Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Ro
(44 words)
[German version] (
r, literally 'cup') is an Egyptian measure of capacity for fluids and dry goods at 1/32 Hin (
c. 0,48 l) and corresponds to
c. 0,015 l. Schulzki, Heinz-Joachim (Mannheim) Bibliography
1 W. Helck, S. Vleming, s. v. Maße u. Gewichte, LÄ 3, 1201 f.
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Roads
(6,877 words)
[German version] I. General The construction of a network of roads and ways and the creation of long-distance roads always correlates with settlement construction and structure. A mixed settlement structure comprises compact settlements and dispersed homesteads in large number and is in evidence across wide areas of the ancient world for the most varied epochs. Such a settlement structure produces an especially dense network of traffic routes. Ancient roads were staked out on the principle of creati…
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Roads and bridges, construction of
(2,146 words)
[German version] I. Definition of terms, state of research In what follows, road is used to denote a way that is at least partly of artificial construction, i.e. of architectural fashioning in the broadest sense, but not those more or less established, traditional trade and caravan routes and intercontinental links such as the Silk Road. The term covers long-distance roads as well as smaller trails and mule trails connecting towns and regions, but not intra-urban streets (on which see town planning). The…
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Roads, deities associated with
(222 words)
[German version] In Greco-Roman polytheism, but few deities were associated exclusively with roads, travels and travel routes on land or at sea; in such situations, depending on the requirements of the traveller, various gods from the local or inter-regional pantheon [1 III] could be called upon for support ([1]; Hor. Carm. 1,5,13 f.). Already in Homer, Poseidon, Calypso and Leucothea (Sea gods) appear in connection with Odysseus' sea voyage, just as Athena with his overland travels (Hom. Od. 13,190 f.). Likewise already in Hom. Il. 24,334 f. Her…
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Robbery
(1,088 words)
[German version] I. General Robbery is the appropriation of a moveable object belonging to another with violence against that person or by the use of threats with present danger to life and limb and with intent to appropriate the object in contravention of the law (§ 249 German Criminal Code). In law, robbery is a combination of theft and duress. In the popular mind of today, robbery is regarded as a more serious offence than simple theft. However, in ancient legal systems and until the Middle Ages, theft (by stealth) was seen as worse than (public and violent) dispossession. Hengstl, Joachi…
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Robigalia
(341 words)
[German version] Roman festival to avert mildew (Lat.
robigo) on 25 April, at the 5th milestone on the
via Claudia (Verrius Flaccus, InscrIt 13,2 p. 131; with differing topographies. Details: Ov. Fast. 4,901-942), with the sacrifice of a sheep and a dog by the
flamen Quirinalis (Ov. Fast. 4,905-910;
F
lamines ) and (at least in the later period)
ludi with equestrian competitions (Tert. De spectaculis 5). Apart from a goddess Robigo (InscrIt 13,2 p. 131; Ov. Fast. 4,907; 911), a god Robigus (the latter is better attested) has been passed down to us (Fest…
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Roboraria
(53 words)
[German version]
Statio of the Via Latina in Latium, 13 Roman miles away from Rome (Itin. Anton. 305,7), possibly today's Osteria della Molara. The name is derived from the oaks (Latin
robur) in this area (compare Gell. NA 2,20,5). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence) Bibliography G. Tomassetti, La Campagna Romana, 1910, 519 (reprint 1976).
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Rock hyrax
(114 words)
[German version] (
Procavia capensis) is the only family representative from the mammal order
Hyracoidea which is still found today in Palestine and the Middle East. These hare-sized herbivores are probably identical to the rabbits ( Hare) of the Luther Bible, χοιρόγρυλλος/
choirógryllos, Latin
choerogryllus,
chyrogryllius or middle-Latin
cirogrillus, which are unclean according to the Mosaic food laws (Lv 11:5; Dt 14:7). At Thomas of Cantimpré 4,24 [1. 124] it is maintained by implied use of Hesychius (commentary in Lv 3:11, PG 93,906) that …
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Rock partridge
(252 words)
[German version] (ὁ, ἡ πέρδιξ/
ho,
hē pérdix, its young περδίκιον/
perdíkion, also περδικεύς/
perdikeús and κακκαβίς/
kakkabís after its mating call: κακκαβίζειν/
kakkabízein or τρίζειν/
trízein in Aristot. Hist. an. 4,9,536b 13 f.; Lat.
perdix). The scientific name
Alectoris graeca Meisner indicates that the bird is still common today, primarily in Greece (but also in Italy) [1. 195 f.], whereas it has been supplanted in other countries by the smaller, browner and synanthropic partridge. Aristotle describes their breeding behaviour, …
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Rodericus (Roderic)
(326 words)
[German version] (German
Roderich, Spanish
Rodrigo, Arabic
Luḏrīq). Last king of the Visigoths. The so-called
Crónica Mozárabe (in Spanish) of AD 754, which provides information about the end of the West Gothic empire, reveals that R. was initially provincial governor (of Hispania Baetica ?) and in 710, after the death of Witiza, was elected king, an election which did not go unopposed. At the very time the Muslims invaded Spain in April/May 711, R. was fighting the Basques; yet he managed to deploy an approxim…
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Rodulfus
(43 words)
[German version] (Rodoulfus). King of the Heruli who fell in AD 508 in the battle against the Langobardi (Procop. Goth. 2,14,11-22). Probably the son in arms of Theodericus. Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl) Bibliography
1 PLRE 2, 946
2 J. Moorhead, Theoderic in Italy, 1992, 193.
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Roe
(368 words)
[German version] (
Capreolus capreolus). A small genus of deer, spread as far as southern Europe, whose way of life was hardly known in Antiquity.
Capreolus in Columella describes not only the roe deer (9,1,1) but also a two-tined gardening tool (11,3,46) and the shoots of a vine (e.g. 4,14,1 and 5,6,26). Its short and slightly branching antlers, which are allegedly not shed, are mentioned in Plin. HN 11,124. In Roman authors the usual Latin name was probably
caprea (e.g. in Varro Rust. 3,3,3; Ov. Met. 1,442; Columella 9 pr.; Hor. Carm. 3,15,12:
lasciva caprea; Plin. HN 8,228: absent in …
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Rogatio
(175 words)
[German version] (from Lat.
rogare, to ask).
