Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Sveshtari
(250 words)
[German version] To the north of S. (district of Razgrad Oblast in Bulgaria) a Thracian burial complex (first half of the 3rd cent. BC) was discovered in 1982. In the southeastern part of the Ginina Mogila burial mound is the grave of a Getic king (
dromos with relief frieze of bucrania, rosettes and garlands, three square chambers, i.e. ante-, burial and side chambers); 12 caryatids on the burial chamber, which can be linked to Thracian afterlife beliefs. In the chamber there are two stone catafalques, and above the larger one also wall pa…
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Swaddling Clothes
(139 words)
[German version] (σπάργανον/
spárganon; Latin
incunabula). SC in their modern form were not known in Antiquity; instead, a baby would be wrapped entirely - apart from the head - with narrow strips of wool. Wrapping was supposed to ensure the striaght growth of the body and the limbs (Sen. Ben. 6,24,1, cf. Plin. HN 7,3). In Thessaly only the lower half of the body was wrapped, in Sparta SC were dispensed with entirely (Plut. Lycurgus 16,3). Depictions of babies survive from the Bronze Age onwards (e.…
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Swallow
(607 words)
[German version] In Greece and southern Italy today the following species occur: 1. Barn Swallow (
Hirundo rustica), 2. Crag Martin (
Ptyonoprogne rupestris), 3. Red-Rumped Swallow (
Cecropis daurica), 4. Sand Martin (
Riparia riparia) and 5. House Martin (
Delichon urbica). Whether ancient accounts of the χελιδών/
chelidṓn, Latin
hirundo, refer to species other than 1 or 5 or the swift (
Apus apus L.) is almost always uncertain. For the most part broods are raised in skilfully constructed mud nests (Aristot. Hist. an. 8(9),7,612b 23; Varro Rust. 3,5,6; Ov. Fa…
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Swamp
(155 words)
[German version] In the ancient Mediterranean area, inland and coastal swamps were widespread. For the most part literary evidence permits their identification, although the terminology is not unambiguous. Even though the terms ἕλος (
hélos) and
palus correspond to the modern 'swamp' in both geographical and metaphorical senses, nevertheless, it is more difficult to discern the meaning of λίμνη (
límnē), since the terms lake and swamp were less clearly distinguished than they are today. Furthermore, swamps were not so undervalued; the aversion to swamps …
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Swan
(655 words)
[German version] (Κύκνος/
kýknos, Latin
cygnus or
olor) is the term not only for the mute swan.,
Cygnus olor, which breeds in Europe, but also for the Nordic whooper swan,
C. cygnus (L.), which migrated as a winter visitor, probably occasionally as far as Greece and Italy. Hom. Il. 2,460-463 has them gather with geese and cranes in Lydia on the 'Asian meadow' (cf. Str. 14,1,45). Homer's Hymn 21 to Apollo locates them on the river Peneius in Thessaly, Aristoph. Av. 768 on the Hebrus in Thrace, Ov. Epist. 7,1 on the Maeander [2]…
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Swastika
(179 words)
[German version] (Sanskrit, from Old Indic
swasti, 'well-being'),
crux gammata, 'gammadion'. Graphical symbol belonging to the language of ornamentation, occurring in Eurasia, northern Africa and central America. The earliest representations appear in Mesopotamia on pottery of the 4th millennium BC; there is later evidence in the Linear Pottery of the Danube area, in idols from Troy II and from Minoan Crete. In Attic-Geometric ornaments the - clockwise or anti-clockwise - swastika is part of the decorati…
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Swat
(161 words)
[German version] Region (Σουαστηνή/
Souastēnḗ at Ptol. 7,1,42) around the homonymous tributary of the River Kabul (Greek Σό(υ)αστος/
Só(u)astos, Sanskrit
Suvāstu) in modern northwestern Pakistan. After fierce fighting, the area was conquered by Alexander [4] the Great. Later it became part of the Indo-Greek kingdom and a centre of Buddhism. The exact location of the ancient capital Massaga is unknown, but excavations in Birkot Ghwandai (probably Bazira at Arr. Anab. 4,27,5 ff.) have revealed remains of Hellenistic…
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Swearwords; Terms of abuse
(564 words)
[German version] can be defined in terms of a speech act: the deliberate disparaging of a person (or thing) by means of a verbal attack on characteristic traits, personal circumstances, and so forth. For the constitution of an insult, it is not absolutely necessary to apply an abusive term in the narrow sense as a particular lexical device,
i.e. nominally hostile forms of address (or hostile terminology) [7. 18; 9. 1190]. In ancient literature, abusive language is used in the most varied genres,
e.g. in iambic poetry (Iambographers), invective, epigrams, in
Fescennini versus …
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Swede
(137 words)
[German version] The words βουνιάς/
bouniás, νᾶπυ/
nâpy, Latin
napus probably refer to the swede (
Brassica napus L. var.
