Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Moabite
(80 words)
[German version] Language of the inhabitants of Moab, a country to the south of the Dead Sea; it is very similar to Hebrew. Moabite is recorded on seal inscriptions and on a 34-line inscription of King Meša of Moab (
c. 850 BC), which was found in the vicinity of Diban (KAI 181). Canaanite; Semitic languages Müller-Kess…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Moab, Moabitis
(652 words)
[German version] (Hebrew
môāb; Egyptian
mb; Akkadian
ma--a-ba,
ma-a-ba,
mu-a-ba; LXX Μωαβ/
Mōab; Jos. Ant. Iud. 1,205 Μώαβος/
Mṓabos; Ios.
passim Μωαβῖται/
Mōabîtai). Term for a land, state and people to the east of the Dead Sea between Ammon [2] in the north and Edom in the south. The earliest evidence is found in Egyptian texts of Ramses II, in a relief with inscription at the Temple of Luxor, and then primarily in the OT, in inscriptions of the Moabite king Meša (KAI 181) and in Neo-Assyrian sources. The etymology of the name is doubtful.…
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Mobility
(1,274 words)
[German version] A. Definition The concept of spatial and social mobility means the - voluntary or involuntary - movement of people or social groups from one position to another: geographically (usually residential mobility) [1] or within a social structure (social mobility) [2. 224-234; 3. 572-576]. This modern concept must be applied with great care to historical circumstances. In Antiquity, there was nothing even approaching an idea of or a term for the modern definition of mobility. For mobility…
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Mocadene
(93 words)
[German version] (Μοκαδ(δ)ηνή;
Mokad(d)ēnḗ). Region in eastern Lydia along the upper Hermus in Maeonia [1], on the border with Phrygia; its location was established through inscriptions naming places within it (
kṓmē Thermai Theséos, modern Kula Emir Hamamları;
mē…
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Mochlos
(123 words)
[German version] (Μόχλος). Small island situated on the north-east coast of Crete and south-east of the Gulf of Mirabello. In Antiquity the island was probably connected to the mainland by an isthmus. Costly finds from the Minoan necropolis indicate considerable prosperity. Mochlos was also important in Roman (remains of walls and towers) and Byzantine times. Roman containers for holding fish lie beneath the surface of the water close to the mainland.…
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Mocis(s)us
(86 words)
[German version] (Μωκισ(σ)ός/
Mṓkis(s)ós, also Mocesus, Iustinianupolis). Town in Cappadocia, which was rebuilt around 520 AD by Iustinianus I as a mountain stronghold (Procop. Aed. 5,4,15); present-day Viranşehir, to the south of Aksaray. It was probably relocated again at the end of the 7th cent. and was still a metropolitan seat in the 14th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography …
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Modares
(88 words)
[German version] According to Zosimos (4,25,2-4) M. was a Goth of royal descent (relative of Athanaric [2. 189f.]. He went over to the Romans, received a military command and shortly after (380 AD?) in Thrace achieved a success (probably exaggerated by Zosimus [2. 77f.]) against pillaging Goths. Gregorius [3] of Nazianzus addressed two letters (epist. 136 and 137) to M. as
magister militum. M. was a Christian but not an Arian [1. 388]. Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl) Bibliography