Rogatio refers to the questioning of the people by the
consul ,
praetor or
tribunus plebis about proposed bills, elections or accusals. The following question introduced the vote (
comitia ): 'Do you wish, do you command...I ask you, Quirites' (
velitis,
iubeatis...vos,
Quirites, rogo: Gell. NA 5,19,9). The positive response was 'as you asked' (
uti rogas), the negative one 'I contradict' (
antiquo), later in elections
dicit/facit, and in the
comitia procedure 'I aquit' (
absolvo) or 'I condemn' (
damno) (RRC 413,1; 428,1; 437,1ab). The c…
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Rogator
(104 words)
[German version] The Roman magistrate who proposed bills (
rogatio ) to the people (Lucil. 853 M.; cf. Cic. Phil. 1,26). At the same time,
rogatores were also the 'questioners' appointed by the magistrate who recorded the individual oral votes and who supervised the counting of the voting tablets during the later written
suffragium , and who recorded the results of their
centuria or
tribus (Cic. Nat. D. 2,10). de Libero, Loretana (Hamburg) Bibliography E. S. Staveley, Greek and Roman Voting and Elections, 1972 J. Vaahtera, Pebbles, Points, or Ballots: the Mergence of the Indivi…
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Rogus
(215 words)
[German version] (Latin
rogus, also, esp. poetic, the Greek loan-word
pyra, e.g. Verg. Aen. 6,215; Ov. Fast. 2,534). At Rome, term for the funeral pyre for the burning of corpses. It was made of pieces of wood and small items piled up at a specially determined site (
ustrina) close to the place of interment. In shape it resembled a square altar (Serv. Aen. 6,177; therefore poetically referred to as
ara: Ov. Tr. 3,13,21
et passim). Originally unadorned (the
Tabulae duodecim forbade smoothing the logs with an axe, Cic. Leg. 2,59), the
rogus was later made more elaborate according to the …
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Roma
(730 words)
[German version] [1] Personification
Dea Roma; θεὰ Ῥώμη/
theà Rhṓmē as a goddess: the cult worship of Roman power began in the Greek world in the early 2nd cent. BC with the establishment of festivals (Rhomaia), priestly offices (Miletus: LSAM 49), temples and other monuments in honour of Rome. Many of these cults are concentrated on the personified deity of R. (Personification). Their representations of R. vary between a standing figure and an enthroned one ([1]; for a monument (?) representing Romulus …
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Romance Languages
(1,728 words)
Stefenelli, Arnulf [German version] A. Definition and History of Research (CT) The term Romance languages (RL) indicates a group of languages which have directly descended from Latin. Historically, they constitute the speech forms taken by spoken Latin (Vulgar Latin) after the Classical period in the permanently Latinised areas of what used to be the Roman Empire (the widespread image of Latin as the 'mother tongue' and Romance languages as 'daughter languages' does not fit historical reality, cf. [1. 97 f…
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Roman Dutch Law
(626 words)
[English version] Roman Dutch Law (RDL) is the English term for Roman canonical Common Law (Roman law) as followed in Holland (
Romeins-Hollands Reg). It survived until recent times in former Dutch colonies that came under British rule and, as a result, were subjected to only slight attempts at codification. In the former British Guiana, RDL was rescinded in 1917. It lives on, however, in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and in the Republic of South Africa, from which it spread to five neighbouring countries: Botswana, Lesotho, Nam…
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Romanesque Style
(1,545 words)
Claussen, Peter Cornelius [German version] A. Definition (CT) Today the term Romanesque refers to a style of art which was prominent in the 11th and 12th cents. and whose range coincided with that of the Rome-dominated Christian Church. Early medieval art, for example from the Carolingian and Ottonian periods, is frequently referred to as 'early Romanesque'. Outside of the region where Gothic art was found, the Romanesque style persisted until the 2nd half of the 13th cent. As a term for an epoch (
ère romane), Romanesque was first applied by A. de Caumont around 1850 to art be…
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Romania
(128 words)
[German version] Colloquial Latin term for the Roman Empire, documented from the 4th cent. AD, in Greek (Ῥωμανία/
Rhōmanía) from the 6th cent. AD. In the western Middle Ages, the term refers merely to the area of the former Exarchate of Ravenna, present-day Romagna. In the east, the term continued to be reused in vernacular texts to refer to the Byzantine Empire (Byzantium) and was transferred from there, in the 11th cent., to the Sultanate of the Seljuq Turks of 'Rūm' in Asia Minor and in the 13th cent. to the so-called Latin Empire of the Crusaders in Constantinople and Greece. Berger, Albrec…
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Romania
(7,354 words)
Adelina Piatkowski [German version] I. General: Language and Writing (CT) The region between the Carpathian Mountains, the Danube and the Black Sea was inhabited by Illyrians, Thracians and Greeks of the Pontic colonies prior to the arrival of the Romans. There had been economic and cultural links between these populations and the Aegean region since the Bronze Age, and processes of Hellenization, beginning at the Pontic colonies, had set in at an early date. Upon annexing Dacia under Trajan (AD 101-105), the Romans found there a Thracian-Illyrian world that was alrea…
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Romanist Studies/Roman Law, History of
(5,027 words)
Ranieri, Filippo (Saarbrücken RWG) [German version] A. The Older Civil Law and the Humanist Discovery of the Historicity of Roman Legal Sources (CT) The older Roman Civil law, which marked jurisprudence and legal practice in Continental Europe from the 11th to the 18th cent., at least in principle, had a static and unhistorical understanding of Roman legal sources. These were regarded as valid law, not only in the mediaeval legal schools, but to a certain extent down to the final phase of Civil law scholarship. A historical approach to the texts of the
Corpus Iuris first developed and pr…
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Romanius Hispo
(123 words)
[German version] Latin rhetor and advocate in the early Imperial Period. His intelligence and gift for oratory allowed him to work his way up from modest circumstances to being a welcome guest at the court of Tiberius [II 1] (Quint. Inst. 6,3,100; Tac. Ann. 1,74). In the quaestor Caepio [1] Crispinus' treason case against the praetor Granius [II 3] Marcellus he appeared as a joint plaintiff. Seneca [1] the Elder's numerous mentions of him express admiration for his extraordinary command of the lan…