napobrassica). According to Ath. 9,369b Theophrastus was not familiar with it, while Nicander fr. 70 Schn. was. In Greece, according to Plin. HN 19,75 (five local varieties distinguished by Greek physicians) and 20,21 (two kinds:
boúnion and
boúnias), it is supposed to have been used only as a medicine; Ath. 1,4d knows swedes from Thebes. Diod. Sic. 3,24,1 describes it as similar to the food plants of the Hylophagi people on the Re…
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Sweden
(2,144 words)
Lindberg, Bo [German version] A. Influence of Antiquity (CT) The history of Classical studies in Sweden (S.) by and large followed its general development in Europe -- but with variations in chronology and content which can be primarily ascribed to S.'s peripheral location within Europe. S. was penetrated by Christianity and the Church late, and an academic culture was not established until the 13th cent., i.e. after the upswing of Humanistic studies in the so-called Renaissance of the 12th cent. Renaiss…
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Swimming
(387 words)
[German version] (Egyptian
nbj; Greek κολυμβᾶν/
kolymbân; Latin
natare). Swimming was a basic cultural skill as early as in ancient Egypt ([1]; likewise later in Greece, Pl. Leg. 689d; in Rome, Suet. Aug. 64,3: Augustus teaches his grandsons to swim) and was part of the education syllabus of high-ranking people, even of the king's children (biography of nomarch Cheti, end of 3rd millennium BC [2. document 3]). There are also sufficient sources for the Ancient Near East to assume that swimming was known …
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Swing Painter
(139 words)
[German version] Attic black-figure vase painter,
c. 540-520 BC, named after a swing scene on an amphora (Boston, MFA 98.918). Since his drawing style is quite easy to recognise, he has been attributed 167 vases to date, primarily amphorae. Of particular interest is the multiplicity and originality of his depictions, including unique scenes such as costumed men on stilts, a bodyguard of Peisistratus [4] armed with clubs, a Nekyia scene with Ajax [1] turned away grumbling (Hom. Od. 11,541-564) and Hera…
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Switzerland
(14,175 words)
Näf, Beat (Zürich RWG) [German version] A. Antiquity and Swiss History (CT) [32] Long before the foundation of the modern federal state (1848), the history of the various ancient peoples and cultures on the territory of present-day Switzerland (S.) was understood as constituting a thematic unity. Such an understanding of history is found at the period of the 13-town Confederacy (1513-1798). Ancient Helvetia in particular was seen as fundamental to the understanding of the later history and the present. Afte…
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Sword
(862 words)
[German version] I. Classical Antiquity The sword used in Rome's early period is referred to as
ensis or
gladius in the transmission (Verg. Aen. 7,743; 9,431; 12,458; Liv. 1,43,2). According to Livy, the soldiers of the first three
classes ('divisions') in the Servian order of
centuriae were equipped with swords (Liv. 1,43,2). The Gallic sword was longer and had no pointed tip, the Hispanic sword was short, had a tip and was more suitable for thrusting than for slashing (Liv. 22,46,5). In the period of the 2nd Punic W…
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Syagrius
(213 words)
[German version] [1] Procos. Africae in 379 AD In AD 379
procos. Africae, in 380-382 praetorian prefect, in 381
cos. The assignment of offices is debatable, since S. [2] became prominent at the same time. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) [German version] [2] Correspondent of Q. A. Symmachus [4] Eusebius, 4th cent. In AD 369 dishonourably dismissed as a
notarius; in 379-381 (?)