1 F. Paschoud, Zosime, vol. 2,2, 1979, 387f.
2 P. Heather, Goths and Romans, 1991.
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Model/Cork model
(1,147 words)
Gottwald, Franziska [German version] A. Types and Functions (CT) Model (Italian: modello): a three-dimensional architectural representation of various materials (plaster, wood, metal, pottery etc.), miniaturized to scale and accurately depicting the original [1]. There is already evidence of symbolic models from ancient Egypt and Classical Antiquity (votive models); these continued to exist in the Middle Ages as found…
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Moderator
(112 words)
[German version] Late antique collective term for those provincial governors who held the title of v
ir clarissimus (Cod. Theod. 1,10,8
et passim), similar to
rector or
iudex. It was Justinian who in AD 535 first used
moderator as a genuine official title for the governors…
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Moderatus
(215 words)
[German version] (Μοδέρατος/
Modératos) of Gades. Neo-Pythagorean, middle of the 1st cent. AD. He was the author of a work consisting of eleven books on the Pythagoreans (Porph. Vita Pythagorica 48), on which, it seems, all accounts about him are based. M. makes a sharper distinction than Numenius [6] does between Pythagoras and Plato, whom he (like Ar…
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Modern age
(7,464 words)
Huber, Gabriele (Kassel RWG) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) In 1883 Arnold Böcklin painted a picture with the title
Odysseus and Calypso. Standing at the picture's left border and wrapped in a dark cloak, Odysseus turns his back to the viewer. He seems to be gazing longingly into the distance. He will soon build the raft that will bring him back to Ithaca. Calypso lies naked on a red cloth; she, for her part, casts a longing eye over her shoulder, but this glance is meant for the Homeric hero who is ignoring …
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Modern Greek literature
(11,185 words)
Niehoff-Panagiotidis, Johannes [German version] A. Methodology and Definition (CT) When and where does Modern Greek Literature (MGL) begin? The answer to this question [33] transcends the usual chronological and methodological difficulties of drawing limits between neighbouring disciplines, with relations with Byzantine Studies posing the most serious difficulties. The approach followed by our handbooks, of either treating popular Byzantine literature separately from works written in the standard langua…
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Modestinus Herennius
(378 words)
[German version] (also: Herennius M.). Roman jurist, pupil of Ulpianus (cf. Dig. 47,2,52,20), from the Hellenistic east. It is likely that from AD 223 to 225 he was secretary
a libellis to Alexander Severus, and in about 228
praefectus vigilum [4. 195f.]. A rescript of Gordianus [3] III (Cod. Iust. 3,42,5) of the y…
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Modestus
(247 words)
[German version] [1] Sab(inius?) M. Governor of the province of
Moesia inferior in AD 241, documented by coins of the city of Nicopolis [1. 504-518 nos. 2040-2107]. Accordingly he must previously have held the office of suffect consul. Franke, Thomas (Bochum) Bibliography
1 F. Imhoof-Blumer (ed.), Die antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenlands, v…
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Modius
(595 words)
Roman surname. [German version] [1] M., Q. Horse breeder Cited by Varro (Rust. 2,7,1) as a distinguished horse breeder. His (probably invented)
cognomen Equicolus, which indicates this activity, may have been interpreted by Varro as
Aequicolus, so that a later period reveals a Septimus M. as the first king of the Aequiculi (Lib. de praenominibus 1). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] M. Fabidius Founder of the city of Cures Son of a virgin of the Aborigines who comes to dance in the sanctuary of Quirinus in the territory of Reate, but is then seized…
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Modus
(303 words)
[German version] has two meanings in Roman law: one describing a ‘measure’ primarily of land, the other - according to the matter in hand - the same as the modern concept of an instruction (on a gift or testamentary benefit).
M. agri (the land measure) was the subject of a well-known action from Paul. sent. 2,17,4 (
actio de modo agri): if the price of a p…
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Moenus
(383 words)
[German version] The modern Main, the largest, right-hand tributary of the Rhine (evidence in [1. 606]). It was of limited value for river navigation because of its meandering course, having to penetrate the wooded mountains of the Odenwald, Spessart and Rhön. Since further use required rule over the Main-Frankish bank region and the Main valley opened up no further important tribal region, it was logical for the Romans to push no farther east towards Lower and Upper Franconia from the impor…
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Moeragenes
(135 words)
[German version] (Μοιραγένης;
Moiragénēs). Author of ‘Memories of the Magus and Philosopher Apollonius of Tyana (Τὰ Ἀπολλωνίου τοῦ Τυανέως μάγου καὶ φιλοσόφου ἀπομνημονεύματα: Orig. contra Celsum 6,41). The title and size (4 volumes according to Philostr. Ap. 1,3, who bluntly dismisses M. as ignorant regarding Apollonius [14]) suggest that M. (cf. Apollonius of Tyana, epist. 16,17) was not presenting Apollonius in an unfavourable light as a ‘charlatan’ (
góēs), but favourably as a ‘magus’ (
mágos). He is possibly the M. mentioned in Plut. Symp. 671c and/or the M. of IG 22 6495, a con…
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Moericus
(102 words)
[German version] In 212 BC, Iberian commander of the Carthaginians in Syracusae, which was being besieged by M. Claudius [I 11] Marcellus. It fell by reason of M.' treachery at the section of wall he was guarding in the assault on the Achradina, allowing the Romans to also conquer the island part of the city, Orthygia (= Nassus) with the royal stronghold (Liv. 25,30). M. did have to take part in Marcellus's
ovatio in gold chains, but wa…
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Moerocles
(117 words)
[German version] (Μοιροκλῆς/
Moiroklês, Harpocr. s.v. M.), from the
dḗmos of Salaminii. Athenian politician, indicted for dishonest administration around 350 BC by Eubulus [1]. M. was one of the men whose extradition Alexander [4] the Great demanded in 335, but did not subsequently insist upon (Arr. Anab. 1,10,4; Plut. Demosthenes 23,4). In a comedy of 324, he was placed on a list of those bribed by Harpalus (Athen. 8,341f.), but he was not on the list of accused as presented by the Areopagus following an investigation. In the same year, as a member of the Eleven (
…
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Moesi, Moesia
(984 words)
[German version] A. Geography The members of a group of tribes of Thracian origin who lived in the northeastern part of the Balkan peninsula were referred to, in Greek, as
Moisoí (Μοισοί),
Mysoí (Μυσοί), and in Latin as
M. or
Moesae. Other tribes settled there as well, such as the Dardani, Triballi, Timachi and Skythae, who were later counted among the
Moesicae gentes as inhabitants of the province of Moesia (Plin. HN 3,149; 4,3). After the territory of the Getae was incorporated into the province of Moesia inferior, its inhabitants as well were referred t…
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Mogador
(133 words)
[German version] Largest island (40 ha) of one of the small archipelagos of the Atlantic coast of southern Morocco opposite the port of Essaouira (originally also an island), which is presumably identical with the
insulae purpurariae (Plin. HN 6,201; 203), on which Iuba [2] II established dyeing workshops. In the 7th cent., as evidenced by ceramics found (some with Phoenician graffiti!), Phoenicians founded a trading post there, which existed until the end of the 6th cent. BC. Africa (with map) Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg) Bibliography E. …
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Moge(n)tiana
(163 words)
[German version] Roman settlement in Pannonia superior on the Savaria-Aquincum road, to the north of the southwestern part of Lake Pelso (
Mogetiana: Itin. Anton. 233;
…
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Mogontiacum
(986 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Legio | Legio | Limes | Limes | Rome | Rome | Batavian Revolt Roman Mainz. An indigenous settlement near Mainz-Weisenau, named after a Celtic deity, seems to have given it the name. In the middle of the 2nd decade BC a Roman double legion camp was constructed on a high terrace on the left bank of the Rhine opposite the mouth of the Main. From this strategically favourable position between 10 BC and AD 16 there were repeatedly successful Roman advances into the territory of
Germania Magna. Together w…
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Mohenjo Daro
(16 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Mauryas see Indus Culture
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Moicheia
(330 words)
[German version] (μοιχεία;
moicheía). In Greek law, clandestine sexual intercourse with a free, respectable woman against the will of her
kýrios (II.). It was therefore not only a matter of “adultery” but of wounding of the family honour; the closest male relative of an unmarried woman was also insulted. Only the head of the household (
oíkos ) was meant to decide on a woman's sexual matters, family relationships and des…
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Moira
(1,376 words)
(Μοῖρα;
Moîra). [German version] A. Fate As a generic noun,
moira in singular and plural refers to the part of a whole, e.g. the personal ‘share’ of land, booty, sacrificial meat and life (
moîra biótoio or
bíou) [5; 13; 17]. Starting with Homer, the singular also refers to the existential limits that all mortals face, especially to the fate apportioned to each person at birth [4]. Etymologically related are
móros (fate, death),
mór(s)imos (destined) und
heimarménē (fate; <
meíromai, to get one's portion, to have one's share [1. 8ff.]); according to these terms, human fate…