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Romanization
(2,186 words)
[German version] A. General remarks In ancient historical and archaeological research, the modern term Romanization, which was unknown in antiquity, signifies the diffusion of Roman-Italic civilization, language, and culture within the Roman Empire (Rome I.) and beyond. The concept of Romanization is frequently used by historians and archaeologists to explain the economic, cultural, intellectual and political changes in the provinces (
provincia ) of the Roman Empire, even though its meaning has varied considerably since the time it w…
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Roman Law
(5,446 words)
Glöckner, Hans Peter I. The Latin West (CT) [German version] A. Introduction: The Reception of Roman Law (CT) Roman Law (RL) as adapted by the Glossators and commentators became the subject of a so-called reception (in the History of Law, this term has acquired a specific meaning that differs from its usage elsewhere). Along with Church law (canon law), Lombard feudal law (
Libri Feudorum) and a series of selected legal institutions of territorial laws and customs, this RL (jurisprudence), as so-called common law (
ius commune), became the object of the study of law at the medi…
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Romanos
(779 words)
(Ῥωμανός;
Rhōmanós). [German version] [1] R. Melodod, the Melodist Byzantine hymnographer, 5th/6th cent. AD (Ῥωμανὸς Μελωδός;
Rhōmanòs Melōdós). Byzantine hymnographer of Syrian origin, b. before AD 493 at Emesa (present-day Ḥims in Syria), d. between AD 551 and 565 at Constantinople. Initially deacon at Berytus (Beirut), he took up his post at the Church of the Virgin at Constantinople under the emperor Anastasius [1] I. According to legend, he is said to have decided to become a composer of hymns after receivi…
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Romanticism
(8,062 words)
Kaminski, Nicola I. Germany (CT) [German version] A. General Definition and Systematic Preliminary Clarifications (CT) If one attempts to define the specific nature of the Romantic reception of Antiquity with regard to the preceding literary tradition in Germany, the dismissal of 'the ancients' from their previously undisputed position as an aesthetic standard stands out as the most striking innovation. The artistic and literary authority of ancient models had been challenged before Romanticism, for example in…
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Romanus
(117 words)
[German version]
Comes Africae from AD 364 to 373; he was supposed to protect the city of Leptis Magna from attacks by the Austoriani (Amm. Marc. 28,6,1-6). His administration led to frequent complaints from the population, but R. was supported at court by his relative, the
magister officiorum Remigius (Amm. Marc. 27,9,1 f.). In 372 the Moor Firmus [3] was driven to usurpation by R.' behaviour. Shortly afterwards R., having lost his position, was impeached (cf. Zos. 4,16,3), but with the help of Flavius Merobaudes [1] he w…
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Rome
(34,920 words)
Esch, Arnold [German version] I. History and Interpretation (CT) Esch, Arnold [German version] A. Main Features of Rome's Urban History (CT) After the end of the Roman Empire and the dissolution of government structures, it increasingly fell to the Church as the only institution still intact, and also the largest landowner, to take on secular tasks: political negotiations, organization of the grain distribution, repair of the city's fortifications and aqueducts and many more. Since the Byzantine emperor ruled Rome i…
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Rome
(21,607 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Theatre | Tribus | Caesar | Umbri, Umbria | Christianity | Villanova Culture | Wine | | Coloniae | Etrusci, Etruria | Commerce | Italy, languages | Celts | Latini, Latium | Limes | Natural catastrophes | Pertinax | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Punic Wars | Punic Wars | Regio, regiones | Rome | Rome | Athletes | Batavian Revolt (Ῥώμη/
Rhṓmē; Lat.
imperium Romanum). I. History [German version] A. General remarks The history of Rome, which according to Roman tradition began with its foundation in 753 BC…
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Romilius
(217 words)
Name of an old, patrician family, which had already died out in the 5th cent. BC, for which the
tribus Romilia on the
ager Vaticanus (cf. Vaticanus as cognomen for R. [1]) is named. [German version] [1] R. Rocus Vaticanus, T. Consul in 455 BC and decemvir in 451 BC According to tradition,
cos. in 455 and
decemvir (Decemviri [1]) in 451 BC (MRR 1,42; 45 f.; InscrIt 13,1,24 f.; 93; 362-65). Livius (3,31,3-6) and Dion. Hal. (Ant. Rom. 10,44-46; 48,2-49,6; cf. Plin. HN 7,102) report that, after his consulate in which he achieved a victory over the Aequi,…
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Römisch-Germanische Kommission
(2,364 words)
Becker, Cornelia (Berlin) Junker, Klaus [German version] A. Founding and History to 1933 (CT) The
Römisch-Germanische Kommission (RGK) is a branch establishment of the
Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI) founded in 1902. Its inception occurred in a time of intensive efforts to strengthen the research of mainly regional institutions and societies in the areas of German prehistory and the period of the Roman presence on German soil by creating central, government-controlled establishments. Strong impulses for creating the RGK came from the
Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmus…
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Romula
(118 words)
[German version] Mother of the emperor Galerius [5] Maximianus. According to Lactantius, her devotion to the mountain gods strongly influenced her son's anti-Christian politics (De mort. pers. 11,1 f.). Her significance in Galerius's dynastic self-presentation is evident in an anecdote about his conception (Ps.-Aur. Vict. Epit. Caes. 40,17) which was modelled after that of Alexander [4] the Great (Olympias [1]) as well as in the fact that he named the imperial residence Romuliana (modern Gamzigrad…
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Romulea
(85 words)
[German version] (Ῥωμυλία;
Rhōmylía). Samnite city in the region of the Hirpini, located on the La Toppa mountain (988 m) near present-day Bisaccia (Prov. Avellino) (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ῥ.). In 296 BC, R. was badly affected in the 3rd Samnite War (Liv. 10,17,6 f.; 11:
Romulea). Situated below R. was the
statio Subromula on the
via Appia (It. Ant. 120,3; Tab. Peut. 6,5; Geogr. Rav. 4,20:
Submurula), 16 Roman miles from Aec(u)lanum and 11 miles from Aquilonia [2]. Samnites, Samnium Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