magister officiorum, in 381 city prefect in Rome, in 382
cos. Correspondent of Q. A. Symmachus [4] Eusebius. Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover) Bibliography Clauss, 192 f. A. Demandt, Die Konsuln der Jahre 381 und 382…
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Sybaris
(605 words)
(Σύβαρις;
Sýbaris). [German version] [1] Monster on the mountain Cirphis near Crisa Monster on the mountain Cirphis near Crisa, also called Lamia (Lamia [1]). In order to keep the area free of S.' regular visitations, a youth called Alcyoneus was to be sacrificed. Out of love for him, however, Eurybatus spontaneously took his place. He managed to overcome S. and throw it from a rock. On the site of its fall the spring S. arises (Antoninus Liberalis 8, according to Nicander). Johannsen, Nina (Kiel) [German version] [2] Name of a youth Name of a youth, possibly a river god, in a picture…
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Sybota
(136 words)
(Σύβοτα/
Sýbota). [German version] [1] Island group Island group off the coast of Epirus opposite the southern tip of Corcyra [1]. In 433 BC a sea battle took place there between Corcyra and Corinth ([1]; Thuc. 1,47,1; 50,3; Str. 2,5,20; 7,7,5). In AD 551 the islands were plundered by the Ostrogoths (Procop. Goth. 4,22,30). Freitag, Klaus (Münster) Bibliography
1 J. S. Morrison et al., The Athenian Trireme, 22000, 62-69. [German version] [2] Harbour Harbour on the coast of Epirus opposite the S. [1] island group, modern Limani Murzo. In the 5th cent. BC, S. was …
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Sybridae
(79 words)
[German version] (Συβρίδαι;
Sybrídai). Attic Paralia(?) deme of the Erechtheis phyle, before 307/6 BC with one
bouleutḗs in alternation with Pambotadae, near which S. may have been. There is speculation on a connexion with the River Syverus (Siberus) in Plin. HN 37,114. The sculptor Cephisodotus [5] was from S. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography E. Meyer, s.v. S., RE Suppl. 10, 925-927 Traill, Attica, 6, 14, 59, 62, 69, 112 No. 131, Table. 1 J. S. Traill, Demos and Trittys, 1986, 126.
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Syceon
(62 words)
[German version] (Συκεών/
Sykeṓn, Σικεών/
Sikeṓn). Place in Galatia (Proc. Aed. 5,4,1) where the road from Nicaea [5] to Ancyra crosses the Siberis, about 10 km to the south-southwest of modern Beypazarı, as a road station
Fines Galatiae (Tab. Peut. 9,4, but incorrectly
Fines Cilicie). Saint Theodorus lived and worked in S. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 228 f. S. Mitchell, Anatolia, vol. 2, 1993, 122-150.
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Sychem
(283 words)
[German version] (Hebrew
šḵæm; Συχεμ, cf. Gn 12:6, Latin
Sychem). City in Samaria c. 2 km to the southeast of Nāblus between the mountains of Ebal and Garizim on the hill of Tall Balāṭa and today partly covered by an Arab village called Balāṭa. S. acquired strategic and economic significance because of its location at a central junction in the road network of Samaria. Settled by 3500 BC, S. was attacked and destroyed by Egypt several times in the 2nd millennium. After the death of Solomon [1], the elect…
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Sycurium
(73 words)
[German version] (Συκύριον;
Sykýrion). Place in the Dotium region at the western end of the Tempe valley, used by Perseus [2] as a permanent camp for actions against the Roman army in the third of the Macedonian Wars, in 171 BC (Liv. 42,54; 62; 64; 67). The location is uncertain, the assignment of the name to modern S. (formerly Makrokeserli) is arbitrary. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography H. Kramolisch, s.v. Sykyrion, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 644f.
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Syedra
(107 words)
[German version] (Σύεδρα;
Sýedra). City in Cilicia Tracheia near the modern Seki, 17 km to the southeast of Coracesium. With its first literary mention (Luc. 8,259f.; Flor. Epit. 2,13,51) in the middle of the 1st cent. BC, after a phase of unclear power relations S. belonged to the province of Pamphylia no later than the time of Tiberius (AD 14-37) [1.49-51]. The settlement, on a rounded mountain top near the coast, is very well preserved (theatre, baths, cisterns, late antique city wall; [2] with map). Tomaschitz, Kurt (Vienna) Bibliography
1 K. Tomaschitz, Unpublizierte Inschrift…
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Syene
(153 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Egypt | India, trade with | Egypt (Συήνη/
Syḗnē, Egyptian
Swnw/'place of commerce'), present-day Assuan, city on the western shore of the Nile across from the island of Elephantine, first mentioned on a border stone under Sesostris I [1]. Although S. was an important market as well as a staple market and the starting point of Nubian expeditions, it was not important at first from an administrative and military point of view. Aramaic papyri in S. document…
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Syennesis
(182 words)
[German version] (Συέννεσις/
Syénnesis). Term for indigenous Cilician dynasts with their centre at Tarsus (Xen. An. 1,2,23). According to Hdt. 1,74, one S. is supposed to have mediated the accord between the Lydians and the Medes; in the war between Croesus and Cyrus [2], Cilicia was on the Persian side (Hdt. 1,28). Another S. took part in Xerxes's campaign against Hellas (Hdt. 7,98; Aesch. Pers. 326-328). It is generally assumed that the duplicity of the third known S., the husband of Epyaxa, duri…
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Sykophantes
(641 words)
[German version] (συκοφάντης/
sykophántēs, 'sycophant'). The term first appears in Old Comedy (Aristoph. fr. 228, 427 BC). The origin of the word is unknown, with ancient conjectures on the etymology (
sykophantes as a man who 'reveals figs') being unconvincing. In Comedy,
sykophantai are linked with threats, demands for money and extortion; their acting as prosecutors in court is also characteristic (Aristoph. Av. 1410-1469; Aristoph. Plut. 850-959). This perception of
sykophantai is echoed in numerous mentions in the orators; for instance, Lysias [1] alleges that
sykophantai a…
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Syleus
(96 words)
[German version] (Συλεύς;
Syleús). Son of Poseidon, who forces passing strangers in Aulis to dig his vineyards. Heracles [1], in the service of queen Omphale of Lydia, punishes him by uprooting his vines and killing him and his daughter Xenodoce (Apollod. 2,132; Diod. Sic. 4,31; Tzetz. Chil. 2,429-435). There is a deviating version in a satyr play by Euripides (TGF2 575), in which Heracles - not S., who has purchased him as a slave - appears as the actual monster (other variants: Speusippus, Epistolae Socraticorum 30; Konon FGrH 26 F 1,17). Binder, Carsten (Kiel)
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Syllaeus
(233 words)
[German version] Nabataean (Nabataei), leading office-bearer of the Nabataean king Obodas II:
epitropos [1] (in Jos. BI 1,487; Str. 16,4,23 f.);
dioiketes (Nicolaus of Damascus, Excerpta Historica 3,1,1 Boissevain). When Aelius [II 11] Gallus, the prefect of Egypt, went into battle against southern
Arabia in 24 BC, S. advised on the route the army took. Because it was a failure, Strabo accuses him (16,4,23 f.) of treason. S. played a substantial role in the competition between the local rulers in the area of Syria, Judaea and Nabataea;…
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Syllium
(45 words)
[German version] (Συλ(λ)εῖον/
Syl(l)eîon, Σύλλιον/
Sýllion, Latin
Sylleum). City in the territory of the tyrant Moagetes in Cibyratis in northern Lycia (Pol. 21,34,11; Liv. 38,14,10). Not located. Hailer, Ulf (Tübingen) Bibliography W. Ruge, s. v. S. (2), RE 3 A, 101 H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 427-429.
