Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Loan
(1,744 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient As a contractual service, in which the recipient of money or other negotiable items undertakes to return them and/or provide a service in recompence, lending is attested in Mesopotamia [4. 189-203] from the middle of the 3rd millennium BC [1. 141-145] into the Hellenistic period [2. 43-45; 3. 119]. As well as private individuals, (representatives of) institutions (temple, palace) are recorded as creditors. The loans involved comprised for the most part silver and ba…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Loan-word
(852 words)
[German version] A linguistic term for words which have been borrowed from one language by another (‘borrowing’) one. The term overlaps with that of a general foreign word, with the differentiation usually made being that a loanword shows extensive adaptation to the system of the borrowing language, which normally goes hand in hand with long-term usage. The existence of loanwords presupposes a certain degree of linguistic contact between the source and the borrowing language. The process may be t…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Loan words
(14 words)
see Baltic languages; Celtic Languages; Germanic languages; Internationalisms; Slavonic languages
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lobon
(168 words)
[German version] (Λόβων;
Lóbōn) of Argos. Biographer of the 3rd cent. BC, author of a work Περὶ ποιητῶν (‘On Poets’). It is mentioned by Diog. Laert. 1,34-35 and 112 and in the Vita of Sophocles and was a polemical work in comparison with the
Pínakes of Callimachus: [1] gathered 27 fragments but their number is probably greater. This work must have contained biographical details regarding ancient verse writers (of every kind: epic poets, lyricists, tragedians, philosophers, etc. right through to the legendary Seven Sages) as well as extra…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lobster
(185 words)
[German version] This superior species of crab (
Homarus vulgaris) belonged, according to Aristotle (Hist. an. 1,6,490b 12), under the name ἀστακός/
astakós (according to Frisk ‘provided with bones’) to the soft-shelled species (μαλακόστρακα/
malakóstraka), but according to Aelianus (NA 9,6) it was one of the crustaceans (ὀστρακόδερμα/
ostrakóderma). Its precise description (black speckles on a white background, eight feet, large claws with teeth on them, a tail composed of various parts) in Aristot. Hist. an. 4,2,526a 11-b 18 facilitates ide…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Local chronicles, local history
(563 words)
[German version] Historical or antiquarian works on particular areas or localities, often dated according to eponymous officials. According to [1], Greek local chronicles and local historiography grew out of official lists and indices (officials, priests, victors in competitions) in which notes on all sorts of events were scattered. From these preliterary town chronicles, local chronicles and histories supposedly developed in the 6th/5th cents. BC, with the
Hóroi (Annual Books) of Samos being the earliest; later the
Atthís followed. This opinion, whic…
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Locatio conductio
(936 words)
[German version] A. General The
locatio conductio (‘hire’) is a fully developed mutual contract in Roman law that comes about through a (mere) consensus (
consensus ) regarding essential contract components. Several modern contract types are included in the term, especially hire, lease, service and work agreements. For these different life situations there was only one
actio locati (‘lessee suit’) and an
actio conducti (‘lessor suit’). However, the classical Roman jurists differentiated with respect to risk bearing and liability, therefore the
demonstratio (description of th…
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Lochos
(133 words)
[German version] (λόχος;
lóchos). The lochos is attested in many Greek armies as a military unit of varying size; in general the commanders of the lochoi were the lochagoi. 7 lochoi that probably each had 512 men fought on the Spartan side at Mantinea in 418 BC (Thuc. 5,68,3; cf. Hdt. 9,53,2f.; 9,57,1f.); in the 4th cent. BC, Sparta had twelve lochoi (Xen. Hell. 7,5,10). The Boeotian infantry, the táxeis (táxis) of the Athenians and mercenary armies were also divided up into lochoi (Thuc. 4,91; Xen…
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Lochus
(181 words)
[German version] Son of Callimedes;
syngenḗs of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra [II 6] III. in 127 BC ( Court titles B. 2.). L. acted as a benefactor for Roman merchants in the conquest of Alexandria by Ptolemy (IDélos 1526; cf. IDélos 1536?) and was perhaps even the commanding general on this occasion (then in Diod. Sic. 34/5,20 L. should likewise be read instead of Hegelochus [2]). Between 128/7 and 118 L. was the
stratēgòs autokrátōr (‘Commander in chief’) of the Thebaid, an office that cannot have differed very greatly from that of
epistrátēgos (UPZ II 187; [1. 19]; [2. 51f.]); between …
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Loci communes
(2,319 words)
Fuchs, Andreas (Jena) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) In the ancient world,
loci or
topoi were used in dialectical and rhetorical reasoning in order to ascertain suitable arguments and thus to attain the goal of the argumentation (Cicero defines
loci as
argumenti sedes, the seats of an argument, that is, places where it can be found; Cic. Top. 2, 8).
Topoi, which in Aristotle were at first defined as methods and forms, were increasingly also set by content [27. 234-237]. They could then also, as in Cicero and the
Rhetorica ad Herennium, be used for amplification, for deliberati…
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Lock, Key
(835 words)
[German version] I. Classical antiquity (Lock: κλεῖθρον/
kleîthron or κλεῖστρον/
kleîstron, βαλανάγρα/
balanágra; cf. Lat.
claustrum/
claustra; bolt: μοχλός/
mochlós; key: κλεῖς/
kleîs, κλειδίον/
kleidíon; Lat.
clavis). Apart from the bolting of a door or gate by means of a beam, a system was employed in Greek/Roman antiquity that had already been described in Hom. Od. 21,6f.; 46-50 and was still in use in Roman times: a bolt provided with projections was drawn into its locked position from the outside by means of a cord…
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Locri, Locris
(4,613 words)
(Λοκροί, Λοκρίς;
Lokroí,
Lokrís). [1] Region in Greece [German version] A. Geography Locris comprised two regions in central Greece, separated from one another by two mountain ranges ( Parnassus, Callidromus and the valley of the Cephis(s)us): 1) Western L. with the plain south of the Gavia Pass from Amphissa to the Gulf of Corinth, bordered by the slopes of Parnassus and Corax; it extended to the west in a narrow coastal strip across the promontory Antirrhium and bordered on Aetolia, Doris, Phocis, Delphi and the
hierà chṓra of the Apollo sanctuary. 2) Eastern L. comprised the s…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Locrus
(192 words)
(Λοκρός;
Lokrós). [German version] [1] Mythical ancestor of the Locrian tribe Mythical ancestor (
ktístēs) of the Locrian tribe, son of Physcus (Hdn. 2,947), grandson of Amphictyon [2] (the oldest sacred site of the Delphian Amphiktyonia was located in Anthela/East Locris). Cabye or Protogeneia (schol. Pind. Ol. 9,86) is his wife. The Leleges, who were led by L. (Hes. fr. 234,1 M.-W.), named themselves Locrians after him (Str. 7,7,2). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Son of Zeus Son of Zeus and the Argive king's daughter Maera, helps Amphion [1] and Zethus buil…
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Loculi
(185 words)
[German version] (also
lucellus).
Loculi refer to boxes of different size that are divided into several compartments, such as caskets, cabinets, coffers etc. The
loculi were used to hold the counting stones (
calculi) of students for class as well as to store jewellery or money (Hor. Sat. 1,3,17; 2,3,146; Frontin. Aq. 118); for the latter use, one could even carry them around as a purse (Juv. 11,38; Mart. 14,12f., cf. Petron. Sat. 140); holding spaces for any kind of animal in agriculture could also be referred to as
loculi, as could the urns for voting. In the funerary practices,
loculus desi…
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Locuples
(583 words)
[German version] The Romans were aware of the fact that the term
locuples was derived from the word
locus, ‘place, area’. They believed that in the early Roman period the adjective always denoted citizens who possessed a lot of land. Thus Gellius reflects the view of P. Nigidius with the following words:
item ‘locupletem’ dictum ait ex compositis vocibus, qui pleraque loca, hoc est qui multas possessiones teneret (‘Just as, he says,
locuples is composed of various words, to describe someone who has much property or land, i.e. has many possessions at his disposal’; G…
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Locus
(522 words)
[German version] [1] Most undeveloped part of a country estate The mostly undeveloped part of a country estate (
fundus ). The estate itself forms an economic unit (
integrum aliquid, Dig. 50,16,60 pr.). The classification as a
fundus or
locus depends on the - dividing or linking - designation (
opinio, constitutio or similar) by the owner, be it by naming (
appellatio), by changing in the relationship of the previous nomenclature (Dig. 31,86,1; 33,7,20,7) or by changing in the bookkeeping (Dig. 32,91,3,), be it - for linking - in the course of an additional acquisition (Plin. Ep. 3,19). The
lo…
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Log
(54 words)
[German version] Hebrew measure of volume for liquids; 1/4
kábos; translated by LXX as
kotýlē , rendered in the Vulgate as
sextarius . The content differed depending on time and place, and the modern estimates vary from 0.64 l to 0.29 l. Chantraine, Heinrich (Mannheim) Bibliography H. Chantraine, s.v. L., RE 9A, 2123f.
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Logariastes
(82 words)
[German version] (λογαριαστής, λογαριαστεύων, λογιστής;
logariastḗs,
logariasteúōn,
logistḗs). From the 11th cent. AD the financial official responsible for the control of public expenditure in several departments of the central and provincial administration of the Byzantine empire. Alexios I (1081-1118) introduced a
mégas logariastḗs as the top supervisor of the state expenses who initially acted with the
sakellarios and later acted in his place. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography ODB 2, 1244f. R. Guilland, Titres et fonctions de l'Empire byzantin, 1976, XXI (1969).
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