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Romulus
(2,313 words)
[German version] [1] Legendary founder of Rome The legendary founder of Rome. Perhaps literally 'the Roman'. A possible correspondence between the Etruscan
nomen gentile
Rumelna (Volsinii, 6th cent. BC: ET Vs 1,35) and the alleged Roman
nomen gentile Romilius - the name is securely attested only in an old
tribus Romilia/-ulia (Paul Fest. 331 L.) - and between R. and an Etruscan
praenomen *
Rumele [1. 31 f.] proves nothing about the historicity of the figure of R. Also problematic is the attempt [2. 491-520; 3. 95-150] to connect the finds from the Roman Mon…
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Roofing
(1,496 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt Because of the state of preservation of buildings, roofing methods in the ancient Near East can generally only be inferred from pictorial representations. Depictions on cylinder seals and remains of beams ('Temple C' in Uruk; end of the 4th millennium BC) are early evidence for flat roofs as the normal roofing method for public and private buildings in southern Mesopotamia and other parts of the Near East. In mountainous parts of the Near East, the existence…
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Rosalia
(544 words)
[German version] (also
Rosaria). The Roman festival of the offering of roses to the dead. The Rosalia were a private
parentatio (Parentalia), not a festival of public religion (they appear only in one late Roman calendar, which may not even refer to the traditional Rosalia: Philocalus, InscrIt 13,2 p. 247, for 23 May), but were sometimes celebrated in connection with the ruler cult (24-26 May: IPergamon no. 374). The connection between the Rosalia and the decoration of military standards with roses (
R. signorum) is unclear; ritual procedures involving the standards are record…
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Roscius
(1,412 words)
Italian
nomen gentile, with many bearers in Ameria (CIL XI 4507-16) and Lanuvium (CIL XIV 3225-7). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn) I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] R., L. Roman envoy killed in 438 BC by the Fidenati A Roman envoy killed in 438 BC together with his three colleagues by the Fidenati (Fidenae); because of this all three were honoured with statues on the Rostra (Cic. Phil. 9,4; Liv. 4,17,2-6). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] R., Sex. Father and son; the latter was defended by Cicero in 80 BC against the accusation of patricide and embezzlement From Ameria; so…
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Rose
(386 words)
[German version] (Greek τὸ ῥόδον/
tò
rhódon, Latin
rosa). The first references to the plant, famed for its blossoms and, according to Hehn [1. 253 f.], introduced from Media, are in the Homeric hymn to Demeter (Hom. h. 2,6) and - citing its purple colour - Pind. Isthm. 3/4,36b. According to Hdt. 8,138 (cf. Nic. in Ath. 15,683a-b), the celebrated sixty-petalled scented roses in the so-called 'Garden of Midas' in Macedonia grew in the reign of King Perdiccas [1]. Theophrastus (Hist. pl. 6,6,4) knew a full double rose, allegedly hundred-petalled (cf.
Rosa centifolia), from Philippi in th…
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Rosea Rura
(145 words)
[German version] Plain in Sabine territory near Reate (also
Rosea, Varro Rust. 2,7,6; 3,2,9; 3,17,6;
Rosia, ibid. 3,2,10;
Ager Rosulanus, Serv. Aen. 7,712); the most fertile soils in the whole of Italy were there (Varro Rust. 1,7,10). Fest. 355,3 derives the term from
arva rore humida ('land moist with dew'). The region was drained in 272 BC under the censor M'. Curius [4] Dentatus by constructing a canal between Lacus Velinus and the Nar, and was thus made agriculturally useful (Cic. Att. 4,15,5). The RR was used for breeding horses, whi…
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Rosemary
(214 words)
[German version] (Lat.
ros marinus or
rosmarinum, derived from ῥὼψ μύριος/
rhṑps mýrios; ῥουσμαρῖνος/
rhousmarînos; also λιβανωτίς/
libanōtís, Dioscorides 3,75 Wellmann = 3,(89) Berendes, Lat.
libanotis, eg. Plin. HN 19,187). An evergreen labiate with bluish flowers (
Rosmarinus officinalis), popular with the Greeks and Romans. It grows in the maquis and represented an important remedy with its roots, juice, leaves and seeds. Especially for funerary ceremonies, wreaths were made of its branches (cf. Dioscorides loc. cit.). The incen…
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Rosetta Stone
(137 words)
[German version] Part of a granite tablet discovered in 1799 by French soldiers near the settlement of Rosetta (el-Rashid) on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast (now in the British Museum in London), bearing text in three languages. The inscription is a decree regarding the cult of the ruling monarch in the Egyptian temples, passed by a priestly synod in Memphis on 27 March, 196 BC, on the occasion of the coronation of Ptolemaeus [I 8] V Epiphanes and meant to be displayed in all of the country's te…
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Rosmerta
(212 words)
[German version] Celtic goddess, partner of the Celtic Mercurius and identified through
interpretatio [II]
Romana with Maia. No individual dedication to R. can be identified with certainty. The few epigraphic representations which actually name the divine couple show a classically dressed goddess with a purse borrowed from Mercurius (CIL XIII 11696), a cornucopia and a
patera . These attributes are also found with Maia and Fortuna as partners of Mercurius, therefore it is difficult to identify the cultic companion if she is not exp…
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Rossano di Vaglio
(170 words)
[German version] The Lucanian sanctuary of the Oscan goddess Mefitis Utiana in the mountains above Vaglio Basilicata has been systematically excavated since 1969. Several buildings of sandstone and limestone blocks, belonging to two phases, are grouped around a 27 × 21 m paved courtyard. The centre is formed by an elongated altar along the southern side. A large votive pit with Oscan/Lucanian inscriptions (in the Greek alphabet), chariot wheels, marble statues, terracottas, thymiateria, bronze
fibulae and coins shows that the cult there was continually alive from t…
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Rostrata
(37 words)
[German version] Villa near Capena in the region of the Falisci which served as a
statio on the
via Flaminia between Rome and Ocriculum, 24 Roman miles from Rome (It. Ant. 124). Uggeri, Giovanni (Florence)
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Rostrum
(669 words)
[German version] A rostrum (Greek βῆμα/
bêma; Latin plural
rostra,) is an elevated podium, a pulpit (early Christian
ámbōn, Lat.
