Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Theios
(108 words)
[German version] (Θεῖος;
Theîos). The term
Theíōi is found, exclusively in the dative, in several inscriptions, e.g. in a calendar of sacrifices from the period of Hadrian. It is controversial (discussion of the sources: [1]) whether it refers to an independent deity (e.g. as a masculine counterpart to Theia [1]) or is an orthographical variant of the dative of
theós ('god') or
tò theîon ('the divine', 'the deity'). When
Theíōi is linked by
kaí ('and') with the name of another deity it is possible to interpret it as a further aspect (or epithet) of that deity. Antoni, Silke (Kiel) Bibliograph…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Theisoa
(183 words)
(Θεισόα/
Theisóa). [German version] [1] City in Arcadia City in Arcadia (Arcadians; Paus. 8,27,7: 'near Orchomenus'), at modern Karkalou Mill (1050 m elevation). Remains survive of the acropolis fortifications, the city wall, an Hellenistic sanctuary (IG V 2, 511) and houses. Initially part of Orchomenus [3], in 368 BC T. was incorporated into Megale polis. Made autonomous again by Philopoemen (SEG 14, 455), T. was a member of the Achaean League (cf. Achaeans, Achaea [1]) and minted its own coins. Tausend, Sabine Bibliography S. Dusanic, Notes epigraphiques sur l'histoire ar…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Theke
(104 words)
[German version] (θήκη;
thḗkē) is a term for any kind of container. In particular, from the 5th/4th cent. BC onwards it is used in texts and inscriptions for niche-shaped burial places, whether for burials in funerary buildings (Melos, 4th cent. BC) and vaults (Hdt. 1,67,3; 2,148,5), or for storing cinerary urns (Alexandria), but not sarkophagoi (Sarcophagus). Latin
theca , in contrast, refers exclusively to holders for objects, primarily writing implements. Loculi Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography E. Saglio, s. v. loculus, DS 3.2, 1904, 1292-1295 A. Hug, s. v. T., RE …
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Thela
(61 words)
[German version] Son of Odoacer; elevated by his father to Caesar in Italy (
c. 489-493 AD); from 493 onwards a hostage of Theoderic [3] the Great, after the death of Odoacer (in 493) banished to Gaul and on attempting to return murdered by Theoderic. (Iohannes Antiochenus fr. 241a, FHG 5, 29; Anon. Vales. 11,54). PLRE 2,1064. Lütkenhaus, Werner (Marl)
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Thelepte
(129 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae City in Africa Byzacena (Africa [3]); important road hub, 77 km to the north-northwest of Capsa, modern Medinet el-Kdima, with significant ancient remains. A
municipium possibly from the time of Vespasianus, from the time of Traianus [1] a
colonia. In 354 AD the
dux of Africa Byzacena was resident there (Cod. Iust. 1,27,2,1; cf. It. Ant. 77,4; Tab. Peut. 4,5; Procop. Aed. 6,6,18). Inscriptions: CIL VIII 1, 176-183; 211; 216; 2094; 2565 b; CIL VIII 2, 10032-10037; Suppl. 1, 11263-11273; 4, 23181-23186; [1. 56]. Huß, We…
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Thelphusa
(161 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea | Arcadians, Arcadia (Θέλφουσα/
Thélphousa). City in Arcadia (Arcadians) on the left bank of the Ladon [2] at modern T. on the road from Psophis to Heraea (Paus. 8,25,1-11; Hierocles
Synekdemos 647,6). Remains survive of the city wall and the agora (colonnade, temple). T. was autonomous in the Archaic and Classical periods, and
c. 235 BC a member of the Achaean League (Achaeans; Pol. 2,54,12). Stratus, the fortress in the west of the city, was occupied in the Social War [2] by the …
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Themacus
(75 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Attica (Θημακός;
Thēmakós). Attic
mesogeia (?) deme, Erechtheis phyle, from 224/3 BC Ptolemaïs, one
bouleutḗs; location unknown. IG II2 1212 (finding site:
in vico Kara, modern Ilioupoli) is probably not a decree from T., cf. [1]. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography
1 Whitehead, 392 No. 135. Traill, Attica 15, 38, 62, 69, 75, 112 No. 134, Tab. 1, 13 J. S. Traill, Demos and Trittys, 1986, 126.
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Themata, naval
(114 words)
[German version] Themes of the Byzantine Empire, established from the early 8th cent. AD for the construction and maintenance of a fleet. The most significant of them comprised the whole Mediterranean coast of Asia Minor from Miletus to Cilicia. The capital was probably Attaleia [1], but the crews were predominantly from the mountainous hinterland in the western part of the theme, as is shown by the name 'Theme of the Cibyrrhaeoti', which can be traced to the city of Cibyra about 80 km from the sea in the Carian-Lycian border region. Theme Berger, Albrecht (Berlin) Bibliography
1 H. Ahrwe…
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Thematics: Studies in Subject-Matter and Motifs
(2,311 words)
Arweiler, Alexander [German version] A. General (CT) Thematics investigates literary works in which traditional subjects or motifs are taken up and re-elaborated with a new focus on each occasion (on terminology, cf. [5; 21. 26; 36. 201]). Subjects may be conceived of as traditional constellations of figures and plot (for instance, ancient myths) which, on the one hand, are reduced into motifs as the smallest units important for the plot, and on the other are analysed as the themes each one of them imp…
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Thematic vowel
(198 words)
[German version] Vocalic element used (alone or in combination with preceding sounds) to form word stems (Greek θέμα/
théma). In Indo-European languages, TVs typically appear as
e and
o; they are characteristic of both nominal stems (e.g. the accusative singular Latin
agrum, Greek ἀγρόν/
agrón, Sanskrit
ájram, from the underlying stem *
h2aǵ-r=o- ‘field’, known as the o-declension) and verbal stems (e.g. the present stem *
h2aǵ-e/o- underlying Latin
agite/agunt, Greek ἄγετε/ἄγουσι(ν) (
ágete/
ágousi(n)), Sanskrit
ajata/ajanti ‘drive (imperative plural)’/‘they drive’). O…
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Theme
(472 words)
[German version] (θέμα
/théma, pl.