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Syloson
(185 words)
[German version] (Συλοσῶν/
Sylosôn). Younger brother of Polycrates [1] of Samos. With the latter he achieved tyrannis in about 540 BC, but was then expelled (Hdt. 3,39). Egypt
c. 525 BC is the scene of an anecdote that made him the 'benefactor' (
euergétēs) of Darius [1] (Hdt. 3,139 f.). After the latter came to power in 522, S. won him over to making him the successor of Polycrates [1], who had been killed in the meantime. An army under Otanes [1] marched against Maeandrius [1], the tyrant ruling in Samos, (Hdt. 3,140-149) whose underha…
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Symaethum
(122 words)
[German version] (Σύμαιθος/
Sýmaithos, Latin
Symaethum). Border river between Leontini and Catane (Thuc. 6,65,2) in the east of Sicily. It rises according to Str. 6,2,2 like the Pantacyas at Mount Etna (Aetna [1]) and flows into the sea to the north of Catane (Ptol. 3,4,9; cf. Plin. HN 3,89). The modern Simeto, however, which can without doubt be identified with the S., rises on Mount Nebrodes and its mouth is to the south of Catane; the displacement of the mouth can be explained by the activities of…
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Symbolum
(60 words)
[German version] Thracian coastal mountain range, today also Simbolo, lying to the south-east of the Pangaeum. The road from Philippi across S. to the port of Neapolis [1] led across a narrow pass, significant in the Roman Civil War (autumn 42 BC; Plut. Brutus 38,2; Cass. Dio 47,35,3). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) Bibliography TIR K 35,1 Philippi, 1993, 55.
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Syme
(152 words)
[German version] (Σύμη/
Sýmē). Island (58 km2, up to 617 m elevation, barren limestone) with many bays, surrounded by islets, off the Carian coast, 24 km to the north of Rhodes (Hom. Il. 2,671 ff.; Hdt. 1,174; Str. 14,2,14; Diod. Sic. 5,53; Ptol. 5,2,32; Plin. HN 5,133), today again called S. Few traces of prehistoric and Mycenaean settlement, settled by Cares and in
c. 1000 BC by Dorieis. The polis of S. was at modern S. on the Bay of Aegialus in the northeast (remains of city wall and harbour, Athena sanctuary). From 434/3 BC on, S. was a member of t…
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Symeon
(715 words)
(Συμεών;
Symeṓn). [German version] [1] Monk and priest, 4th cent. AD Macarius the Egyptian (Μακάριος/
Makários). Born around the year AD 300, Macarius lived from
c. AD 330 -
c. 390 as a monk and priest in the Scetic desert (Egypt). The accounts of his life (Rufinus, Historia monachorum 21; Pall. Laus. 17) describe his immaculate ascetism and his miracles. The later hagiographic tradition has developed this into a
vita. Except for a number of oral sayings (
Apophthegmata patrum) none of Macarius' pronouncements have been handed down; a letter attributed to him may well be a…
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Symmachia
(494 words)
[German version] (συμμαχία;
symmachía). An alliance, literally an agreement between two or more states to fight (Gr.