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Moiro
(147 words)
[German version] (Μοιρώ;
Moirṓ) from Byzantium. Epic, elegiac and melic poet, mother of the tragedian Homerus [2] (flourished in the years 284/281 BC) and wife of the othe…
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Mola salsa
(139 words)
[German version] A mixture of spelt groats and brine that was prepared by the Vestal Virgins (e.g. Varro in Non. 223) and used as a sacrificial offering in Roman cult; in the
sacra publica , it was sprinkled on the sacrificial animal by the magistrate or priest as part of the
immolatio (cf., for example, Cic. Div. 2,37, Serv. Aen. 2,133 and 4,57). The spelt ears from the new harvest were presented to the Vestal Virgins betw…
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Moldova
(1,373 words)
Gussejnov, Gassan [German version] A. Historical Introduction (CT) Modern Moldova (M.) came into existence in 1991 on the territory of the former Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, the historical Bessarabia, in the area between the Prut and Dniester (Moldovan: Nistru) rivers. A state already existed here in the 1st millennium AD, lying on the fringes of various civilizations and successive empires (Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian and Russian). Various tribes passed through M. during the mi…
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Mole
(485 words)
[German version] (ἀσπάλαξ/
aspálax or ἀσφάλαξ/
asphálax and σπάλαξ/
spálax, σφ-/
sph- or σκάλωψ/
skálōps, Hesych. s.v., according to Schol. Lykophr. 121 also σιφνεύς/
…
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Moles Martis
(151 words)
[German version] Mentioned in the Republican
libri sacerdotum as an addressee of prayers (Gell. NA 13,23,2). In the Augustean period, the MM received a
supplicatio every 12 May (Feriale Cumanum, InscrIt 13,2, p. 279). This supplication is connected with the
natalis templi of the sanctuary of Mars Ultor in the Forum Augustum and with the
ludi for Mars on the same day (Mars I.C.). The compound
moles belli, ‘the dangers’ or ‘privations of war’, inspired by the
mṓlos Árēos…
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Molluscs
(186 words)
[German version] Aristotle (Hist. an. 1,1,487b 15 f.) defines molluscs (μαλάκια/
malákia; Lat.
mollia sc.
animalia, e.g. Plin. HN 9,73; 11,133 and 11,267) as bloodless (marine) animals that are capable of floating and have a rigid internal structure (στερεόν/
…
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Molon
(443 words)
(Μόλων;
Mólōn). [German version] [1] Satrap of Media and governor-general of the Upper Satrapies in 222 BC In 222 BC, together with his brothers Alexander and Neolaus, M., as satrap of Media and governor-general of the Upper Satrapies, rebelled against the young Antiochus [5] III and assumed the title of king (on coins: βασιλέως Μόλωνος). M. repelled Antiochus' military commanders, occupied the Apolloniatis (left bank of the Tigris, to the north of Babylon), crushed an army led by Xenoitas in 221 and conquered t…
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Molorchus
(111 words)
[German version] (Μόλορχος/
Mólorchos, Μόλορκος/
Mólorkos: reconstructed in its original form in [1]). Poor elderly farmer from Cleonae, host to Heracles [1] before and after his battle against the Nemeic lion; inventor of mousetraps. Famous because of Callimachus'
Victoria Berenices (SH 254-268C) at the beginning of the 3rd book of the
Aítia, to which later mentions of M. as an examplar of hospitality refer (Verg. G. 3,19; Ps.-Tib. 4,1,12f.; Stat. Theb. 4,159ff.; Nonnus, Dion. 17,52ff.; versions of the myth in Probus on Verg. G. 3,19; Apollod. 2,74f.). Ambühl, Annemarie (Groninge…
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Molossus
(57 words)
[German version] (Μολοσσός/
Molossós). Son of Neoptolemus [1] and Andromache (unnamed in Eur. Andr.). In Pausanias (1,11,1f.) brother of Pielus and Pergamus, stepbrother of Cestrinus. Eponym of the Molossi and forebear of the Molossian dynasty (Eratosth. in schol. Hom. Od. 3,188; cf. Pind. Nem. 7,38-40 and schol. Pind. Nem. 7,56a-b; Serv. Aen. 3,297). …
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Molpadia
(114 words)
(Μολπαδία;
Molpadía). [German version] [1] Daughter of Staphylus and Chrysothemis Daughter of Staphylus and Chrysothemis [1]. Together with her sister Rhoeo, she was charged with guarding the wine, which had just been invented. However, they fell asleep and pigs overturned the jug. Out of fear, the sisters leapt into the sea. Apoll…
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Molpoi
(512 words)
[German version] (Μολποί/
Molpoí). Term for the members of a society responsible for performing the paean at public sacrifices, documented almost exclusively in the towns of the Ionic Dodecapolis (especially Miletus and Ephesus) and their colonies. Although colleges of M. are only sparsely attested, the number of personal names formed from Μολπ- in the Ionic Aegean [1], the Dodecapolis (e.g., Hdt. 5,30,2; IEph 4102) and the Milesian colonies (e.g., SEG 41, 619, Olbia) indicates their political and …
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