Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Greek Revival
(1,791 words)
Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) [German version] A. General (CT) In architectural history the technical term Greek Revival (GR) refers to the copying and imitating of ancient Greek architectural patterns that took place in the late 18th and 19th cents. The term was coined after 1900 in the English-speaking world and usually only applies to Great Britain and the United States; there is no compelling reason, however, to exclude similar examples of Classicist architecture in other countries, especially in the …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Greek tragedy
(3,204 words)
Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] A. Antiquity and Middle Ages (CT) The following article is only concerned with the performance of plays by the three main Greek tragedians and the various tendencies of their productions in modern times. It is not possible in this context to deal with adaptations, new arrangements or reworkings, nor with the reception of Greek tragedy as a whole in the history of European cultural and intellectual history. The seminal year marking a decisive change in the practice of performing dramatic plays in Athens was 386 BC, bec…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Greeting
(1,186 words)
I. Gestures of greeting [German version] A. Handshake According to Greek and Roman custom, one would shake the right hand of guests, family members, close acquaintances or friends and squeeze it firmly (Hom. Il. 10,542 et passim; Xen. Cyr. 3,2,14; Aristoph. Nub. 81; Plut. Cicero 879; Plut. Antonius 952; Plut. De amicorum multitudine 94b), both as a greeting (according to Plut. Caesar 708 more a form of affability) and to say good-bye. Shaking hands was seen as a sign of friendship and trust (Xen. Cyr. 3…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Gregorius
(2,969 words)
[German version] I. Greek (Γρηγόριος;
Grēgórios) [German version] [I 1] Thaumaturgus Lawyer and theologian, 3rd cent. AD G. was born between AD 210 and 213, as the son of a wealthy pagan family in Neocaesarea/ Pontus (modern Niksar), probably under the name of Theodorus. In 232/3 (or 239), after a thorough elementary education G. actually wanted to study law in Berytus/Beirut but before this in Caesarea [2] (Palestine) got to know Origen who taught there and then studied under his supervision the ‘Christian s…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Gresham's law
(272 words)
[German version] Modern technical term for the inflation-driving phenomenon in which bad money displaces good money that is then exported, melted down or hoarded. Not until the 19th cent. was it named after Thomas Gresham (1519-1579), the founder of the London Stock Exchange and royal financial agent. The main source of knowledge of the circulation of money and the disappearance of good coins in antiquity are the treasure finds. As an example (with a weakening of Gresham's law [GL] due to the higher valuation of minted silver), the better of the pre-Neronian
denarii disappeared from ci…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Greuthungi
(197 words)
[German version] Gothic people of the 4th cent. AD, also called
Grauthingi (S HA Probus 18,2),
Greothingi (Hydatius, Chronica, sub anno 385; Chron. min. 2,15),
Greothyngi (Chron. min. 1,244) or
Gruthungi (Claud. in Eutropium 2, 153; 196; 399; 576; Claud. Panegyricus de IV consulatu Honorii 623ff.) or Γρουθίγγοι (Suda s.v. Σκήψας) and often considered to be Scythians. Also named
Ostrogothi or
Austrogoti (S HA Clod. 6,2) with whom they occur mixed, for instance by Claudianus (Pan. Lat. de IV consulatu Honorii 624-636). Under their king Ermanaric from the
stirps regia of the Amali, th…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Griffin
(260 words)
[German version] Composite creature with the head of a bird of prey and the body of a lion, usually winged, presumed to have been conceived of in the early Elam period and to have reached predynastic Egypt, where it developed independently. In the 1st quarter of the 2nd millennium the ancient Syrian G. (characterized by a curl on the nape of its neck), which emerged under Egyptian influence, spread to Anatolia and the Aegean; established in Crete since the MM II/III era, it was adapted to the Min…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Grillius
(229 words)
[German version] Latin grammarian and rhetor, probably from the 5th cent. AD. Extant by him is part of a commentary on Cicero's
De inventione which is preceded by an
argumentum artis rhetoricae, a synopsis of the
Rhetorica ad Herennium. Priscian (Inst. gramm. 2,35,27; 36,1f.) mentions (probably our) G. as the author of a (nonextant) work
Ad Vergilium de accentibus, which must be considered a grammar dedicated to a certain Virgilius, rather than a study of Virgilian verses. Included in numerous medieval catalogues, G. was used frequently by, among other…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Grinario
(105 words)
[German version] (modern Köngen). Fort (2.4 ha) on the Augsburg-Mainz road probably founded around AD 90/95. In about 160 the unit was moved to Lorch but the old camp probably still served as a base for supplies. The
vicus G. (CIL XIII 11726f.; Tab. Peut. 4,1) that was
c. 20 ha. in size flourished to around the middle of the 3rd cent. and belonged to the
civitas Sumelocennensis (modern Rottenburg; CIL XIII 6384; 11727). Dietz, Karlheinz (Würzburg) Bibliography C. Unz, G., 1982 M. Luik, F. Reutti, Der Römerpark in Köngen, 1988 D. Planck, Neues zum röm. Vicus G.-Köngen, in: Arch. A…
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Groma
(227 words)
[German version] (Greek γνώμων;
gnṓmōn). Name of the Roman surveyors' device for determining straight lines and right angles when surveying a terrain. It consists of a pole about the height of a man (
ferramentum) and a rotatable cross of four horizontal rods (
stella) attached to it at right angles. On the four ends were attached plumb-lines (
perpendicula) almost down to the ground. The plumb attached to the centre point of the rotary cross (
umbilicus soli) was aligned above the measurement point by a slight slanting of the
ferramentum [3]. The application is known through Heron o…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Großromstedt
(158 words)
[German version] (district of Apolda/Thüringen). Germanic burial site of the pre-Roman Iron Age that was excavated between 1907 and 1913. It comprises over 600 graves containing cremation burials from the 2nd half of the last pre-Christian cent. and the time of Christ as well as some graves from the 2nd/3rd cents. AD. The graves contain typical ceramics ( Situla, wheelmade pottery), weapons ( Sword, Shield and lance) as well as fibulae that are taken to be stereotypes for the subdivision of this…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Grotesque
(3,206 words)
Huber, Gabriele (Kassel RWG) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) Many stately and magnificent buildings of Antiquity contained paintings and stucco work covering walls and vaults. The most important examples for later reception, the grotesques in the
Domus Aurea of the Roman emperor Nero, thought to be the baths of Titus at the time of their discovery, were stylistically equivalent to the 3rd and 4th Pompeian style: They consisted of thread-like and thread-shaped plants, animals and monsters. The grotesque decoration in the
Domus Aurea used a system based on a geometric ord…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Grotta Regina
(63 words)
[German version] A cult cave on the north-eastern slope of Monte Gallo near Palermo (
c. 180 m above sea-level) used since prehistoric times. According to Punic inscriptions and paintings (5th-1st cents. BC, among these Tinnit symbols) on the walls, underworld and fertility gods were worshipped here. Tinnit Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) Bibliography G. Coacci Polselli, M. G. Guzzo Amadasi, V. Tusa, Grotta Regina ─ II, 1979.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Grotto
(425 words)
[German version] The word grotto is borrowed from Greek
kryptós (‘concealed, hidden’; Italian
grotta, French
grotte). Grotto is occasionally used as a synonym for cave but it mostly describes in particular caves with natural or artificially irrigation. In religious history grottos appear in the following contexts: 1. Grotto sanctuaries of the prehistoric period: here it is worth mentioning the cult sites of north-western European peoples that were situated in grottos and often painted with religious and mythol…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Group R
(253 words)
[German version] A group of Attic lekythoi with white-grounded polychromatic dull-coloured painting from the time between 420 and 410 BC. According to the shape of the vessel, the ornamental decoration, painting technique and colours (red contour lines, blackish grey ornament drawing), they come from the same workshop as the lekythoi of the Reed Painter but are bigger than those and of significantly higher quality in the drawing of the figures. Beazley therefore separated them from the lekythoi of…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Grove
(513 words)
[German version] (ἄλσος/
álsos, Latin
lucus). In Greece and Italy a sacred area characterized by its stand of trees (cf. Str. 9,2,33); although
lucus originally meant ‘glade’. A grove had at least one altar, often also votive offerings; often a grove could also be part of a larger sacred area with a temple: as in the Apollo sanctuary of Didyma (Str. 14,1,5), the Samian Heraeum (LSCG, Suppl. 18) or in the Roman grove of the Dea Dia. The grove was sacred because it was considered to be the place where a deity resided;…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Grudii
(64 words)
[German version] One of the five tribes in Gallia Belgica dependent on the Nervii (the others being the Ceutrones [1], Levaci, Pleumoxii and Geidumni: Caes. B Gall. 5,39,1). Their area of settlement lay in what is now Flanders. Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart) Bibliography TIR M 31 Paris, 1975, 133 H. Boone, Ceutrones et Nervii, in: Mémoires de la Societé d'Emulation de Cambrai 73, 1926, 105-206.
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Grumentum
(91 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Social Wars | Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | | Coloniae Town in Lucania ( Lucani) where the Sora (modern Sciaura) flows into the Aciris (modern Agri) (cf. Str. 6,1,3; Ptol. 3,1,70); ruins 1.5 km east of Grumento. Place of fierce battles in the 2nd Punic War (Liv. 23,37,10; 27,41,3) and in the Social War (cf. App. B Civ. 1,41).
Municipium,
tribus Pomptina (
regio III). Pliny speaks of the good wine from Lagarina near G. (HN 14,69). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
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Brill’s New Pauly