máchesthai) together (
syn-). Such alliances might be made either for a limited period or for all time. Thuc. 1,44,1; 5,48,2, distinguishes between a symmachia, as a full offensive and defensive alliance, and an
epimachia, as a purely defensive alliance; but that use of the two terms is not widespread, and, for instance, the 'prospectus' of the (Second) Athenian League, which was a defensive alliance, consistently uses
symmacheîn and cognate words (Tod 123). In a full …
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Symmachian Forgeries
(188 words)
[German version] During the disputes within the Christian community between Laurentius and Symmachus over the office of Bishop of Rome, shortly after Easter in AD 501 among those around Symmachus, a group of five texts emerged which, based on invented examples from the past of the bishopric of Rome (Marcellinus [1], Silvester, Liberius [1], Xystus III), set out to establish the norm that nobody should judge the bishop of Rome. One of the texts, which tells of an alleged council of Silvester in Rome and also provides its
canones (
Collectiones canonum ), was extended …
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Symmachus
(1,389 words)
[German version] I. Greek (Σύμμαχος/
Sýmmachos). [German version] [I 1] Author of a commentary on Aristophanes, 1st half of the 2nd cent. No later than the first half of the 2nd cent. AD (citation in Herodian. 2,945-946 Lentz); author of a commentary on Aristophanes [3], frequently used in Late Antiquity and Byzantine scholia literature (
subscriptio Schol. Aristoph. Av.; Nub.; Pax). It remains unclear whether S. also commented on comedies which do not survive [2. 1138 f.]. Of the 41 (factual) explanations attributed to S. by name in the Aristophane…
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Symmoria
(314 words)
[German version] (συμμορία/
symmoría, 'company'). In Athens in the fourth cent. BC, a group of men liable for payment of the property tax called eisphora or for the
leitourgía (Liturgy I) of the trierarchy (Trierarchia). In 378/7 all payers of
eisphorá were organised in 100 symmoriai for administrative convenience (Cleidemus FGrH 323 F 8): each member continued to be taxed on his own property, but later the liturgy of
proeisphorá was created, by which the three richest members of each symmoria had to advance the whole sum due from their symmoria. There were addit…
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Symphosius
(151 words)
[German version] (Symposius). A collection of 100 (perhaps originally 99) Latin riddles, each of 3 hexameters, from Late Antiquity, perhaps originating from the end of the 4th cent. AD, , is recorded under this name in the Codex Salmasianus and in other manuscripts. The preface designates the poems as light-hearted banquet poetry at the
Saturnalia . The solution is given in the heading of each one; they are about everyday objects, plants and animals. A number of the riddles found their way into the
Historia Apollonii regis Tyrii (chapter 42 f.). The S. became a …
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Symplegades
(158 words)
[German version] (Συμπληγάδες sc. πέτραι;
Symplēgádes, sc.
pétrai: 'clashing sc. rocks'), also
synormádes (Sim. fr. 546 PMG),
sýndromoi (Pind. P. 4,208-211),
Cyaneae [1] (Eur. Andr. 864 f.),
syndromádes (Eur. Iph. T. 422) or
Plēgádes (Apoll. Rhod. 2,596). Gateway of rocks in the myth of the Argonauts at the transition from the real world into the mythical one (return through the
Planctae , with which they were often confused, e.g. Hdt. 4,85,1). The Argo is the first ship to successfully pass through, with Hera's (and Athena's) help, a…
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Symplegma
(51 words)
[German version] (σύμπλεγμα/
sýmplegma, 'entanglement'). Term used in classical archaeology - after Plin. HN 36,4,24 and 36,4,35 - for erotic groups, primarily in sculpture. The term has been falling out of use in recent times. Willers, Dietrich (Berne) Bibliography A. Stähli, Die Verweigerung der Lüste. Erotische Gruppen in der antiken Plastik, 1999.
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Sympoliteia
(417 words)
[German version] (συμπολιτεία/
sympoliteía, 'joint citizenship'). The verb
sympoliteúein is used from the late fifth cent. onwards to denote the merging of separate communities in a single state, similar to synoikismos; e.g. Thuc. 6,4,1; Xen. Hell. 5,2, where the states threatened with incorporation in the Chalcidian koinon contrast
sympoliteúein (5,2,12) with
autopolítai eînai, ‘being autonomous’ (5,2,14). In inscriptions the verb and the noun are used of the merging of two or more communities in one, esp. when a greater state politically absorbs bu…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Symposium
(32 words)
[German version] Fortress in Cappadocia probably built after 363 AD, modern Kaleköy at Şerefiye; possibly identical with the In Medio road station (It. Ant. 212,8). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 288 f.
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly