Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Glaukopis
(116 words)
[German version] (γλαυκῶπις;
glaukôpis). Epic epithet. In Homer used as a metrical substitute or complementary for the name Athene, above all in the connection γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη (
glaukôpis Athḗnē). The noun μήνη (
mḗnē, ‘moon’) is also documented several times as a reference word for
glaukopis (first in Empedocles, 31 B 42 Diels/Kranz). The epithet can be interpreted in two ways: either as ‘owl-eyed’ (from γλαῦξ,
glaûx, ‘owl’) or ‘with a sparkling look’ (from γλαυκός,
glaukós, ‘sparkling’). Both interpretations were already represented in antiquity. The suffix limb -ωπι…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Glaze
(291 words)
[German version] Modern technical term for a special surface treatment in the production of pottery, that consists of a flux of lead and silicon-oxide. Glaze is found only in a few ancient ceramic forms; earliest examples occur in Mesopotamia of the 3rd millennium BC. Glaze is mostly used erroneously as a technical term for ancient surface treatments that are based on a strongly levigated shiny clay [1]; glaze is furthermore to be separated from vessels and objects of silicic ceramics made of quartz sand with a surface similar to glaze and containing copper ( Faience). Between 50 BC an…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Glevum
(216 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Britannia The region around Gloucester, located at the lowest lying crossing-point over the Severn, was first occupied by the Roman army in
c. AD 50. A legion base was erected in Kingsholm, probably by the
legio XX Valeria Victrix [1]; this was abandoned in
c. AD 60 and replaced towards the end of the rulership of Nero by a fortress on the ground of modern Gloucester, which itself was abandoned in
c. AD 74/5. On the grounds of the fortress, the
colonia Glevum was founded using the fortress' building materials, appa…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Glinditiones
(166 words)
[German version] One of the Illyrian tribes in the province Dalmatia, subjugated with the greatest difficulty in 35-33 BC together with the Docleatae, Carni, Interphrurini, Naresii and the Taurisci by the future Augustus and forced to pay overdue taxes (App. Ill. 47: Γλιντιδίωνες;
Glintidíōnes); thus they had already been subjugated previously. According to Plin. HN 3,143, the G. belonged with 44
decuriae to the
conventus of Narona. It is not known where they settled, not even whether they are in some way to be connected with the
Ditiones. Different localizations in the valleys of…
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Brill’s New Pauly
G (linguistics)
(193 words)
[German version] The letter G is a Latin peculiarity. Because the Latin C, which had taken the place of the Greek Gamma, had acquired the phonetic value/k/, there was a need for a letter to represent the common Latin phoneme/g/; the new letter was produced by adding a line to the letter C, and in the Latin alphabet took the place of the redundant Z. This major achievement is ascribed to a certain Sp. Carvilius [2] (GRF 3 [5. 324-333; 3. 70-72]). In words with Indo-European roots, the Greek and Latin media/g/ as a rule continues from the proto-Indo-European
g (velar) or
ǵ (palatal) [4. 83; 2…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Glisas
(158 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Boeotia, Boeotians (Γλίσ[σ]ας/
Glís[s]as, Γλισ[σ]άς/
Glis[s]ás). Town already mentioned in the Homeric catalogue of ships (Il. 2,504), located on the southern slope of the Hypatus mountain range by modern Hypaton (formerly Sirtzi)
c. 10 km northeast of Thebae, to which G. belonged (Hdt. 9,43,2; Str. 9,2,31; Paus. 9,19,2f.; Stat. Theb. 7,306; Steph. Byz. s.v. G.); settlement traces reach back into the Neolithic period; extant are graves from the Early Helladic, geometric and c…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Glitius
(264 words)
[German version] [1] Q.G. Atilius Agricola Quaestor under Vespasianus An Atilius by birth, presumably adopted by a G., from Augusta Taurinorum, where he was honoured by various cities, also by means of
trapezophora. Probably of senatorial origin; the fact that he became quaestor of Vespasianus indicates imperial patronage; under Domitianus he was
iuridicus in Spain,
legatus legionis VI Ferratae in Syria and praetorian governor of Belgica, also under Nerva, then
cos. suff. in September/October AD 97, when Trajan was adopted. Consular governor of Pannonia in 101-2, p…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Gloriosus
(52 words)
[German version] (and
gloriosissimus). Unofficial epithet of the Roman emperor and of high officials in correspondence and in the
intitulatio of laws, having the same meaning as the official
inclitus, Greek
éndoxos (ἔνδοξος), a result of translating the Greek word back into Latin. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography G. Rösch, Ὄνομα βασιλείας, 1978.
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Glos
(139 words)
[German version] (Γλῶς/
Glôs, Diod. Sic. 14,19,6; Γλοῦς/
Gloûs, Xen. An. 2,1,3). Son of the ‘Egyptian’ Tamos of Memphis (probably the Carian Tamos, born in Memphis), marched with Cyrus the Younger against his brother Artaxerxes II in 401 BC and after Cyrus' death defected to the other side (Xen. An. 1,4,16; 1,5,7; 2,1,3; 2,4,24). As commander of the fleet and son-in-law of the satrap Tiribazus, G. organized the grain transport from Cilicia in the war against Evagoras of Salamis and defeated him in 381 …
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Glossators
(2,887 words)
Dolezalek, Gero (Aberdeen RWG) [German version] A. Name (CT) The name
glossator is given to 12th and early 13th cent. law professors because they provided textbooks used for instruction with glosses as teaching aids. Law professors of the following period, however, are referred to by a different name: commentators. The name 'post-glossator' was also sometimes used because they were freed from the task of compiling their own glosses. By then, revised collections of instructional glosses with fixed texts had…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Glossography
(1,631 words)
I. Greek [German version] A. The ancient concept of ‘Glosses’ Glosses (γλῶσσαι;
glôssai) are words that are rare and difficult to explain. The Greeks' interest in such words dates back to the earliest periods: even in works of archaic and classical poets, glosses were accompanied by more common synonyms (‘glossarial synonymity’); this kind of ‘self-exegesis’ is perhaps already evident in the first two verses of the
Odyssey (Hom. Od. 1.1-2). Antisthenes [1] and the Sophists saw the exact interpretation of words as the root of all teaching (παίδευσις,
paídeusis). For that reason, gl…
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Glow-worm
(164 words)
[German version] Thomas of Cantimpré 9,11 [1. 300] clearly described the glow-worm with the name
cicendula (= firefly) as a beetle (
scarabeus) the size of a small fly that occurs mainly in Italy and flies 15 days before and after the summer solstice. The glowing, which is only visible at night as sparks (
scintillarum modo), is especially noticeable at the tail but not after the wings have been folded. He adopted the name and etymology (
cicindela ... quod volans vel gradiens lucet) from Isid. Orig. 12,8,6, but the remainder of the context from Plin. HN 11,98 and 18,250. There,
cicindela is eq…
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Glycera
(118 words)
(Γλυκέρα;
Glykéra). [German version] [1] Famous Athenian hetaera of the late 4th cent. BC Famous Athenian hetaera ( Hetaerae) of the late 4th cent. BC. After the death of Pythionike, she was summoned to Tarsus by Harpalus, who awarded her royal honours. This was met with mockery and contempt by the Greeks. However, Harpalus supported Athens with grain because she acted as an intermediary, and he acquired the citizenship there. G. appears to have accompanied him on his flight and spent the remainder of her l…
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Glycerius
(111 words)
[German version] West Roman emperor from AD March 473 to June 474. In 472/3 he was
comes domesticorum and was proclaimed Augustus in Ravenna at the behest of the supreme imperial general Gundobad. He persuaded Ostrogoths who had invaded Italy to withdraw by giving them gifts. The East Roman emperor Leo I did not recognize him and sent a fleet under Iulius Nepos to whom G. submitted without battle. He became bishop of Salona and allegedly instigated the murder of Nepos in 480 (Iohannes Antiochenus Fr. 209,2 FHG IV 617f.; Iord. Get. 45,239; 241; 56,283f.; Anon. Valesianus 7,36). Johne, Klau…
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Glycon
(378 words)
(Γλύκων;
Glýkōn). [German version] [1] Poet Named by Heph. 10,2 Consbruch as the inventor of Glyconic verse ( Metre). His existence is disputed and the three verses ascribed to him (= 1029 PMG) are generally viewed as alexandrine in terms of metre: G. could hardly have lived before Sappho (late 7th cent. BC), who used this meter. Choeroboscus names G. (in his Comm. on St. In Heph. Consbruch) as a comedic poet, but probably mistook him for Leucon (PCG V 612). Anth. Pal. 10,124, a two-liner on the futil…
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Glykyrrhiza
(148 words)
[German version] (γλυκύρριζα;
glykýrriza, liquorice). This thirst-quenching asthma, throat and cold medication was produced from the rootstock of certain representatives of the 12-species liquorice genus (Leguminosae), especially G. glabra L. and echinata L. As Σκυθική (
Skythikḗ) or γλυκεῖα (
glykeīa) (sc. ῥίζα;
ríza) it supposedly came from Scythia (Theophr. Hist. pl. 9,13,2). Dioscurides 3,5 p. 2,8-10 Wellmann = p. 265 Berendes also recommended it for chest and liver ailments. According to Plin. HN 22,24-26, who knew several prescriptions (cf. 25,82
Scythice = Theophr. ib…
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Brill’s New Pauly