ambo), or a type of stand, shaped in a variety of forms, which raises the speaker above his audience. This is useful not only from an acoustic point of view, but also lends importance to the protagonist acting on the podium, as it 'lifts' him in a significant way over his surroundings. Rostrum-like devices must already have been present in the archaic Greek citizen communities, as in all larger communities of colonists which had to decide…
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Rothari
(118 words)
[German version] The Arian (Arianism) of Harudic descent was the duke of Brixia when he succeeded Arioald as king of the Langobardi in AD 636. Under his rule, the Ligurian coast from the city of Luna [3] up to the Frankish border and Opitergium in Venetia were captured. A campaign against the exarchate of Ravenna (late 643) was stalled following a battle on the river Scultenna (Paulus Diaconus, Historia Langobardorum 4,42; 45; 47). On 22 November 643, R. decreed the
Edictus R. , a collection of Langobardic legal conventions. R. died in 652. PLRE, 3B, 1096. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliog…
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Rowing
(302 words)
[German version] Egyptian images of large ships being rowed allow the reconstruction of an ancient Egyptian technique characterized by an alternating cycle of sitting and standing while working the oars [1. 106-108]. In the rowing scene on the sphinx stele of Amenophis II (18th Dynasty: 1428-1397 BC), the king, as steersman, markedly outperforms his crew of rowers [2. 59]. Under Tutankhamon (18th Dynasty), teams performed on the Nile in a full-scale regatta [3]. In the Greek world, too, rowing competitions were far from unknown, though infrequent [4; 5]. There was an annual rowing
ago…
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Royal roads
(353 words)
[German version] From the 9th century BC, RR are recorded in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. They constituted clearly defined links between the royal residence and provincial governors, which were paved only in cities to some extent. They were secured by road stations, which accommodated travellers by order of the king, supplied teams of mules and were responsible for the conveyance of mail (for Palestine cf. also Nm. 20:17; 21:22; Dt. 2:27). In the Babylonian Chaldean Empire new RR were built. The similarly structured Achaemenid RR, admired by the Greeks as a purportedly perfect…
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Rubellia Bassa
(40 words)
[German version] Probably the daughter of Rubellius [3] Blandus or of one of his sons, married to a senator Octavius [II 4] Laenas, grandmother of Sergius Octavius [II 6] Laenas Pontianus,
cos. ord. in AD 131. Eck, Werner (Cologne)
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Rubellius
(344 words)
[German version] [1] (R.) Blandus See Blandus. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] C. R. Blandus Proconsul of Crete and Cyrenae Proconsul of Crete and Cyrenae; probably a son of R. [1]. PIR2 R 109. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] C. R. Blandus Suffect consul in 18 AD, related to the Domus Augusta through marrige to Julia [8] Probably a son of R. [2]; quaestor of Augustus, people's tribune, praetor; suffect consul in AD 18. In 20 he made an application to the Senate to banish Aemilia [4] Lepida. Presumably he is the proconsul of Africa …
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Rubi
(398 words)
[German version]
Statio on the Via Minucia, later the Via Traiana, in Apulia (Hor. Sat. 1,5,94; Plin. HN 3,105:
Rubustini; It. Ant. 116,4; It. Burd. 610,1:
civitas Rubos; Tab. Peut. 6,4; Geogr. Rav. 282,11), modern Ruvo di Puglia. In the 3rd century BC it issued its own coins (silver and bronze coins HN 48: Ῥυψ/
Rhyps, Ῥυβα/
Rhyba, Ῥυβαστεινων/
Rhybasteinōn). In addition to Greek and Messapic [1] inscriptions there are numerous Latin ones, revealing the organisation of the
civitas in the 1st century BC [2]; in the Roman Imperial Period R. was a
municipium (cf. CIL IX 312). As yet th…
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Rubico
(222 words)
[German version] (Ῥουβίκων;
Rhoubíkōn). River whose name, derived from its red colour, is probably preserved in Urgone (dialect form Rigone), a right tributary of the Pisciatello; the latter has its source in the Appennines, flows into the Adriatic 15 km north of Ariminum and today once again bears the name Rubicone. The R. replaced the Aesis in its role as the border river between Italy and the province of Gallia Cisalpina (Cic. Phil. 6,5; Str. 5,1,11; Plin. HN 3,115; App. B Civ. 2,35) in the time…
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Rubric(a)
(1,124 words)
[German version] Literally 'a heading in red letters', using
terra rubrica (lit. 'red earth'), i.e. red chalk, iron clay or ochre (σινωπίς/
sinōpís; Lat.
miltus; cf. Plin. HN 35,12 f., but there
sinopis; also Hor. Sat. 2,7,98; Aug. Quaestiones de Exodo 177,23); in a wider sense 'red marking' with other materials, such as red lead or mercury sulphate cf. Plaut. Truc. 294; Fortunatus, Carmina 8,12,12), or even blood (referring to to the sufferings of Christ and the martyrs: Fortunatus, Vita S. Martini 2,463); hence also
rubrica in the sense of 'wound, whip marks' (Ioh. Diaconus,
Vita Gregor…
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Rubricatum flumen
(50 words)
[German version] River flowing into the Mare Tyrrhenum to the south of Barcino(na) in the territory of the Laietani (Mela 2,90; Plin. HN 3,21; Ptol. 2,6,18), modern Llobregat. Upstream is the city of Rhoubrikata (Ῥουβρικάτα; Ptol. 2,6,74), modern Rubí. Barceló, Pedro (Potsdam) Bibliography TIR K/J 31 Tarraco, 1997, 134.
