the fortress, the
colonia Glevum was founded using the fortress' building materials, appa…
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Glinditiones
(166 words)
[German version] One of the Illyrian tribes in the province Dalmatia, subjugated with the greatest difficulty in 35-33 BC together with the Docleatae, Carni, Interphrurini, Naresii and the Taurisci by the future Augustus and forced to pay overdue taxes (App. Ill. 47: Γλιντιδίωνες;
Glintidíōnes); thus they had already been subjugated previously. According to Plin. HN 3,143, the G. belonged with 44
decuriae to the
conventus of Narona. It is not known where they settled, not even whether they are in some way to be connected with the
Ditiones. Different localizations in the valleys of…
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G (linguistics)
(193 words)
[German version] The letter G is a Latin peculiarity. Because the Latin C, which had taken the place of the Greek Gamma, had acquired the phonetic value/k/, there was a need for a letter to represent the common Latin phoneme/g/; the new letter was produced by adding a line to the letter C, and in the Latin alphabet took the place of the redundant Z. This major achievement is ascribed to a certain Sp. Carvilius [2] (GRF 3 [5. 324-333; 3. 70-72]). In words with Indo-European roots, the Greek and Latin media/g/ as a rule continues from the proto-Indo-European
g (velar) or
ǵ (palatal) [4. 83; 2…
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Glisas
(158 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Boeotia, Boeotians (Γλίσ[σ]ας/
Glís[s]as, Γλισ[σ]άς/
Glis[s]ás). Town already mentioned in the Homeric catalogue of ships (Il. 2,504), located on the southern slope of the Hypatus mountain range by modern Hypaton (formerly Sirtzi)
c. 10 km northeast of Thebae, to which G. belonged (Hdt. 9,43,2; Str. 9,2,31; Paus. 9,19,2f.; Stat. Theb. 7,306; Steph. Byz. s.v. G.); settlement traces reach back into the Neolithic period; extant are graves from the Early Helladic, geometric and c…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Glitius
(264 words)
[German version] [1] Q.G. Atilius Agricola Quaestor under Vespasianus An Atilius by birth, presumably adopted by a G., from Augusta Taurinorum, where he was honoured by various cities, also by means of
trapezophora. Probably of senatorial origin; the fact that he became quaestor of Vespasianus indicates imperial patronage; under Domitianus he was
iuridicus in Spain,
legatus legionis VI Ferratae in Syria and praetorian governor of Belgica, also under Nerva, then
cos. suff. in September/October AD 97, when Trajan was adopted. Consular governor of Pannonia in 101-2, p…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly