Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Lilaea
(206 words)
[German version] (Λίλαια;
Lílaia, Ptol. 3,14,4; Λίλαιον;
Lílaion, schol. Pind. Pyth. 1,121). City in Phocis at the Cephisus sources (Hom. Il. 2,523; Theopomp. FGrH 115 F 385; Str. 9,2,10; Paus. 10,35,5); named after the daughter of the river god Cephisus (Paus. 10,33,4); cf. the coins of L. [1. 17f.]; HN 339; 343). L. lies on the north-eastern slope of the Parnassus in a strategically favourable position on the traffic axis between the upper Cephisus valley and the Pleistus valley,
c. 33 km from Delphi (Paus. 10,33,2). Finds come from the prehistoric to the Late Helladic a…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lily
(318 words)
[German version] The lily, which was already used as a decorative flower in Cretan-Mycenaean art, λείριον/
leírion - from this Latin
lilium - or κρίνον/
krínon (Dioscorides; Theophr.) and κρινωνία/
krinōnía (Theophr. Hist. pl. 2,2,1). The adjective λειριόεις/
leirióeis (‘lily-like’ or ‘tender’) is used by Homer Il. 13,830 ironically for the skin of Ajax and 3,152 for the song of the cicadas, as well as Hes. Theog. 41 for that of the Muses. Persephone picks a lily (H. Hom. 2,427). Hdt. 2,92, however, calls the Egyptian Lotus
krínon. In Plin. HN 21,22-26 (according to Theophr. 6,6,8…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lilybaeum
(276 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sicily | Christianity | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Commerce | Phoenicians, Poeni | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Λιλύβαιον/
Lilýbaion, Λιλύβη/
Lilýbē; Latin
Lilybaeum, -on). Foothills (modern Capo Boeo) and town (modern Marsala) in the most western part of Sicily,
c. 140 km from Carthage; founded by the Carthaginians and heavily fortified after the Punic base Motya had been destroyed in 397 BC by Dionysius I. The fortress defied repeated attacks by the Greeks (in 368 under Dionysius, …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limbus
(88 words)
[German version] Ribbon, braid or trimming with a wide variety of meanings.
Limbus describes the head band and the belt and even more so the edging and hem on garments (Ov. Met. 6, 127; Verg. Aen. 4,137) that could also be colourful or made of gold (Ov. Met. 5, 51). The band that runs across the celestial globe and contains the zodiac was also called the
limbus (Varro, Rust. 2,3,7, Zodiac).
Limbi were also the cords on the nets of hunters and fishermen. Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg)
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lime
(576 words)
[German version] The technique used by the Greeks, of binding the individual blocks in quarried-stone walls by means of variously formed metal clamps, was adopted by the Romans for their monumental architecture. Besides that, they early on used mortar made of lime and sand as a bounding agent in house building. Thus, lime, which in Greece had been used primarily for the roughcast of buildings, acquired greater importance as a building material in the Roman period. Lime is obtained from limestone by burning at temperatures of some 1000° C; the calcium carbonate (CO3Ca) turns into calciu…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limenia
(130 words)
[German version] (Λιμενία;
Limenía). City on the north coast of Cyprus [1]. L. also appears under the names Limen and Limnitis in early Christian texts, from which the existence of a harbour is apparent (discussed in [1. 17-20]); this speaks against the inland location suggested by Str. 14,6,3. Remains near the modern Limniti show a short-term settlement as early as the Neolithic [2]. At the mouth of the river is a sanctuary with finds from the Archaic to Hellenistic periods [3]. Senff, Reinhard (Bochum) Bibliography
1 A. Westholm, The Temples of Soloi, 1936
2 E. Gjerstad, Petra tou Limni…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limenius
(167 words)
[German version] [1] Choral lyric poet from Athens, 2nd cent. BC (Λιμήνιος;
Limḗnios) from Athens. Choral lyric poet, composer of a paean to Apollo (127 BC), which is preserved in an inscription on the treasury of the Athenians at Delphi. Besides the text itself, the notes of the tune for the kithara accompaniment are also provided: Paeonic-Cretan rhythm, the word accent taken up by the melody, highest variability in the use of keys. Metre; Athenaeus [7] Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) Bibliography E. Pöhlmann, Denkmäler altgriech. Musik, 1970, 68-76 M. L. West, Ancient Greek Music, 1992, 293-301 L. …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limes
(12,382 words)
[German version] I. General In the religious and administrative theory of the land surveyors, the Latin word
limes denoted the path marking the boundary between two pieces of land, while in military and political usage (Tac. Ann. 1,50; Frontin. Str. 1,3,10) it meant the border between Roman and non-Roman territory (SHA Hadr. 12). Over recent years, research has led the military connotation of the term
limes, which has been used almost exclusively from the 19th cent., to be expanded to comprehend also the historico-geographical and socio-economic fields. Where the
limites were origin…
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Limes; Hadrian's Wall
(2,097 words)
[English version] Of all the border fortifications erected as
limites of the empire by Roman military architects during the Imperial era, the complex system of the
vallum Hadriani (fig. 1) -- consisting of ditches and wall (partly of stone, partly of turf), a
via militaris which connected the auxiliary bases and mile castles, and the so-called vallum as an inland boundary -- forms probably the most obvious monument of this type in the entire
Imperium Romanum. In Great Britain, it is rightly pointed out that the prominent remains of this border line, which was superimpo…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limes; Limes studies
(6,634 words)
[English version] With its nearly 550 km, the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes is one of the most significant monuments of early history. Starting from Rheinbrohl, it crossed the present-day German states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. The term Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes itself was introduced in the 19th cent., being derived from the Roman provinces of
Germania Superior and
Rhaetia, whose eastern and northern borders respectively were reached by the Limes, after numerous changes, by the mid 2nd cent. Impressive remains of this Roman border…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lime-tree
(188 words)
[German version] (φιλύρα/
philýra, Latin
tilia, perhaps derived from πτελέα/
pteléa, ‘elm’). Three species, namely the summer, winter and silver lime tree, were known to the Greeks and Romans from their mountains and they described them very precisely. Theophr. Hist. pl. 3,10,4-5 and Plin. HN 16,65 were certainly wrong to differentiate a male form from a female one. The fairly soft wood (Plin. HN 16,207) served ‘1,000 purposes’ (Plin. HN 18,266), namely for boxes of all kinds, goblets, measures of volume …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limia
(125 words)
[German version] Coastal river south of Miño, modern Lima. According to [1], the name is Celtic. Ancient references: ‘Millia and Oblivio’, Mela 3,10; ‘Lethe’, Sil. Pun. 1,236; 16,476; ‘Oblivio’, Flor. Epit. 1,33,48; ‘L., Limaea and Aeminius’, Plin. HN 4,112; 115; Λίμιος, Ptol. 2,6,1; Λιμαία, Λήθης and Βελιών, Str. 3,3,4f.; Λήθης, App. Hisp. 301; 304. Explanations of the diversity of names are given by [2]; suppositions of a city L. and the residents of the river, the Lusitanian Limici, in [4]; on the sources in [3]. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography
1 Holder, s.v. L.
2 Schulten, Land…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limitanei
(705 words)
[German version] General designation for the units of the late Roman army that had fixed garrisons in the border regions (
limites; see
limes ) of the Roman Empire. They were under the command of a
dux limitis, who was responsible for a section of the border, which often stretched over several territorial provinces. The term
limitanei is first recorded in an official document in AD 363 (Cod. Theod. 12,1,56); it was used to distinguish the territorial troops from the soldiers of the field army (
comitatenses ), which was not bound to a specific territory. The cre…
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Limitation
(1,518 words)
(
limitatio). [German version] I. Etruscan prerequisites To the Etruscans, the definition of real and symbolic space by drawing boundaries (
limites; Varro in Frontin. De agri mensura p. 27 L.) was a prerequisite for the correct interpretation ( Divination) and placement (foundation of cities) of signs: the interpretation of heavenly signs was based on their arrangement in sections of the co-ordinate axes which divide the heavens; the axes are spatially fixed by alignment to the co-ordinates (orientation). Ritual fo…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limnae
(329 words)
(Λίμναι;
Límnai). [German version] [1] Oldest sanctuary to Dionysus in the municipal area of Athens Oldest sanctuary to Dionysus ἐν Λίμναις (
en Límnais) in the municipal area of Athens south of the Acropolis (Thuc. 2,15,4), now localized in the area of the Makrygianni/Chatzchristou streets [2. 332 fig. 219, 379, 435]. The identification with a triangular temenos on the south-western slope of the Areopagus [1; 3] is obsolete [2. 274f. fig. 351]. The sanctuary was opened only on the second day of the Anthesteria, the 12th day of the month of Anthesterion. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliograph…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limnaea
(133 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Acarnanians, Acarnania (Λιμναία;
Limnaía). Harbour town on a bay in the south-east of the Gulf of Ambracia near modern Amphilochia, from which a hollow of the valley leads into the Achelous plain (Pol. 5,5,14). In the 5th cent. an unfortified village (Thuc. 2,80,2; 3,106,2), in the 4th cent. the destination of the
theorodokoi (IG IV2 1,95 l. 8; SEG 36,331 l. 31-33), member of the Acarnanian League (IG IX 12,2, 588 l. 9). The fortified acropolis was connected to the harbour by ‘long walls’. There are no clues tha…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Limnaeum
(88 words)
[German version] (Λιμναῖον;
Limnaîon, Latin Limnaeum). In 191 BC, the Romans and Philip V marched through eastern Thessaly to drive out Antiochus III and the Athamanians. During the siege of Pelinna, Philip also attacked L. which did not surrender until the Roman cavalry appeared (Liv. 36,13,9ff.). There is a lack of other information. L. has recently been localized near Vlochos above the swampy confluence region of the rivers Enipeus [2] and Peneius. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography J. Cl. Decourt, La vallée de l'Enipeus en Thessalie, 1990, 120f.
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Brill’s New Pauly