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Rubrius
(561 words)
Common
nomen
gentile in the late Republic and early Principate; its bearers are generally of little political importance (Schulze, 221; 462). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] R., C. (?) People's tribune, 122 BC As people's tribune in 122 BC, he laid down a law concerning the foundation of the colony of Carthage by C. Sempronius Gracchus (Plut. C. Gracchus 10,2; mentioned as
lex Rubria CIL I2 585, ch. 59; perhaps also mentioned in Sherk 16, l. 12). MRR 1,517; 3,182. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] R. Propraetor of Macedonia i…
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Rudiae
(131 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Italy, languages City of the Sal(l)entini (Ptol. 3,1,76) in Calabria, home of the poet Ennius [1] (fr. 377 Vahlen; cf. Cic. Arch.10,22; Str. 6,3,5; Sil. Pun. 12,393-397; Ps.-Acro 4,80,20; confused by Plin. HN 3,102 and Mela 2,66 with R. in Apulia). R. is located southwest of Lupiae (present-day Lecce; Str. 6,1,2; Guido, Geographia 28,71). Remains of the defensive walls (4th-3rd cents. BC) survive, as well as richly furnished graves from …
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Rudiarius
(229 words)
[German version] Term for a gladiator who was awarded a
rudis [2], a wooden staff, after a victorious fight in the arena - most often by the organiser of the gladiatorial games (
editor muneris) - as a sign that from then on he would never again have to fight in a
munus (Mart. Liber spectaculorum 29,9; Suet. Claud. 21,5). The award was often granted at the urging of the public; this arbitrary procedure is fiercely criticised by opponents of the
munera (Fronto, Ad M. Caesarem 2,1 Van den Hout; Tert. Liber de spectaculis 21,4). No sooner than two years after, by being awarded a
pilleus , a
rudiarius co…
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Rudis
(99 words)
[German version] [1] Thin stick Thin stick or spoon for stirring foods, medications, etc. (Greek κύκηθρον/
kýkēthron, Aristoph. Pax 654), called
rudicula in its small form (Plin. HN 34,176), usually made of wood, more rarely of iron (Plin. HN 34,170). Hurschmann, Rolf (Hamburg) [German version] [2] Wooden epee Wooden stick or rapier for the fencing exercises of soldiers and gladiators. The
rudis also served the
lanista as a badge for separating fighting gladiators or for bestowing order on the fight. Retired gladiators received the
rudis upon becoming supervisors in the fencing…
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Rue
(277 words)
[German version] (ῥυτή/
rhytḗ in Nic. Alex. 306, πήγανον/
pḗganon e.g. in Aristoph. Vesp. 480; Latin
ruta). A Mediterranean genus of the
Rutaceae family comprising some 60 species of aromatic, evergreen (Theophr. Hist. pl. 1,9,4) subshrubs. The leaves, fruits and roots of
Ruta graveolens were a favourite condiment, generally in combination with
menta (mint) [1. 62] (and sometimes pickled in a solution of vinegar and salt, cf. Columella 12,7,1 f.), and were prescribed internally and externally (esp. in Plin. HN 20,134-143) against gynaecological c…
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Rufillus
(44 words)
[German version] Fictitious Roman cognomen, affectionate form of Rufinus (as in Hor. Sat. 1,2,26 f.; cf. 1,4,92 for an overbred dandy). Rufilla was the name of an alleged lover of Octavianus (Augustus) (Suet. Aug. 69,2). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 27; 229.
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Rufinus
(1,669 words)
[German version] I Greek (Ῥουφῖνος/
Rhouphînos). [German version] [I 1] Epigrammatist Greek epigrammatist; dating uncertain (Neronian/Flavian era? [2; 4]; 2nd cent. AD? [3]; late 4th cent. AD? [1]); origin unknown (Anth. Pal. 5,9: residence in Ephesus). 37 erotic poems are extant, all in Anth. Pal. 5,2-103 (on this so-called
Sylloge Rufiniana, perhaps also from the 4th cent. AD, cf. [5]). With the exception of the paederastic poem 28 (cf. also 19), R.' epigrams, in which 13 women's names are mentioned (two further fictitious ones in 44,1), tr…
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Rufio
(76 words)
[German version] (or possibly
Rufinus, cf. [1. 163 f.4]). Son of a freedman of Caesar (cf. [2. I 56]), whom the latter left behind in Alexandria [1] in 47 BC as the commander of three legions. R.'s characterization as Caesar's 'lover' (
exoletus: Suet. Iul. 76,3) is likely to be polemical. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography
1 P. Graindor, La Guerre d'Alexandrie, 1931
2 H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen, 1996. G. Geraci, Genesi della provincia romana d'Egitto, 1983, 26 f.
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Rufius
(105 words)
[German version] [1] C. R. Festus Laelius Firmus Senator, son of procurator C.R. Festus Senator, son of the procurator C. R. Festus; the family hailed from Volsinii in Etruria. He is probably mentioned in CIL XV 7525 along with his sons Marcellinus and Proculus, as well as in CIL XI 2698. The family did not rise to great importance until the end of the 3rd cent. AD. The most prominent member was C. Ceionius R. Volusianus,
cos. ord. II in AD 314. PIR2 R 157; cf. 156; 159; 161. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] Author of a historical brevarium s. Festus [4]
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Rufrae, Rufrium
(129 words)
[German version] Settlement in Samnium (cf.
Rufrani vicani, ILS 80; 5759), conquered by the Romans early in the 2nd Samnite War in 326 BC (Liv. 8,25,4:
Rufrium; Sil. Pun. 8,568), subsequently named
castellum Campaniae (Serv. Aen. 7,739) and
tribus Teretina (CIL X 4836), on the Via Latina. R. is situated on the middle reaches of the Volturnus in the region of San Felice a Ruvo, west of Presenzano (province of Caserta); remains of a small Roman theatre and statues of Augustus and Agrippa have been found there. Cato praises oil presses from R. (Cato Agr. 22,4; 135,2:
ad Rufri Maceriam). …
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Rufrius
(270 words)
[German version] [1] (P.?) R. Crispinus Praetorian prefect, AD 47-51 Roman equestrian, of whose activities prior to AD 47 nothing is known. At that date, emperor Claudius [III 1] made him Praetorian prefect, possibly prompted by Messalina [2]. As a reward for his commitment to Claudius, he was granted the rank of a praetor and 1.5 million HS by the Senate. When R. was dismissed as Praetorian prefect in 51 at the urging of Agrippina, he additionally received the insignia of a consul. Married to Poppaea [2]…
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Rufus
(1,595 words)
Common Roman
cognomen ('red-haired', 'redhead', Quint. Inst. 1,4,25). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [1] [- - -]us R. Proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia with an impressive monument in Rome
Proconsul of Pontus-Bithynia, probably in the final period of the Republic or the first years of Augustus. An impressive monument was erected for him in Rome by more than six cities of the province (CIL VI 1508 = 41054; cf. IGUR 71). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography W. Eck, CIL VI 1508 (Moretti IGUR 71) und die Gestaltung senatorischer Ehrenmonumente, in: Chiron 14, 1984, 201-217 PIR2 R …
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Rug
(602 words)
(τάπης, τάπις, ταπήτιον/
tápēs, tápis, tapḗtion; Lati.
tapes,
tapete). [German version] I. Ancient Near East and Egypt The only surviving rug (from kurgan V at Pazyrik, southern Siberia, 5th-4th cent. BC) is knotted in wool [1]. Otherwise, the existence of rugs in the ancient Near East can only be deduced from various pictorial representations. Owing to their similarity to modern rugs [2], the geometric motifs on wall paintings (7th cent.) at Çatal Hüyük (Turkey) are called 'kelim motifs'. However, definite evid…
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Rugi
(368 words)
[German version] (
Rugii,
Rogi; Ῥυγοί/
Rhygoí). East Germanic tribe mentioned by various ancient authors [1. 1213 f.] whose oldest places of residence were probably south-western Norway and the Vistula delta. Tac. Germ. 43,6 is the first to mention them and localizes them between the Oder and the Vistula. In the course of time, they moved south and, in the 1st half of the 5th cent. AD, they appeared on the central Danube and belong to the empire of the Hunni, albeit with their own king. Either startin…
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Ruins/Artificial Ruins
(1,437 words)
Zimmermann, Sylvia [German version] A. The Motif of Ruins in Western Art (CT) The motif of ruins has been widespread in Western art since the Middle Ages. In Christian iconography, it acquired particular importance as a symbol for
vanitas and for the - from a Christian perspective - superceded Old Testament. As the former, ruins expressed the vanity of all earthly things, while in the latter, it denoted that epoch of salvation history vanquished by Christ, against which intact architecture could be placed as a symbol of the New Testa…
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Ruler
(22,394 words)
Strothmann, Jürgen (Bochum RWG) A. Forms of Ancient Rulership and Their Influence on Subsequent Conceptions (CT) 1. General (CT) [German version] 1.1 Preliminary Remarks (CT) Ancient rulers and ancient forms of rule, quite apart from their general reception as representative forms from a mythical past, are of relevance to our understanding of the post-Antiquity conception of rulership. They are often indicative of a prevailing political idea and instrumental in the formulation of the political reality as it was perceiv…
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Ruler, birth of the
(1,677 words)
[German version] I. General There existed among many peoples, esp. in the Near East, but also among the Greeks and Romans, the concept of the mythical founder-king, himself a god or son of a god or goddess. It is sometimes assumed that these mythical ancestors of a people or tribe must have been animals, or at least exposed and suckled by animals. They functioned as cult founders and/or settlement founders and after their death enjoyed cultic veneration. Events befalling them - exposure, feeding by …
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Ruler cult
(1,133 words)
[German version] The cultic worship of the emperor during his lifetime and after his death, namely as a deity and part of the municipal pantheon, was as such the Roman Imperial version of ruler cult already commonly practised amongst the Hellenistic kings. Like the ruler cult, emperor worship was seen from the perspective of the towns as an expression of political ties and political self-definition. From the ruler’s point of view, it was a means of safeguarding his power symbolically. Greek ruler cult can traced back solely to neither the Middle East nor the Greek hero cult…
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Rulers
(2,915 words)
I. Ancient Orient [German version] A. Terminology Designations for rulers include: (1) descriptive terms like the Sumerian
LUGAL (literally 'big man'), equated in vocabularies with the Akkadian
šarru ('shining one(?)'),
malku ('adviser', Hebrew
melek), Hittite
ḥaššu- ('well-born one'); furthermore, Sumerian
NUN and Akkadian
rubāum ('most excellent one'), and Sumerian
EN, Akkadian
bēlu, Hittite
išḫa- ('lord'); these apply regardless of the size and structure of the area of rule. Feminine forms are recorded. (2) Culture and epoch specific titles (a…
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Rulership
(2,483 words)
[German version] I. General Rulership is here understood as political rulership, i.e. a reciprocal social relationship serving to create and permanently preserve the social order through political organization. Rulership is based on fixed rules applying both to the ruler(s) and the ruled; thus those ruled generally assent blindly to the authority of the ruler(s), or are at least so minded as to tolerate it. As a system of order, rulership appears in different forms: in the ancient Near East and Egyp…
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Ruling (of MSS)
(842 words)
[German version] Preparation of the writing material before the act of writing itself, by drawing horizontal and vertical lines to define the page setting (Layout) and to provide a template for the copyist and illuminator of the MS. Commonalities in ruling enable the categorization of MSS and the attribution to a particular copyist,
scriptorium or group of
scriptoria. Prior to actual ruling, a sharpened stylus is used to prick a row of tiny holes or slits into the surface of the material as reference points along which the ruling is then orientated. Th…
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Rumina
(286 words)
[German version] The Roman goddess R. traditionally appears in conjunction with a fig tree, the
f
icus Ruminalis, which provided food for the twins Romulus and Remus (Liv. 1,4,5). The goddess' sanctuary was said to be near to the tree. The ancient etymological connection between R. and
ruma or
rumis ('female breast'; Fest. 326, 332 f. L., Varro, Ling. 5,54), refers to the breast-like shape and milk-like juice of the nutritious fig [1. 112 f.]. For this reason, R. allegedly received sacrifices of milk (Varro, Rust. 2,11,5; Non. p. 167 f. M. = …
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Runcina
(150 words)
[German version] The goddess of weeding (Lat. (
e-/
sub-)
runcare) appears only in Varro, Antiquitates rerum divinarum fr. 176 Cardauns.
