Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Limyra
(307 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre (Λίμυρα;
Límyra, Lycian
zêmuri). City in Lycia on a mountain slope near modern Finice in southern Turkey, settled at the latest from the 7th cent. BC onwards, with an extended
chóra and small harbour (late antique name: Phoenix) [1]. In the 5th cent. BC the castle was extended with a fortified lower city [2], and coins were minted. From the beginning of the 4th cent. BC to 366/362 the Lycian king Pericles (cf. [3]; on his heroon with building decoration [1. 45-52]) c…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limyrice
(78 words)
[German version] (Λιμυρική;
Limyrikḗ). Indian region on the Malabar coast between Naoura and Nelcynda, with Carura [2] as capital (Ptol. 7,1,8; 85; Peripl. m.r. 53f.). It has been suggested that L. should be regarded as an incorrect reading of Damyrice (Old Indo-Aryan
Damila, cf. modern Tamil), but the name is preserved only as L. In this country, modern Kerala, lay the famous harbour town of Muziris. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography O. Wecker, s.v. Limyrike, RE 13, 711f.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limyrus
(60 words)
[German version] (Λίμυρος;
Límyros). River with its source near Limyra which flows from there to the sea [1. 124f.] and into the Arycandus not far from the ancient seaport (late antique Phoenix) (Ps.-Scyl. 100; Str. 14,3,7; Coin image: BMCRE Lycia, 61). Zimmermann, Martin (Tübingen) Bibliography
1 J. Borchhardt, Zêmuri. Die Residenzstadt des lyk. Königs Perikles, in: MDAI(Ist) 40, 1990.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lindian Chronicle
(237 words)
[German version] The
Anagraphé of Lindus (on Rhodes), discovered in 1904, is an outstanding example of a local history work with a special topic. The inscription was set up upon application by Hagesitimus, the son of Timachidas, through a decision of the council at the sanctuary of Athena Lindia in 99 BC: it contains the wording of this decision (= A), an inventory of 45 votive offerings that were set up (allegedly) in the temple (= B and C), and the description of four epiphanies (‘manifestations…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lindum
(376 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Coloniae | Britannia (modern Lincoln in central England; cf. etymology
L. +
colonia). Town in a strategically important position where the river Witham cuts through the Lincoln Edge. Around a swampy pond in the valley floor (
lindus, Celtic ‘pond’) there was a late Iron Age settlement [1]. A legionary camp formed the core of the Roman
colonia on the hills in the north. Founded in about AD 60, this fortress was kept by the
legio IX Hispana until around AD 71 and then by the
legio II Adiutrix until
c. AD 85. With 7.2 acres this fortr…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lindus
(796 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Theatre | Dark Ages | Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Persian Wars | Delian League | Education / Culture (Λίνδος;
Líndos). [German version] A. Topography Town on the eastern coast of Rhodes in an exposed topographical situation, with an acropolis rising steeply (116m) from the sea and a natural twin harbour. The territory of L. extended to more than half of the island. L. held land in Asia Minor (Physcus). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [German version] B. History Together with Ialysus and Camirus, L. formed the triad…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Linear A
(472 words)
[German version] Linear script with mostly simple character shapes, predominantly attested on Crete: in Hagia Triada (archive with
c.150 clay tablets), Knossos, Phaestus, Mallia, Arkhanes, Khania, Zakros and a sanctuary on Mount Iuktas; further in Tiryns, on Cythera, the Cyclades (Melos, Keos, Thera), in Miletus, Troy, Samothrace, Lachish, etc., overall on more than 25 sites. Today, the corpus comprises over 1,400 texts with about 700 word entities (including names), overall 7,300 characters. Linear A is written …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Linear B
(1,104 words)
[German version] A. Basics The Linear B script, deciphered in 1952 by M. Ventris and J. Chadwick, renders the earliest known Greek dialect, Mycenaean. As in the case of the older Linear A, the character signs of this writing system consist of lines ( Greece, writing systems). Plath, Robert (Erlangen) [German version] B. Find spots The concentration in three regions (a) Crete (Knossos = KN [1; 2; 7], Khania = KH [5; 6; 7], Armenoi = AR, Mallia = MA, Mamelouko = MAM [7]), (b) Peloponnese with Argolid (Mycenae = MY [4; 7], Tiryns = TI [4; 7], Midea = M…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Linen, flax
(966 words)
[German version] I. General Linen (λίνον/
línon, Lat.
linum) or flax belongs to the family of Geraniaceae.
Linum angustifolium is considered the original form of cultivated flax. The use of this wild, perennial plant is archaeologically proven for the Neolithic period in Europe. Common flax (
Linum usitatissimum), an annual plant, has a delicate stalk with oblong, sessile leaves, and reaches a height of 60-90 cm. The stalks form the raw material from which the most important spinning material, after wool, can be extracted. The valuable fibre…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lingones
(115 words)
[German version] Celtic people on the border between Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica, between the Senones and the Sequani (Str. 4,1,11; 3,4; 6,11: Λίγγονες/
Língones; Ptol. 2,9,9: Λόγγονες/
Lóngones). The L. did not participate in the battles of the Gauls against Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 1,26,5; 40,11; 7,9,4; 63,7; Plut. Caesar 26,6; Cass. Dio 40,38; 66,3). Already
foederati at the time (Plin. HN 4,31), they gained Roman citizenship at the end of the 1st cent. AD (Tac. Hist. 1,78,1). After AD 250, they belonged to the
provincia Lugdunensis. Their capital was Andematu(n)num (mod…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Linguistic affinity
(492 words)
[German version] The realization that various languages are genealogically related originated in antiquity. The works of Greek grammarians already show that Latin was not only known to them as a language different from their own but that they also reflected upon the mutual relationship of the two. In fact, the conclusion of Philoxenus [8] - that Latin was descended ‘from the Aeolic dialect of Greek because neither possessed a dual’ (Philoxenus in Hdn., GG 3,2, p. 791, l. 28-30) - was somewhat ak…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Linguistics
(11,039 words)
Strunk, Klaus (Munich) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) Linguistics developed in ancient Greece as part of philosophy (Sophists, Plato, Aristotle, Stoics) and also through the treatment of Homeric and later Classical texts in light of Alexandrine philology (on which the Grammarians are based: Dionysius Thrax, Apollonius Dyscolus, and their Greek and Roman successors). This led to the first phonetic observations (including Herodian’s teaching on accent), more extensively to the study of the parts o…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Linus
(348 words)
[German version] (Λίνος;
Línos) presumably is the personification of the ritual (Oriental?) cry
aílinon (Phoenician
ai lanu?), the refrain of the so-called L. song (Hom. Il. 18,569-570; Hes. fr. 305-306 M.-W.; Pind. fr. 128c 6). According to this tradition, L. is the son of Apollo and a Muse (Urania, Calliope, Terpsichore or Euterpe [1. 14; 2. 55]); the link with the Muses is reflected in a cult on the Helicon [1] (Paus. 9,29,5-6) and in Epidaurus (SEG 33, 303; 44, 332A). Argive women and maidens in an annual…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lion
(1,653 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt The incidence of lions (Sumerian
ur-maḫ,
ur-gula,
pirig; Akkadian
nēšu,
labbu; Egyptian
rw,
mj) is first attested for Mesopotamia in the Ur III period (2112-2004 BC). Sources subsequently only rarely mention their occurrence in Babylonia; on the other hand, there are many references from the middle Euphrates region and from Assyria (letters from Mari, hunting accounts of Neo-Assyrian kings). In Egypt lions were depicted from the prehistoric period and are attested well beyond the New Kingdom (1550-1070). In Egypt as well as in Mesop…
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Brill’s New Pauly