Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Shahrbaraz
(77 words)
[German version] Chosroes [6] II's general who in 614 AD conquered Jerusalem and in 626 besieged Constantinople. On 27 April 630 he overthrew Ardashir [3] III and ruled as Persian king of kings until he was himself killed on 9 June 630 [1]. PLRE 3B, 1141-1144. Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) Bibliography
1 M. Ibn-G. at Tabari, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden (with German transl., comm. and additions by Th. Nöldeke), 1879 (reprint 1973), 290-303, 388-390.
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shark
(385 words)
[German version] On this order of cartilaginous fish (σελάχη/
selách
ē, σελάχια/
seláchia, χονδράκοντα/
chondrákonta, cf. Aristot. Hist.an. 1,2, 489b 6; Ael. NA 11,37) the sources offer no potential for tidy distinctions, only different terms. Aristotle was indeed familiar with the most important species: 1) Barbelled Hound Shark (κύων/
kýōn, γαλεὸς νεβρίας/
galeòs nebrías), 2) Common Smooth-Hound (γαλεὸς λεῖος/
galeòs leîos,
Mustelus laevis), 3) Thresher Shark (ἀλωπεκίας/
alōpekías), 4) Cat Shark (σκύλλιον,
scyllium), 5) Dogfish Shark (ἀκανθίας), 6) Starry Smooth…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Sheep
(2,576 words)
[German version] I. The Near East and Egypt (Sumerian udu, sheep, u8, ewe, udu.nita, fat-tailed sheep; Akkadian
immeru (culture word) [4]; Egyptian
zr (
wp.t). The Near East lies in the natural range of the Asiatic mouflon (
Ovis orientalis), which was apparently used in various locations for the breeding of wool sheep; the earliest examples for this important step [8] come from the area of south-eastern Asia Minor/northern Levant/northern Mesopotamia in the 7th millennium BC [7. 73]. From the 7th/6th millennia BC on, the sheep play…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shenoute of Atripe
(446 words)
[German version] (Coptic 'child of god'; Greek Σινούθιος/
Sinoúthios); abbot and important author of Coptic literature, died between AD 436 and 466 (466 is most often given as the year of his death). The stages in his life can be deduced from his writings and from a panegyric vita [6] written by his successor Besa. At an early stage, S., the son of a peasant family, entered the White Monastery at Sauhāǧ in Upper Egypt, which had been founded by a maternal uncle. He took over its leadership in about 385.…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shield
(605 words)
[German version] I. Greece Shields were primarily used to protect soldiers in battle; as a crater from Mycenae (
c. 1200 BC) vividly shows, shields were already part of the equipment of warriors in the Mycenaean period. Homer mentions a round shield (ἀσπίς/
aspís) which was embossed with sheet bronze and strengthened with the skins of oxen (Cattle) (Hom. Il. 12,294-297; 13,156-166). In the middle there was a shield boss (ὀμφαλός/
omphalós; Hom. Il. 13,192). A strap (τελαμών/
telamṓn; Hom. Od. 11,609-614) enabled the shield to be carried without holding it in the hand. The…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shiites
(118 words)
[German version] (< Shia/
Šı̄a, literally 'party', elliptical for 'Party of Ali'). Term for the supporters of Ali in the struggle for the caliphate (Caliph). According to the number of imams (Imam) they recognise, Fiver (e.g. Zaidites in Yemen), Sevener (e.g. Ismailites in Pakistan and central Asia; Fatimids 909-1171 in northern Africa and Egypt, Fatima) and Twelver Shiites (group with the largest number of adherents, today in e.g. Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon) are distinguished. Martyrdom, i.e…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shipbuilding
(1,703 words)
[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt Due to the lack of original finds from most regions of the ancient Orient, little can be said about shipbuilding, except for Egypt. The fact that many Syrians were employed in Egyptian shipyards and that a ship (from around 1300 BC) found at Ulu Burun, Turkey was built in the same technique as Egyptian ships indicates that a uniform shipbuilding technique was used throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Here, wooden planks were placed in the desired position w…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shipwrecks, exploration of
(3,806 words)
[German version] In recent decades, underwater archaeology has enabled the discovery and investigation of well over 1,200 shipwrecks in littoral areas of the Mediterranean and the Roman provinces, dating from 1500 BC to AD 1200. The number of shipwreck find sites continues to grow considerably thanks to the exploration, which began around 1990, of deeper waters of the Mediterranean using special submersible craft. Only shipwrecks discovered in inshore waters at depths of up to 40 m have hitherto b…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shirin (Sira)
(133 words)
Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) [German version] [1] Wife of Chosroes [6] II, c. 600 AD (Šīrīn, Σειρέμ /
Seirém, Σιρήν/
Sirḗn). A Christian from Ḫūzistan, one of the wives of Chosroes [6] II, who was elevated by him to queen in AD 592 (Theophylaktos Simokattes, Historiae 5,13,7). She was still alive in 627 (Theophanes, Chronographia
anno mundi 6118). Only late oriental authors tell of her suicide over the corpse of her husband [1. 401-405]. The S. topic underwent many literary revisions in the Islamic world, of which the epic
Chosrou and S. by the Persian poet Neẓāmī (Nesami; translate…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shoes
(752 words)
[German version] According to ancient literature (Poll. 5,18; 7,85-94; 10,49; Herodas 7,54 ff.), there was a great multiplicity of varieties of sandals and boots; only in a small number of cases is it possible to identify footwear mentioned by name with that represented in monumental art or with surviving originals (e.g.
calceus ). From Classical Greece alone we have 82 words for footwear, named after origin, people, shape, colour, material or use: many kinds of footwear were adopted from other countries and given the name of their country of origin, e.g. 'Persian shoes', Περσικαί/
Pe…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shooting stars
(391 words)
[German version] From earliest times, shooting stars were regarded as stars that fall from the sky or as stars that change their position and burn up in the sky. This notion led to the terms ᾄττοντες ἀστέρες/
áittontes astéres (Pl. Resp. 10,621b), διαθέοντες καὶ ἐκπυρούμενοι ἀστέρες/
diathéontes kai ekpyrúmenoi astéres (Aristot. Mete. 1,4,342a 27; b 19) or μεταβαίνοντες ἀστέρες/
metabaínontes astéres (Hippolytus, refutatio omnium haeresium 1,8,10). Special kinds of shooting stars which today can no longer be identified were the 'goats' (αἶγες/
aíges), 'javelin throws' (ἀκοντ…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Shrew
(449 words)
[German version] (Greek μυγαλῆ/
mygal, Lat.
sorex or Old Latin
saurex and
mus araneus, 'spider mouse'). Due to its secretive habit, this insectivore family of mammals with various species was hardly known in Antiquity. It was often confused with the ordinary mouse. Pliny describes the ears of the
sorex as hairy (HN 11,136) and the tip of the tail as similar to that of the cow or lion (ibid. 11,265). Their hibernation is correctly mentioned by Plin. HN 8,223 (referring only to the garden shrew [1. 175]). Much superstition and magic was reported: supposedly, egrets (
ardeola) and shrews pre…
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Brill’s New Pauly