Subruncinator is the masculine equivalent in the list of the twelve deities of agrarian fieldwork who were invoked during the
sementivae feriae (Fabius [I 34] Pictor
apud Serv. Georg. 1,21, 2nd cent. BC). The authenticity and age of both deities have been called into question (Sondergötter; Obarator), but can be defended with a glance at the importance of the agricultural life cycle for Roman society. The suffix formation of
Subruncinator and the ve…
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Runes
(227 words)
[German version] is the name of the signs of the script (Writing) peculiar to the Germanic peoples (to which Tac. Germ. 10 may allude). The Old Norse word
rún also means 'secret' (cf. German
Geraune and English
round). The runes used for the various Germanic languages in various periods can be traced to a series of 24 signs: This series is called the 'Futhark', an acronym of the first six signs. An earlier Futhark (oldest surviving monuments:
c. AD 200, in Danish territory) was used until about AD 750, the more recent one subsequently until the 19th cent. The Germanic peo…
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Runic solidi
(74 words)
[German version] Anglo-Frisian imitations of a late Roman gold coin of the 6th cent. AD with barbarized inscription in Latin letters and runic script. The cast coins of which very few have been found served as jewellery or amulets and were not intended to be circulated as money. Stumpf, Gerd (Munich) Bibliography
1 P. Berghaus, K. Schneider, Anglo-friesische Runensolidi im Lichte des Neufundes von Schweindorf, 1967
2 Schrötter, s. v. Runen und Runenmünzen, 577.
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Running and catching games
(453 words)
[German version] Running and catching games tended to be played in open areas and streets (e.g., Callim. Epigr. 1,9; Verg. Aen. 7,379) where children could chase one another (Hor. Ars P 455f.; cf. Hor. Ars P 412-415 perhaps races) or engage in the popular pastime of hoop rolling (τροχός/
trochós,
trochus), often depicted on Greek vases in particular (also in Ganymedes [1]) (Poll. 10,64). From indications in Roman sources this game was frequently played in the street (Mart. 14,168; 14,169; cf. ibidem 12,168; 14,157) and even on frozen rivers (Ma…
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Running (competitions)
(579 words)
[German version] Running first appears in Sumeria as a royal attribute [1]. The Egyptian pharaoh showed his running ability in the ritual of the Jubilee Feast (Egyptian
ḥb-sd) [2]. The first evidence of competition is among the Hittites, where the office of royal bridle-holder was awarded as a prize in a competitive race [3]. Soldiers of the Egyptian king Taharka performed a race over a distance of
c. 100 km after a long period of daily training in 686/685 BC [4]. Running was an essential part of Patroclus' funeral
agon (Hom. Il. 23,740-797), held by the 'fleet-footed' (πόδας ὠκύς,
pódas ōkýs)…
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Rupilius
(333 words)
Proper name of Italic origin. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] R., P. Cos. 132 BC Praetor in 135 BC at the latest; as
cos. of 132 BC together with P. Popillius [I 8] Laenas, oversaw the sentencing of Ti. Sempronius [I 15] Gracc(h)us' followers (Cic. Lael. 37). R. put an end to the major slave revolt in Sicily and imposed order to the province with the aid of a senatorial commission (
lex Rupilia, Cic. Verr. 2,2,
passim; 2,3; 2,125; Val. Max. 6,9,8; Liv. Per. 59
et passim; MRR 1,497 f.). He died soon after, allegedly from grief, after his brother failed to be elected cons…
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Rural exodus
(957 words)
[German version] A. General RE denotes large-scale migration from rural areas into cities, with a change in profession often connected to the change in location. Because ancient societies were at all times agrarian and many cities can be regarded as 'farming communities', RE in Antiquity was as a whole not of such outstanding significance for social change as in the modern era; however, RE was of considerable importance for the development of urban political centres such as Athens, Rome and Alexandria. Onken, Björn (Marburg/Lahn) [German version] B. Greek world In Athens, Solon was …
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Ruricius of Limoges
(170 words)
[German version] Christian bishop and author; initially married (wedding song: Sid. Apoll. Carm. 11), under the influence of Faustus [3] Reiensis he decided in 477 to lead an ascetic life and ultimately became a bishop in 485. He died shortly after 507. An epitaph on him and his successor, his grandson R. II, can be found in Venantius Fortunatus (Carm. 4,5). Two books with 18 or 64 (65) letters, as well as 14 letters to R., survive. They are primarily testimonials and 'everyday correspondence' of …
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Rusaddir
(159 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: | Commerce | Phoenicians, Poeni | Punic Wars | Punic Wars (Punic
Rš dr). Originally the name of the 'Great Cape' (
rš dr) of Tres Forcas, then of the city of R., modern Melilla (Spanish enclave within Morocco). Sources: Mela 1,29: wrongly
Rusigada;
Rhysaddir: Plin. HN 5,18; Ῥυσσάδειρον/
Rhyssádeiron, Ptol. 4,1,7;
Rusadder colonia: It. Ant. 11,3 f. The oldest evidence of Carthaginian settlement (3rd cent. BC) has been found in the necropolis of Cerro de San Lorenzo. R. has also yielded a neo-P…
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Rusafa
(220 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pilgrimage (
Ruṣāfa; in the Byzantine era also Sergiopolis). Ruins in central Syria,
c. 180 km east of Aleppo and 35 south of the Euphrates. Roman
limes fortress (Limes [VI D], with map) beginning in the 1st cent. BC. In Late Antiquity, the town, where the officer Sergius suffered martyrdom under Diocletianus (cf. [1]), became the central pilgrimage destination for Christian Arab tribes of the Levant and Mesopotamia. R. had churches from the 5th cent. AD on, including t…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly