Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Job
(259 words)
[German version] Central figure in the eponymous book of the Bible, one of the
Ketūbı̄m, the writings, in the Hebrew canon. The etymology of the name leads us to an apparently Edomite word
Ayyab, which can be translated approximately as ‘penitent, convert’. The Hebrew
ʾĪyōḇ suggests the word ‘enemy’ so that the name can also mean ‘the one treated with hostility’ (sc. by God). The Edomite J., whose fear of God is put to a hard test by God himself through the intervention of Satan, indeed complains about his fate, but always remains faithfu…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Job market
(431 words)
[German version] With Bohannan and Dalton we can distinguish between the market a) as a place and b) as a price-regulating mechanism of supply and demand [1]. While a job market in the sense of b) did not develop in antiquity, work was available like other goods in the marketplace. It could either be bought permanently in the form of a slave, or temporarily ‘lent’ by a free wage-earner (Latin
locatio; Menander Sam. 189-95; Plaut. Trin. 843 f; 853 f.). Conversely, everyone could offer his work at the market (Mt 20:1-16). In Athens, there was a special area of the agora (κολονος μίσθιος/
kolonós m…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Jokes
(1,044 words)
(γελοῖον/
geloîon; Lat.
dicacitas,
facetiae,
iocus,
ridiculum,
sal,
urbanitas; for terminology cf. [1. 754-757]). [German version] A. Jokes in everyday life Like us, the ancients enjoyed telling a joke (for the joke culture of the Romans cf. [2; 3]). Jokes were also written down
risus gratia (for enjoyment: Quint. Inst. 6,3,65). The only completely preserved ancient collection of jokes is written in Greek, the
Philógelōs (4th/5th cents. AD). From Plautus, we know that such collections existed long before, and that they were not confin…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Joldelund
(136 words)
[German version] in the district of North Friesland. A Germanic centre of iron production - surveyed in modern times - from the period of the late Roman Empire and early barbarian invasions (
c. AD 350-450). In the area of a village settlement with several peasant farms, specialized smelting of bog iron ores that occur locally took place in several hundred bloomery furnaces that were found distributed over
c. 8 hectares. The raw iron that was extracted was further worked on site at several smithing locations. The necessary charcoal was produced in J. in at least…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Jonathan
(155 words)
[German version] (from Hebrew
Yeho natan, ‘God gave’). Name of several biblical figures as well as post-biblical people, especially of rabbis from the 2nd and 3rd cents. AD. The most important biblical figures by this name are 1) J., the son of Gerschom, according to Judges 18:30 a priest of the tribe of Dan, and 2) J., the son of Saul, the first king of Israel (1 Sam 13 and 14). The son of Saul is considered to be one of the noblest characters in the Bible. His sincere and close friendship with Dav…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Joseph
(333 words)
[German version] (Hebrew personal name, from the Hebrew verb stem
jasaf, ‘to add’). The biblical tradition of the J. story (Gn 30ff.), a novella-like didactic tale, shows in its core statement how the hidden workings of God are behind the fate of an individual: J., the favourite son of Jacob and Rachel, father of Ephraim and Manasse, is sold by his brothers into slavery in Egypt. He works as the servant of the pharaoh, once he has cleared his name of the accusation that he had raped the wife of Potiphar. The material of the J. story, that goes back among other things to Egyptian mode…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Joshua Stylites
(113 words)
[German version] (‘the pillar saint’). A Syrian chronicle that contains detailed information about the local history of Edessa for the years 495-507 (e.g. about the siege of Amida), and is embedded in the chronicle of Zuqnı̄n, also known as the ‘Chronicle of [Ps.-] Dionysius [23] of Tell-Maḥrē’. It is frequently attributed to I. Stylites. He is probably also rightly considered to be the author of the entire chronicle. Brock, Sebastian P. (Oxford) Bibliography Editions: J. B. Chabot, CSCO Scr. Syri 43 and 66, 1927 and 1949 W. Wright, 1882 (with Engl. transl.) J. Watt, The chronicle o…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Jossipon
(208 words)
[German version] This historical depiction of world events (from Adam to the destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem by Titus in AD 70) was written in Hebrew, presumably in the 10th cent. in southern Italy. It is based on the works of Iosephus [4] Flavius (
Antiquitates Judaicae,
Bellum Judaicum,
Contra Apionem). Aside from the Latin version of the
Bellum (so-called Latin Hegesippus, 4th cent. AD) diverse medieval chronicles can be established as the main models. At the centre are disputes between Rome and Israel. Medieval translations into Arabi…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Juba
(1,071 words)
(Ἰόβας;
Ióbas, Ἰούβας;
Ioûbas, Ἰόβα;
Ióba). [German version] [1] King of Numidia, 1st cent. BC Born in
c. 85 BC, died in 46 BC, king of Numidia, son and successor of Hiempsal. In 63 J. represented Numidian interests in Rome (Cic. Leg. agr. 2,59). In 62 he became the enemy of Caesar who protected Masintha and pulled J.'s beard (Suet. Iul. 71; re his appearance [1; 2]). In 50 J. was already king, but not yet recognized by Rome [3. 126-128]. C. Scribonius Curio demanded Numidia's annexation; the Senate rejected t…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Jubilees, Book of
(11 words)
see Liber Iubilaerorum, see Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum
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Brill’s New Pauly
Judah and Israel
(2,193 words)
I. Ancient Orient [German version] A. Definition Juda (= J.) and Israel (= I.) are names that, in the course of history, have displayed geographical, political, ethnic and theological components. J. was initially the name of a region in southern Palaestina; later, it referred to the fictitious founding hero of a tribe and thus became the name of the tribe itself. J. became a political construct with David's kingdom (10th cent. BC). The name J. (in OT
yhwdh, in Ancient Hebrew texts outside the OT
yhd/yhwd, Assyrian
ia-u/
ʾu-da-a-a, Babylonian
ia-a-ḫu-du) possibly means ‘ Yahweh is v…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Judaic law
(1,278 words)
[German version] A. Biblical law: the Torah Not much can be established with regard to the historical beginnings of Judaic law (JL), which has persisted for 3,000 years and is still observed in many parts of the world. Many of its rules (e.g. concerning murder and theft) exist in all cultures, although their historical origin cannot be attested. Thus, the law in the Bible has characteristics in common with legal systems known from other cultures in the Ancient Near East. The question of overlappings is…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Judaism
(3,538 words)
[German version] A. General, Terminology The term Judaism is derived from the Hebrew
Yehuda (cf. the tribal name Juda, Juda and Israel), whose etymology is not entirely certain. It denotes not only the Jewish religion, but also - and quite particularly so - the ethnic belonging to the Jewish people, which is not unproblematical from our modern view, as well as the people's entire cultural, political and philosophical milieu, in Ancient Israel and in the Diaspora. A generally recognized, handy definition of…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Judaism
(6,576 words)
Hoffmann, Philippe (Paris) I. Anti-Semitism (CT) [German version] A. Subject Area (CT) The application of "anti-Semitism", a term coined in 1879 by a political and social movement as an ideological self-reference, to the ancient world is problematic, in that it suggests a false identity between ancient and modern animosity toward Jews. However, it has established itself as a collective term referring to “alle(r) judenfeindlichen Äußerungen, Strömungen und Bewegungen in der Geschichte” ("all anti-Jewish utte…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Judas
(534 words)
[German version] [1] J. Maccabaeus Son of Mattathias, leader of rebels in the 2nd cent. BC (The epithet probably from Hebrew
maqqaebaet, ‘the hammer’, owing to military success). Third son of the priest Mattathias ( Hasmonean), in 167/166 BC he took over leadership of the Jewish rebels who rose against the desecration of the Temple in Jerusalem, the ban on the Jewish religion and the pressure of taxation under Antiochus IV [6]. J. proved himself to be a master of guerrilla tactics and politics as well as a charisma…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Judith
(331 words)
[German version] (Ιουδιθ,
Iudith,
Iudit). The Book of J., which has come down to us only in Greek and (dependent on it) in Latin and belongs to the Apocrypha ( Apocryphal literature), goes back to a Hebrew original. In a politically and militarily difficult situation, with the inhabitants of the mountain city of Betylia besieged by Nebuchadnezzar's commander Holofernes, and consequently suffering from lack of water, Judith, a young, rich and pious widow, appears. After admonishing the people to tru…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Julio-Claudian dynasty
(376 words)
[German version] This term describes the first five sole rulers of Rome (including their families) after the end of the Republic and the Civil Wars: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius [III 1], and Nero. If we begin Augustus' monarchical status with his victory at Actium ( Actium) on 2 Sept. 31 BC, the dynasty's rule lasted almost 99 years, until the suicide of Nero on 9 (?) June, AD 68. It descends from four families ( Augustus: stemma ‘The Julio-Claudian dynasty’): the
familia Iulia,
familia Octavia,
familia Claudia and
familia Domitia. But in reality the dynasty unfolded al…
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Brill’s New Pauly