thémata; literally: 'area of deployment' [6]). Byzantine administrative districts that replaced the Roman provincial divisions beginning in the 7th cent. AD: After the loss of Egypt and the Middle East (mid 7th cent. AD), the Roman troops were withdrawn to Asia Minor only to be re-deployed there in the four themes of Anatolia, Armenia, Thracia and Opsikion, each under the command of a
strategos (Byzantium II. D. incl. map). By the mid 8th cent., the authority of the provincial administration had been complet…
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Themis
(512 words)
[German version] (Θέμις/
Thémis, literally 'law, sacred ordinance'). Greek goddess and divine personification of sacred ancient law (cf., in contrast, Dike [1]). She stands for the traditional order of things, be it based on human convention (as in Hom. Od. 14,56 about the correct treatment of strangers) or on nature itself (as in Hom. Od. 9,130 about the 'nature of woman'). She plays an important role in the orderly call for assemblies (cf. Hom. Il. 20,4 f. etc.). Originally,
themis probably referred to 'what was laid down', in Mycenaean perhaps the word for 'debt' [1. 25 f., 106, 121]. A…
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Themiscyra
(87 words)
[German version] (Θεμίσκυρα/
Themískyra). Highly fertile coastal region (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 7a; Apollod. 2,101; Plin. HN 6,9; Just. Epit. 2,4,1) or Greek city (at modern Terme, Peripl. m. Eux. 29; Ps.-Scyl. 89; possibly destroyed in the third of the Mithridatic Wars since for later times there is no information) in the north of the Paryadres mountains on the southern shore of the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos) on the lower River Thermodon [2], where in Greek myth the Amazons lived (cf. Aesch. PV 724 f.; Hdt. 4,110). Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
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Themison
(339 words)
(Θεμίσων;
Themísōn). [German version] [1] Tyrant from Eretria [1], 4th cent. BC Tyrant of Eretria [1], who occupied Oropus in 366 BC with some of the town’s exiles. The people controlling the operation were based in Thebes, and assistance also came from there in order to fend off an Athenian counter-attack. After an arbitration tribunal the
pólis went to the Thebans, who maintained T.’s regime (Diod. Sic. 15,76,1; Dem. Or. 18,99; Xen. Hell. 7,4,1). Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography J. Buckler, The Theban Hegemony, 1980, 193 f. [German version] [2] Th. from Laodicea Greek doctor, …
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Themisonium
(124 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Θεμισώνιον/
Themisṓnion). City in southwestern Phrygia (Str. 12,8,13; Paus. 10,32,4; Ptol. 5,2,26; Hierocles,
Synekdemos 666,3), presumably to the north of Acıpayam at modern Dodurga in the valley of the Kazanes (coins: BMC Phrygia 418 f.); this river can probably be identified as the Casus (modern river Karayük), which Manlius [I 24] crossed on his march from Tabae to Cibyra in 189 BC (cf. Liv. 38,14,1). T. was named after Themison, a fri…
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Themista
(100 words)
[German version] (Θεμίστα;
Themísta). One of the women philosophers of the Epicurean School; at the beginning of the 4th cent. BC the wife of Leonteus [2] (Diog. Laert. 10,5,25); they had a son called Epicurus (Diog. Laert. 10,26). Cicero praises T.'s 'wisdom' (
sapientia) and names her as the author of numerous writings (
tanta volumina, Cic. Pis. 63). Epicurus addressed a number of letters (Excerpt: Diog. Laert. 10,5 = fr. 125 Usener) and a work
Neocles to T. (Νεοκλῆς πρὸς Θεμίστα; Diog. Laert. 10,28) to her. Nothing of her work survives. Dorandi, Tiziano (Paris) Bibliography M. Erler, i…
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Themistius
(698 words)
(Θεμίστιος;
Themístios). Commentator on Aristotle (Aristotle, commentators on) and politician (
c. AD 317 -
c. 385). [German version] I. Life Commentator on Aristotle and politician, c. AD 317-385 T. was probably born in Paphlagonia, and received his training in rhetoric and philosophy from his father Eugenius, himself a philosopher (Them. Or. 20). Between
c. AD 345 and 355, he led his own school of philosophy at Constantinople, preparing paraphrases (some with detailed exegesis) of Aristotelian writings in conjunction with his teaching (cf. Aristo…
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Themisto
(137 words)
(Θεμιστώ;
Themistṓ). [German version] [1] Daughter of the Lapith Hypseus Daughter of the Lapith Hypseus, third wife of Athamas (Herodoros 31 F 38 FGrH; Apollod. 1,84; Ath. 13,560d; Nonn. Dion. 9,305-307; Tzetz. Lykophr. 22), who is the father of her several children. Her predecessors were Nephele [1] and Ino. When the latter returns, T., tries to kill her children (Hyg. Fab. 4,239, otherwise in Fab. 1). By means of a change of clothing Ino causes T. to kill her own children, whereupon T. takes her own life. Harder, Ruth Elisabeth (Zürich) [German version] [2] Ancestor of the Arcadians Daught…
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Themistocles
(904 words)
[German version] (Θεμιστοκλῆς). Athenian, of the Phrearrhii deme in the Leontis
phyle, and of the family of the Lycomidae, b. c. 525 BC, the son of Neocles [1] (Hdt. 7,143
et alibi; Nep. T. 1,1; Plut. T. 1,1 and 4; Aristid. 5,4) and a perhaps non-Athenian mother (cf. Nep. T. 1,1; Plut. T. 1,2); an important politician at the time of the Persian Wars [1]. Mnesiphilus is said to have been the teacher of T., who was reputed to have been headstrong (cf. Thuc. 1,138,3; Nep. T. 1,2; Plut. T. 2) and to set little store by artistic education (Ion …
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Themistogenes
(202 words)
[German version] (Θεμιστογένης/
Themistogénēs) of Syracuse. According to Xen. Hell. 3,1,2 the author of a work on the campaign of Cyrus [3], his death in battle at Cunaxa in 401 BC and the successful return of the Greek troops. The existence of the work, which has sometimes been ascribed to a T. (cf. [1. vol. 2, 199911]), is nevertheless doubtful, since Xenophon described this very event (Xen. An. 1-4) and would have been able to cite himself. It is therefore more likely to see, as does [2. 1644-1646], T. (= 'descendant of Themis') as a pseudonym, chosen by Xenophon to make his
Anábasis more …
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Themistus
(98 words)
[German version] (Θέμιστος;
Thémistos). Syracusan, married to Harmonia, the daughter of Gelon [2] II and granddaughter of Hieron [2] II (Liv. 24,24,2 and 6; 25,7 and 10). He was presumably a member of the regency council established by Hieron for his underage grandson Hieronymus [3] and after Hieronymus was killed took part in a coup planned by Adranodorus (Liv. 24,24,2; 24,25). At the command of the strategoi, who had been informed of the plot, however, he was executed - as was Adranodorus - in 214 BC (Liv. 24,24,4). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography H. Berve, Hieron II., 1959, 86…
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Thena
(109 words)
[German version] (Punic
Tynt?; Θένα/
Théna, Latin
Thena,
Thenae). Originally probably a Punic city (cf. CIS I 3, 4911 and archaeological finds) in Byzacena (Africa [3]; Str. 17,3,12; 17,3,16; Plin. HN 5,25), 12 km to the south of Taparura (modern Sfax); end of the
Fossa [7]
Regia built in 146 BC by Cornelius [I 70] Scipio on the Gulf of Gabes (Syrtis; cf. [1. 435 note 80]); modern Thyna. The port, probably a
colonia from the time of Hadrianus, acquired a certain amount of significance from the 2nd cent. AD onwards. From 255 recorded as a bishopric. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography
1 Hus…
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Thenephmus
(32 words)
[German version] (Θένεφμος;
Thénephmos). Egyptian, recorded as early as 247/6 BC as owner of a
dōreá ('estate awarded by the king') of 10,000
árourai. PP IV 10083. Ameling, Walter (Jena)
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Theocles
(88 words)
[German version] (Θεοκλῆς;
Theoklês). Son of Hegylus, sculptor from Sparta. T. was a pupil of Dipoenus and Scyllis and thus was active in the mid-6th cent. BC. A representation in cedar wood of 'Heracles with the Hesperids' in the treasury of Epidamnus in Olympia were by him and his son; at the time of Pausanias the Hesperids were in the Temple of Hera (Paus. 6,19,8). Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, No. 328 f. P. Moreno, s. v. T., EAA 7, 1966, 816 H. Marwitz, Hegylos?, in: AA 1969, 106 f. Fuchs/Floren, 215.
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Theoclymenus
(89 words)
[German version] (Θεοκλύμενος;
Theoklýmenos). Mythical seer from Argos, son of Polypheides and hence descendant of Melampus [1] (Hom. Od. 15,223-256). In Pylus [1] T., a fugitive for manslaughter, encounters Telemachus. The latter takes the supplicant with him to Ithaca, where initially he leaves him in the care of Piraeus (ibid. 15,256-286; 15,508-546). Later brought to the palace, T. tells Penelope that Odysseus is in the country again (ibid. 17,71-165), and foretells an imminent death for her suitors but is mocked as mad (ibid. 20,350-383). Johannsen, Nina (Kiel)
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Theocosmus
(90 words)
[German version] (Θεόκοσμος;
Theókosmos). Sculptor from Megara in the late 5th cent. BC, father of Callicles [2]. With the help of Pheidias he created a gold-ivory cult image of Zeus (Gold-ivory technique) in Megara, which remained unfinished after 431 BC because of the Peloponnesian War. On the victory monument of Lysander [1] in Delphi (in 405 BC) T. made the statue of Hermon [3]. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, Nr. 855; 979; 1035 Lippold, 203 f. P. Moreno, s. v. T., EAA 7, 1966, 816 A. Jacquemin, Offrandes monumentales à Delphes, 1999, Nr. 322.
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Theocrines
(60 words)
[German version] (Θεοκρίνης;
Theokrínēs). Athenian from the Hybadae deme (IG II/III2 2,2, 2409, 44 f.), a notorious
sykophántēs (cf. Dem. Or. 18,313), who made a living from threats of court action and extortion. A forensic speech by Epichares from 342 BC ([Dem.] Or. 58) is directed against him. Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography Traill, PAA, 508320 Schäfer, vol. 4 (appendices), 266-280.
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Theocritus
(2,279 words)
(Θεόκριτος/
Theókritos). [German version] [1] Greek sophist and politician, 4th cent. BC T. of Chios, Greek sophist and politician, born before 365 BC, a pupil of the Isocratean (Isocrates) Metrodorus (Str. 14,645; Ps.-Plut. Mor. 11ab; Ath. 12,540 A; Suda s. v. Th.). T. was a convinced opponent of the Macedonian kings and their followers. He directed fierce attacks against Aristoteles [6] (Plut. Mor. 603c; Diog. Laert. 5,11) and Anaximenes [2] of Lampsacus (Hermippus in Ath. 1,21c). Following the conquest o…
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Theodahatus (Theodahat)
(221 words)
[German version] (
Theodahadus; Θευδάτος/
Theudátos). AD 534-536 king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, from the Amali family, son of Amalafrida, nephew of Theoderic the Great (Theodericus (Theoderic) [3]); he owned large estates in Tuscia, often illegally acquired (Proc. BG 1,3,2; cf. e.g. Cassiod. Var. 4,39). After the death of Athalaric, T., who until then had pursued scholarly studies (Proc. BG 1,3,1), was appointed king by Amalasuntha, with power supposed in fact to remain with the latter (Proc. BG 1,…
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Theodamas
(58 words)
[German version] Probably an Indo-Greek king or prince, recorded only in one Kharoṣṭī inscription (known as the Bajaur Seal) as Middle Indian
Theudama. It is by no means certain that the reading of the short inscription as "of the king Theodamas" is correct, but the name is certain. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum 2.1, Nr. 3
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Theodamas
(290 words)
[German version] (Θειοδάμας/
Theiodámas; Lat.
Theodamas, Thiodamas). King of the Dryopes, who were driven from their homeland by Heracles [1]; father of Hylas. A connexion is made in Hellenistic literature between T. and the resettlement of the brigand Dryopes in the Peloponnese (Bacchyl. Paean 4; Hdt. 8,43; 8,47; Diod. Sic. 4,37) - perhaps following Hesiod's
Kḗykos gámos ('the wedding of Ceyx', Hes. fr. 263-269; [1]): in Apollonius Rhodius (1,1211-1219) as a pretext for war Heracles provokes a conflict over the ploughing bull of T., a poor farmer, w…
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Theodas
(102 words)
[German version] (Θεοδᾶς;
Theodâs) from Laodicea. Greek physician
c. 125 AD; he and Menodotus [2] were pupils of the sceptic Antiochus [20]; he was a leading representative of the School of the Empiricists. He wrote (1.)
Chief points (Κεφάλαια), which Galenus and a later (otherwise unknown) Theodosius commented on; (2.)
On the parts of medicine (Περὶ τῶν τῆς ἰατρικῆς μερῶν), in which he emphasised the significance of autopsy,
historíē ('research') and analogy; (3.) an
Introduction to medicine (Εἰσαγώγη). His works were still being copied in the 3rd cent. in Egypt. Only…
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Theodebaldus (Theodebald)
(117 words)
[German version] (
Theodebaldus; Θευδίβαλδος/
Theudíbaldos). Frankish king 547-555 AD, son of Theodebert, still a child at the beginning of his reign. Courted by Iustinianus [1] in 551 for an alliance against Totila (Proc. BG 4,24,11-30), T. refused both this and a request for help from the Ostrogoths in 552 (Proc. BG 4,34,17 f.; for the relationship with Byzantium cf. MGH Epp. 3,131 f., 547 AD). Allegedly against T.'s will, however, Leuthari and Butilinus supported the Goths in Italy in 553/4, but w…
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Theodebertus (Theodebert)
(133 words)
[German version] (
Theodebertus; Θευδίβερτος/
Theudíbertos). Frankish king 533-547 AD (534-548?, cf. [1. 7]), son of Theoderic (Theodericus (Theoderic) [4]) (Greg. Tur. Franc. 3,20-36). Together with his uncles, in 534 he conquered Burgundy, from 539 exploited fighting between Byzantium and the Goths for attacks in Italy (Procop. Goth. 2,25), occupied parts of northern Italy and conducted a self-confident (cf. MGH Epp. 3,132 f. to Iustinianus [1]) double-dealing between the Goths and Byzantium. He…
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Theodectes
(976 words)
[German version] (Θεοδέκτης/
Theodéktēs). Rhetor and tragedian of the 4th cent. BC, active in Athens, extant only in fragments, b. in Phaselis (Lycia), son of an Aristander. Only the Suda (s. v. Θ.) mentions a like-named son of T., who was also active in literature (historiographic and ethnographic works, text for rhetorical instruction in 7 books, encomium of Alexander [6]); no other source differentiates between the two T., so that in some cases it is difficult to assign a work. This information …
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Theodericus (Theoderic)
(1,575 words)
(
Theodericus; Θευδέριχος;
Theudérichos). [German version] [1] T. I King of the Visigoths, AD 418-451, successor to Vallia, probably the son-in-law of Alaricus [2] [1. 180]. Despite the settlement of the Visigoths in Gaul in 418, he besieged Arelate (Arles) in 425, then renewed the
foedus with Rome (
foederati ), but again fought against Aetius [2] in 436. In 438, the Goths were defeated; in 439, there was another treaty with Rome after renewed Gothic successes. In 450, Attila attempted in vain to win over T.; T. was kill…
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Theodicy
(498 words)
[German version] A. Definition The term theodicy refers to the attempt at reconciling the evils of the world, in particular the suffering of innocent beings and the good fortune of evil-doers with the notion of an all-powerful God who is as good as He is just. The modern term 'theodicy' (Leibniz) has no equivalent in Greek although it was derived from Greek words. Ebert, Theodor (Erlangen/Nürnberg) [German version] B. Theodicy within the history of philosophy and theology The problem for which theodicy is trying to supply an answer is presented, for instance, in poetic f…
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Theodora
(850 words)
(Θεοδώρα;
Theodṓra). [German version] [1] Roman empress, about AD 300 Roman empress; stepdaughter (Aur. Vict. Caes. 39,25; Eutr. 9,22,1) or daughter (Anon. Vales. 1,1; Philostorgius 2,16) of Maximianus [1]. Contrary to the assertions of later sources, she was already married to Constantius [1] even before he was elevated to the rank of Caesar in AD 293 (
tetrárchēs IV.), and probably when he was praefectus praetorio to Maximianus (unclear Paneg. 2,11,4). The six children of their marriage represent the younger branch of the Constantinian imperial fam…
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Theodore Abū Qurra
(272 words)
[German version] (died
c. 830), from Edessa [2]. T. lived as a monk in the monastery of Mār Sābā at Jerusalem, and after 780 and after 799 became the Melchite (Melchites) bishop of Ḥarrān (the reasons for his temporarily removal from office are unclear). His Syriac writings [1.212] do not survive. He is the first clearly apprehensible Christian theologian to also write in Arabic: in more than 20 (some still unpublished) treatises (for the editions see [5.238f.]; Germ. transl. [1; 2]) he deals, in d…
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Theodoretus
(442 words)
(Θεοδώρητος;
Theodṓrētos). [German version] [1] Bishop of Cyrrhus, 1st half of the 5th cent. Bishop of Cyrrhus (born in
c. 393, bishop in 423, died in
c. 466). T. received a solid classical education in the monastic milieu of Antioch [1]. A devoted pastor in his diocese, he fought against heretics (Heresy) and worked towards improving living conditions. In the Christological conflict between Cyrillus [2] of Alexandria and Nestorius he joined the latter without reservations. He was dismissed by the Synod of Ephesus in 449…
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Theodoridas
(116 words)
[German version] (Θεοδωρίδας;
Theodōrídas). Greek poet from Syracuse (second half of the 3rd cent. BC; on his origin cf. Ath. 15,599e), whose varied works are all lost (cf. [1]) with the exception of 19 elegant epigrams (dedications, funerary poetry and two epideictic poems; the attribution by Anth. Pal. 7,282 is uncertain) in Meleager's [8] 'Garland' (4,1,53 f.). In a fictional funerary inscription (Anth. Pal. 13,21) T. criticises Mnasalces; he also seems to attack Euphorion [3] in an epitaph (7,406) which he presumably wrote when Euphorion was still alive. Albiani, Maria Grazia…
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Theodorides
(35 words)
[German version] (Θεοδωρίδης;
TheodōrÍdēs). Greek tragedian (TrGF I 78 A), took second place at the Athenian Lenaea in 363 BC with a
Medea and a
Phaethon (DID A 2b, 94). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
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Theodoropolis
(165 words)
(Θεοδωρόπολις/
Theodōrópolis, also Θεοδωρούπολις/
Theodōroúpolis). Name of several towns and forts in the northern Balkan peninsula founded by Iustinianus [1] I and named after his wife Theodora [2], which have not all been located. [German version] [1] City in Moesia Secunda City in Moesia Secunda (Moesi, with map) on the Danube (Ister [1]), between Securisca (modern Cherkovitsa) and Iatrus (modern Krivina; Proc. Aed. 4,7,5). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [German version] [2] Fort in Dacia Ripiensis Fort in Dacia Ripiensis (Proc. Aed. 4,6,18) on the right b…
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Theodorus
(7,286 words)
[German version] I Greek (Θεόδωρος;
Theódōros). [German version] [I 1] Of Samos, Greek architect, bronze sculptor and inventor, Archaic period Multitalented Greek inventor, architect, bronze sculptor and metal worker (
toreutḗs; Toreutics) of the Archaic period from Samos (for the occupational image cf. architect). His father was Telecles (Hdt. 3,41; Paus. 8,14,8; 10,38,6) or according to other sources (Diog. Laert. 2,103; Diod. Sic. 1,98) Rhoecus [3]; his name is so frequently mentioned in conjunction with the latter that …
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Theodosia
(169 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Colonization | Patricius | Patricius (Θεοδοσία/
Theodosía; modern Feodosiya). City on the northern coast of the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos I) in a fertile plain, with an excellent harbour which could contain 100 ships (Str. 7,4,4), founded
c. 700 BC by colonists from Miletos [2]. T. minted coins autonomously
c. 500 BC. Conquered in the first half of the 4th cent. BC by Leucon [3] I, T. was subsequently the westernmost
polis of the Regnum Bosporanum (Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 30). The city was an import…
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Theodosiopolis
(286 words)
(Θεοδοσιόπολις/
Theodosiópolis, Θεοδοσιούπολις/
Theodosioúpolis). [German version] [1] Modern Ras al-Ain, Syria T. in Osroene (in northern Mesopotamia), according to Procop. BP 2,19,29 (cf. Aed. 2,2,16) on the Ḫabur about 40 miles (= 60 km) from Dara, the village of Resaeina (= Ras al-Ain at the source of the Ḫabur) elevated
c. AD 383 by Theodosius [2] I to a city (Malalas 13,40 p. 345 Dindorf). Iustinianus [1] I further increased the fortification of T., which was situated at the end of the Byzantine Limes (VI. C.), with forts (Procop. A…
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Theodosius
(3,100 words)
[German version] I Greek (Θεοδόσιος/
Theodósios). [German version] [I 1] Greek mathematician and astronomer, 2nd/1st cent. BC Greek mathematician and astronomer. Folkerts, Menso (Munich) [German version] I. Life and works According to Str. 12,4,9, T. was one of the most important men in Bithynia; the birthplace Tripoli given in the Suda (s. v. Θ.) may relate to another T. As Strabo also names T.’ sons as important mathematicians, T. must belong in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC, or, at the latest, the 1st half of the 1st. …
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Theodotion
(133 words)
[German version] (Θεωδοτίων/
Theodotíōn; according to Epiphanius,
De mensuris et ponderibus 17; 2nd cent. AD), in the view of the ancient Church a proselyte from Ephesus (Iren. Adversus haereses 3,21). T. did not produce (in contrast to Aquila [3] and Symmachus [2]) a new Greek translation of the Old Testament, rather he revised a Greek translation in accordance with the Hebrew text. Whether his model was identical with the
Septuaginta is debatable, since there are also 'Theodotionic' readings in texts earlier than T. [1] identified T. with the author of the k
aige- or Palestinian rece…
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Theodotus
(1,303 words)
(Θεόδοτος;
Theódotos). [German version] [1] Greek architect, c.370 BC Mentioned several times in the construction records for the temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus as its architect; his origins are as unknown as his subsequent whereabouts. T.’ salary during the project amounted to 365 drachmae per year, together with further payments of unknown object. It is uncertain whether he is the same person as the sculptor T. named in IG IV2 102 (B 1 line 97) as having, for 2,340 drachmae, fashioned the acroteria for the pediment; it is possible that the name T. has been in…
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Theogenes
(485 words)
(Θεογένης/
Theogénēs). [German version] [1] Athlete from Thasos, 5th cent. BC Famous fighter from the island of Thasos, Olympic champion in 480 BC (against Euthymus of Locri [1. nos. 191; 214; 222]) in fist-fighting [1. no. 201] and in 476 BC in pankration [1. no. 215]. This constellation of victories was first documented for T. on an inscription in Delphi [2. no. 37] dating from the 2nd cent. BC, which attests that the athlete was adored by his home
polis for as long as four generations after his death. Pausanias tells of three victories in Delphi, ten in the Isthmia a…
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Theognetus
(88 words)
[German version] (Θεόγνητος;
Theógnētos). Comic poet of the 3rd cent. BC (cf. Pantaleon mentioned in fr. 2). Two fragments and three titles survive:
Κένταυρος ('The centaur'),
Φιλοδέσποτος ('The one who loves his master', probably referring to a slave [2. 28710]) and
Φάσμα ἢ Φιλάργυρος ('The ghost or The miser'); in the surviving fr. 1 of this play there is mockery of somebody who has lost his mind in the pursuit of Stoic philosophy. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 PCG VII, 1989, 696-698
2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die att. Mittlere Komödie, 1990.
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Theognis
(1,349 words)
(Θέογνις/
Théognis). [German version] [1] Elegiac poet, 6th cent. BC Elegiac poet, 6th cent. BC Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) [German version] I. Life and textual history T. was born in Megara [2] in Greece (Didymus in schol. Plat. leg. 630a), hardly Megara [3] in Sicily (Suda Θ 136 and probably Plat. l.c.,), ca. 544-1 BC (Suda l.c.; acc. to [17] 65-71 ca. 630-600). Plat. l.c. (citing El. 77-8) and Isoc. Or. 3,42-3 first name T. as a good adviser, and according to Stob. 4,29,53 Xen. wrote
On Theognis and cited El. 22-3 and 183-190. T.'s poems were probably sung at 5th and 4th cent. B…
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Theognostus
(103 words)
[German version] (Θεόγνωστος;
Theógnōstos). Byzantine grammarian, 9th cent. AD, author of a (lost) work on Euphemius' rebellion in Sicily in 826-827 (cf. Theophanes Continuatus, Chronographia p. 82 Bekker) and an 'Orthography' (Περὶ ὀρθογραφίας/
Perì orthographías; Cod. Baroccianus 50, 10th cent.) containing 1003 rules. Several words, not recorded in earlier works and taken over into later etymologica, constitute the true value of this two-part instructional text, whose main sources are a glossary of Cyrillus [6] and (according to T.' letter of dedication) Herodianus [1]. Dams…
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Theogony
(588 words)
[German version] (Θεογονία;
theogonía). The 'origin of the Greek gods' as well as the origin of the parts of the world and moral/abstract principles whose personifications were gods (Cosmogony). All ancient theogonic systems are based on genealogical connections; this is evident as early as Homer's epics. Since the concept of creation out of nothing was unknown, there were differing opinions about the origin of all things: in the Iliad (Hom. Il. 14,200-204), Oceanus and Tethys are regarded as the progenitors of all of the g…
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Theoi Megaloi, Theai Megalai
(494 words)
(θεοὶ μεγάλοι/
theoì megáloi, θεαὶ μεγάλαι/
theaì megálai, Latin
di magni). [German version] I. General Term for a variety of deities or groups of gods in the Greek world. A distinction is made between deities or groups of gods for whom the adjective 'great' was used as an honorary epithet (e.g.
Megálē Týchē,
Theòs hýpsistos mégas theós) and those whose cultic
nomen proprium was 'Great God' or 'Great Gods', such as the TM in Caria (SEG 11,984; 2nd cent. AD). Inscriptions record a broad range of use between these two poles. Often the TM are deities or groups…
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Theoi pantes
(297 words)
[German version] (θεοὶ πάντες/
theoì pántes, 'all the gods'). The gods in their entirety. They are called upon in vow formulas, oaths and prayers, and named in curses, short invocations or requests. Benedictions are offered to TP and altars are dedicated to them. The pantheon [2] is the sacred place for the worship of their cult. The Greek composite personal names
Pánthe(i)os,
Pánthe(i)a,
Panthýs are derived from TP. Benedictions for 'the all-divine',
to pántheion, are connected with their cult ([1; 3. 697-703] with examples). Besides TP
, the gods in their entirety are described as
pánte…
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Theoi patrioi
(364 words)
[German version] (θεοὶ πάτριοι/πατρῷοι;
theoì
pátrioi/
patrôioi; πατρικοί/
patrikoí: P CZ 3, 59421,2; 3rd cent. BC; [8.883]), 'fatherly' (inherited, native, traditional) deities; in multilingual inscriptions Lat.
patrii di (e.g. inscriptions by Cornelius Gallus in: OGIS II 654,9; 29 BC; Philae). The word
patrôios in particular appears in connection with theonyms, above all for Apollo [2; 9] and Zeus. In many cases, the semantic differentiations made between
pátrios,
patrôios,
patrikós by ancient lexicographers (supporting evidence: ThGL VI 612) do not correspon…
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Theologos
(259 words)
[German version] (θεολόγος/
theológos, Latin
theologus). Author of writings on the nature, activity and genealogy of gods. The earliest examples were considered to be Orpheus, Musaeus [1], Homer and Hesiod (Aristot. Metaph. 2,4,1000a). From Aristotle (Metaph. 13,4,1091a) through Cicero (Nat. D. 3,54) and Plutarch [2] (De Is. et Os. 25,360d) to Eusebius (Praep. ev. 5,14,3), the term describes philosophers who are engaged in studying the divine (
theología or
theologikḗ). No later than the time of Plutarch (De def. or. 15,417f.) there was an official position in Delphi for a
theologos,…
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Theology
(3,332 words)
(θεολογία/
theología). I. Greek-Roman [German version] A. Concept At first it is the poets who are described by Greek philosophers as 'theologians' (
theológos ); they engage in discourse
(lógos) based on myths about the gods (
theoí), their acts and behaviour, their genealogical and dynastic evolution and the causal traits which they give to the world. In this sense Orpheus, Musaeus [1], Homerus [1] or Hesiodus are regarded as 'theologians' (Aristot. Metaph. 2,4,1000a). Yet where the nature of the gods is supposed to be accessible…
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Theology and the Christian Church
(24,325 words)
Merkt, Andreas (Mainz) I. History of Theology (CT) [German version] A. Basic Concept (CT) The history of theology (HT) is that area of theological studies which examines the history of the development of theological ideas. The need for this study in the theory of Christianity arises principally from theological and anthropological considerations. First, according to Christian belief, God himself took on an historical form in Jesus of Nazareth; scholarly reflection on this religion demands, therefore, an hist…
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Theolytus
(76 words)
[German version] (Θεόλυτος;
Theólytos) from Methymna (on Lesbos). Undatable author of
Bakchikà épē ('Bacchic Songs') on the love of the sea god Glaucus [1] for Ariadne (three hexameters in Ath. 7,296a-b). Perhaps identical with the author of the
Hôroi ('Annals'; cf. schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,623-626) mentioned in Ath. 11,470b. Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) Bibliography
1 CollAlex fr. 1
2 FHG 4, 515
3 E. Diehl, s. v. T., RE 5 A, 2033
4 M. Fantuzzi, Epici ellenistici, in: K. Ziegler, L'epos ellenistico, 1988, LXXXVIf.
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Theomestor
(108 words)
[German version] (Θεομήστωρ;
Theomēstōr). Son of Androdamas from Samos, as a
triḗrarchos in the Persian navy at the battle of Salamis [1] in 480 BC he sank Greek ships and was therefore installed as tyrant in Samos after Aeaces [2] (Hdt. 8,85). Without his knowledge the Samians negotiated with the Greek navy (Hdt. 9,90; cf. 9,103). When the Greeks assembled in Samos after their victory at Mycale in 479 (Hdt. 9,106), there is no further mention of T. Cobet, Justus (Essen) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 115 f.; 588 L. de Libero, Die archaische Tyrannis, 1996,…
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Theomnastus
(96 words)
[German version] (Θεόμναστος;
Theómnastos). Prominent citizen of Syracuse, an adherent 73-71 BC of C. Verres, for whom he had honorary decrees declared and taxes collected (Cic. Verr. 2,2,50 f.; 2,3,101); in thanks T. became (by cheating in the drawing of lots: 2,2,126 f.) a priest of Zeus in Syracuse and was allowed to enrich himself in the purple trade (2,4,59). In 70 BC, after a short-lived resistance against investigations by Cicero, who presents T. as mad, T. lost nerve and handed over to him a list of valuable objects in Verres' possession (2,4,148 f.). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn)
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Theomnestus
(215 words)
(Θεόμνηστος/
Theómnēstos). [German version] [1] From Athens, c. 400 BC Athenian, accused by Lysitheus of cowardice after the battle of Corinthus (in 394 BC) in an action of
dokimasia (
epangelía
dokimasías) or 'scrutiny'. By being convicted T. was unable to appear as a rhetor in the People's Assembly, but managed to have the verdict quashed by means of an action for false witness against Dionysius. Against a renewed accusation of cowardice raised by Theon T. proceeded with an action of defamation (
díkē kakēgorías;
Kakegoria ) and succeeded. He was then cha…
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Theon
(2,323 words)
(Θέων;
Théōn). [German version] [1] Greek painter from Samos, 300 BC and after T. of Samos was a Greek painter of the Hellenistic Period, who was active around and after 300 BC. His skill as a creator of images and the successful way in which his paintings were composed were praised in handbooks of rhetoric (e.g. Quint. Inst. 12,10,6) as examples to be followed. The viewer's creative imagination and intuitive understanding were meant to be stimulated at the same time by means of the artistic
phantasía (Lat.
ingenium, 'image creation'; Phantasia), so that the viewer might imagine e…
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Theophane
(50 words)
[German version] (Θεοφάνη;
Theophánē). Beautiful and desired daughter of Bisaltes [2], turned by Poseidon into a sheep with which he in the form of a ram fathers the golden ram which carries Phrixus and Helle over the sea (Hyg. Fab. 3; 188; Ov. Met. 6,117). Binder, Carsten (Kiel)
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Theophanes
(1,115 words)
(Θεοφάνης/
Theophánēs). [German version] [1] T. of Mytilene Close confidant and historiographer of Pompey (Pompeius [I 3]). As a recently-discovered inscription [1. 377-383] shows, T., the son of Hieroitas, was already active as
prytanis at Mytilene (FGrH 188 T 1) before making the acquaintance of Pompey, whom he accompanied on the campaign against Mithridates [6] in 67 BC (T 2). He received Roman citizenship from Pompey in 62 BC (cf. Cic. Arch. 24 = T 3a) at an army gathering, and he therefore appears in IG XII 2, 150 as Cn. Po…
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Theophano
(152 words)
(Θεοφανώ;
Theophanṓ). [German version] [1] T. Anastaso (Θ. Ἀναστάσω; T.
Anastásō). Byzantine empress (
c. 941 until after 976 AD), wife of Romanus [3] II (959-963); the later emperors Basileius [6] II and Constantinus [10] VIII were their children; in 963 she became the wife of Nicephorus [3] II, and in 969 she instigated his assassination. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography A. Kazhdan, s. v. T., ODB 3, 2064 f. [German version] [2] Wife of Otto II, c. 1000 AD (also Theophanou,
c. 960-991 AD). wife of the Western emperor Otto II from 972 onwards, niece of the Byzantine…
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Theophiliscus
(44 words)
[German version] (Θεοφιλίσκος;
Theophilískos). Rhodean admiral, who won a victory for a Rhodean-Pergamene alliance against Philippus [7] V at Chios in 201 BC, in which he was mortally wounded (Pol. 16,2-9; [1. 118-120]). Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) Bibliography
1 R. M. Berthold, Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age, 1984.
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Theophilus
(1,625 words)
(Θεόφιλος;
Theóphilos). [German version] [1] Comic poet, 4th cent. BC Comic poet of the 4th cent. BC; victor at the Dionysia of 329 [1. test.2], fourth there in 311 with his
Pankratiastḗs [2.190, 200]. T. was of the declining Middle and the incipient New Comedy [I G]. Of the nine known titles, two - Νεοπτόλεμος (
Neoptólemos, 'Neoptolemus'), Προιτίδες (
Proitídes, 'The daughters of Proitus') - are mythological plays, the others deal with everyday material. In the Ἐπίδημοι (
Epídēmoi, 'The Pilgrims'), a slave considers whether to run away from his kind master (fr. 1); in the Φίλαυλος (
Phílaul…
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Theophrastus
(3,978 words)
(Θεόφραστος/
Theóphrastos). Peripatetic philosopher, c. 371/0-287/6 BC, pupil and successor of Aristotle (Aristoteles [6]). [German version] I. Life Peripatetic philosopher, c. 371/0-287/6 BC T., born in Eresus on Lesbos, is said to have been a pupil of Alcippus. If he also studied in Athens with Plato [1], he must have had contact not only with Aristotle (Aristoteles [6]), but also with Speusippus and Xenocrates. After Plato's death (347), T. followed Aristotle to Asia Minor, then to Macedonia when Aristotle was summ…
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Theophylactus
(509 words)
(Θεοφύλακτος;
Theophýlaktos). [German version] [1] T. Simocatta Byzantine historian, 7th cent. (Θ. Σιμοκάτης;
Th. Simokátēs). Byzantine historian, born in Egypt, jurist and high official in Constantinople under the emperor Heraclius [7] (610-641). The family name
Simokates is not recorded prior to the Suda, the spelling with
-tt- is modern. Author of a 'General History' (οἰκουμενικὴ ἱστορία/
oikoumenikḕ historía, 8 bks), designed as a continuation of Menander [13] Protector, on the reign of the emperor Mauricius (582-602) with a look back to the time …
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Theopompus
(1,730 words)
(Θεόπομπος/
Theópompos). [German version] [1] Spartan king, around 700 BC Among the early Spartan kings, the Eurypontid T. (Eurypontids), son of Nicander [1] (Hdt. 8,131), is the only one securely identified in a contemporary source: Tyrtaeus (fr. 2 Gentili/Prato) names him as a victorious king in the 1st Messenian War (
c. 700/690-680/70 BC). He was probably the colleague of the Agiad Polydorus [6] (Paus. 4,7,7), appears to have played a role in Spartan-Argive conflicts around Cynuria [1] (Paus. 3,7,5) and in disputes between Spartans and Arcad…
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Theoria
(2,407 words)
(θεωρία;
theōría). [German version] [1] Legation from Greek cities to shrines Designation for one of the best-documented forms of pilgrimage [1], whereby the Greek
póleis sent official legations to non-local shrines. The official sent on such a mission was called
theoros (θεωρός;
theōrós). It is assumed that the term comes from the fact that the
theōroí 'looked upon' with their own eyes (
horân; on the word's disputed etymology see [1.433f.]) the sacrifices and celebrations in those sanctuaries, or beheld a 'god' (
theós), in contrast to all those who remained at home or consu…
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Theorikon
(135 words)
[German version] (θεωρικόν;
theōrikón). Public payment to Attic citizens for participating in festivals, particularly dramatic performances. The introduction of the
t. (also in the plural θεωρικά/
theōriká sc. χρήματα/
chrḗmata) was sometimes ascribed to Pericles [1], who was suspected of bribing the people with it (Plut. Pericles 9), sometimes to Agyrrhius, who
c. 400 BC had expenses paid to participants in the
Ekklēsía; there is no contemporary evidence, however. Apparently, Eubulus [1] was
c. 350 the first to regularly use public money for subsidising visits to th…
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Theory/Practice
(3,290 words)
Horn, Christoph (Tübingen) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) A central feature of ancient philosophy lies in the value it placed on the unity of theory design with practical life experience. Pythagoras, Socrates and Epicurus were seen as figures who had attained the best possible way of living while at the same time being theoreticians in the fullest sense. Such an idealization explains the ancient thematization of the
bios theoretikos (
vita contemplativa) and the
bios politikos (
vita activa). The highest form of activity was considered to be focused philosophical …
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Theosebeia
(91 words)
[German version] (Θεοσέβεια;
Theosébeia). Poet, of whose work only one epigram is recorded (Anth. Pal. 7,559): Acestoria (personification of medicine) mourns the death of the physician Ablabius (presumably aptonym: ἀ-βλάβη/
a-blábē, 'preventer of harm'). Her identification with the alchemist Zosimus' sister of the same name (3rd cent. AD, cf. [2]) is chronologically hard to reconcile with her membership of the
kýklos of Agathias [1]. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography
1 Av. and A. Cameron, The Cycle of Agathias, in: JHS 86, 1966, 8
2 R. C. McCail, The 'Cycle' of Ag…
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Theosebius
(121 words)
[German version] (Θεοσέβιος;
Theosébios). Neo-Platonic philosopher of the 5th cent. AD, known only through Damascius. According to the latter's
Life of Isidorus (Phot. 56-59 and fr. 109-110 Zintzen = 45 A, B; 46 B, D, E Athanassiadi) T. published notes he took at two of Hierocles' [7] lectures in Alexandria [1] commenting on Plato's
Gorgias. T. was allegedly able to expel demons by exorcism. When his marriage remained childless, he lived with his wife in chastity, probably in accordance with a Pythagorean rule. Although a Platonist, T. took the or…
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Theosophia
(320 words)
[German version] (Θεοσοφία;
Theosophía). Title of a Christian work by an unknown writer (Severus [3] of Antioch, according to [2]) from the end of the 5th cent. AD. The title shows a connexion with Porphyrius' work
Philosophy from Oracles, where he made
theosophia (a blending of
theologia and
philosophia) a technical term, probably for the first time (fr. 303; 323; 340a Smith, cf. Porph. De abstinentia 2,45,4; 4,17,1); previously the adverb θεοσόφως/
theosóphōs was documented only in Clem. Al. Strom. 1,1 (17,3); later in Eusebius [7], Proclus [2], Damascius, pseudo-…
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Theotecnus
(83 words)
[German version] (Θεότεκνος;
Theóteknos).
Curator civitatis (
logistḗs;
Logistaí ) of Antioch [1]
c. 312 AD; instigated there a city petition to Maximinus [1] Daea to resume the persecution of Christians (Tolerance E.); later, as governor of Syria (?) and initiator of an oracle site of Zeus, he was a leading adviser of Maximinus on religious policy; Licinius [II 4] had him executed, because of his closeness to Maximinus rather than his religious conviction, in 313 AD (Eus. HE 9,11,6). Bleckmann, Bruno (Strasbourg)
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Theotimus
(55 words)
[German version] (Θεότιμος;
Theótimos). Greek historian of the Hellenistic period. Author of various works of local history:
On Cyrene (FGrH 470 F 1 and 2),
Italiká (FGrH 834 F 1),
Against Aeelurus (FGrH 470 F 3-5), a Rhodean specialist author of unknown period (Aieluros FGrH 528). FGrH 470 and 834. Meister, Klaus (Berlin)
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Theoxene
(101 words)
[German version] (Θεοξένη;
Theoxénē) from the Ptolemaic royal house married
c. 295 BC Agathocles [2], who sent her and her two sons (
parvuli, Just. Epit. 23,2,6-8) with her dowry back to Egypt shortly before his death in 289. The political purpose of the marriage is unclear. Because of her dowry (
regale instrumentum) T. is considered to be the daughter of Ptolemaeus [1] I and Eurydice [4], but she may have been the daughter of Berenice [1] and the sister of Magas [2] and hence his step-daughter. PP VI 14511. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography W. Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit, 20…
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Theoxenus
(79 words)
[German version] (Θεόξενος;
Theóxenos). Achaean from Leontium, father of Callicrates [11]. In 197 BC , as
stratēgós of the Achaean League (Achaei) he defeated a Macedonian army at Alabanda in support of the Rhodeans (Liv. 33,18,5 f.). His corresponding votive gift in Delos is recorded there in the lists of inventories for the years 194-179 [1. 1356; 2. 1374]. Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) Bibliography
1 M. Launey, Recherches sur les armées hellénistiques, vol. 2, 1987
2 J. Deininger, Der politische Widerstand gegen Rom in Griechenland, 1971.
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Thera
(2,617 words)
Schiering, Wolfgang (Heidelberg RWG) [German version] A. Archeological Excavations and Finds before 1967 (CT) Already in the 19th cent., archaeologists became interested in the volcanic island of Thera (T.) (Italian: Santorini) when before the middle of the century mining of volcanic ash began on the southwestern slopes of the main island and at the southern tip of the offshore island of Therasia, separated by the caldera resulting from a volcanic eruption in the Bronze Age. The pumiceous tuff is still extrac…
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Thera
(1,249 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Θήρα/
Thḗra). [German version] I. Geography An island (73 km2) of the southern Cyclades with a city of the same name (Str. 10,5,1; Paus. 3,1,8), formerly Santorini (from Italian
Santa Irene), now Thira, together with the smaller islands Therasia and Aspronisi a group of islands that most likely formed around 1628 BC (dendro-dating) in the wake of a powerful volcanic eruption; Palaia Kaim…
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Therambos
(105 words)
[German version] (Θεράμβως;
Therámbōs). T. is mentioned in Hdt. 7,123,1 as the southeasternmost city on the (Pallene [4] peninsula (Scyl. 66:
Thrambēís; Steph. Byz. s. v. Θράμβος), presumably in the area of modern Paliuri. T. appears in the Athenian tribute lists, initially together with Scione and from 446/5 BC separately, with the constant contribution of 1000 drachmai (ATL 1, 284 f.) and seems to have remained in the Delian League until the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. The further history of T. is not known; T. may have been reincorporated into Scione. Zahrnt, Michael (Kie…
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Theramenes
(497 words)
[German version] (Θηραμένης/
Thēraménēs). Important Athenian politician and commander in the late 5th cent. BC; son of Hagnon [1]; teacher of Isocrates. T. participated in the oligarchic overthrow of Athens in 411, was a member of the council of 400 (
T
etrakósioi ) and
stratēgós . He opposed efforts to end the war against the Peloponnesian Alliance through granting serious concessions and played an essential role in tearing down the fortification of Eetionia which had been built under the oligarchs and which was suppose…
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Therapeutai
(423 words)
[German version] (θεραπευταί;
therapeutaí) is the name used by Philo [12] for those who devote their lives entirely to God through asceticism and philosophical contemplation (
bíos theōrētikós), (on the name cf. Pl. Phdr. 252c and the collection of inscriptions from Pergamon, Delos
i.a. [1] for the devotees of Egyptian deities). Philo offers two etymologies: 'healers of the soul' and 'devotees of the highest form of being'. According to Philo, the 'best' among them were a group of Jewish hermits on Lake Mareotis southwest of Alexandria [1] in Egypt, of whom we know only from his text
De vit…
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Therapnae
(329 words)
(Θεράπναι/
Therápnai). [German version] [1] City in Crete City in Crete, probably in the central north (presumably between Eleutherna and Cydonia; [cf. 1. 198]), reckoned one of the island's more important towns (Mela 2,113; Plin. HN 4,59). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography
1 P. Faure, La Crète aux cents villes, in: Κρητικὰ Χρονικά 13, 1959, 171-217. [German version] [2] Place in Laconia This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta Cult site in Laconia (Laconica) on the left bank of the Eurotas,
c. 2 km to the southeast of Sparta on a foothill of the Parnon…
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Therasia
(112 words)
[German version] (Θηρασία;
Thērasía). Island (9 km2, up to 295 m elevation; Str. 1,3,16; 10,5,1; Plin. HN 2,202; 4,70; Ptol. 3,15,28; Just. Epit. 30,4,1; Steph. Byz. s. v. T.) in the group around Thera; with the main island to the east and Aspronisi it is part of the original volcano. In the south of T. a prehistoric settlement, buried by the volcanic eruption, was found showing a close relationship (comparable layout, pottery, artefacts) to Acrotiri on Thera. In the historical period settled by Do…
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Thericles
(84 words)
[German version] (Θηρικλῆς;
Thēriklês). Corinthian potter, fullest discussion. in Ath. 11,470e-472e. At the time of Aristophanes [3] (
c. 455-385 BC) T. is supposed to have made in clay a cup shape with a glossy black surface, also imitated in other materials (Theophr. H. plant. 5,3,2) and much praised in ancient literature; the term 'Thericlean' (
thēríkleios) was later used for other pot shapes as well. Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg) Bibliography A. Blair Brownlee, Antimenean Dinoi, in: J. H. Oakley et al. (eds.), Athenian Potters and Painters, 1997, 517.
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Therimenes
(65 words)
[German version] (Θηριμένης;
Thēriménēs). Spartiate, in the late summer of 412 BC led a fleet taking help to the
naúarchos Astyochus in Asia Minor; at Miletus he forced Athenian forces into retreat (Thuc. 8,26,1-29,2) and in the autumn negotiated for Sparta a second subsidy treaty with Persia. During his return in 411 he was killed in a shipwreck (Thuc. 8,36,2-38,1). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
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Therippides
(70 words)
[German version] (Θηριππίδης;
Thērippídēs). Athenian of the first half of the 4th cent. BC from the Paeania deme, lessee of mines, friend of the father of the rhetor Demosthenes [2] and appointed his guardian. On reaching majority Demosthenes sued him for misappropriating his inheritance (Dem. Or. 27,4 and 12-49; 28,12-16; SEG 28,205; 29,155). Engels, Johannes (Cologne) Bibliography LGPN II T. S. 225 No. 3 PA 7238 Schäfer vol. 1, 270 f.
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Theris
(46 words)
[German version] (Θῆρις;
Thêris).
Stratēgós of the
nomós [2] of Heracleopolites (PSI VIII 949; Yale Papyri I 57), then in 69/8 BC
syngenḗs (Court titles B. 2) and
hypomnēmatográphos ('secretary'; OGIS 736), perhaps until 64/3 (BGU VIII 1767). PP I/VIII 9; 262. Ameling, Walter (Jena)
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Thermae
(4,525 words)
[1] Baths [German version] I. Etymology and definition
Thermae (fem. pl.) is a Latinization and substantivization of the Greek adjective θερμός/
thermós, 'warm'. The word was used in its Latinized form to describe a bathing establishment, and subsequently passed back into the Greek language in this sense. As in Classical Antiquity, modern scholarship has no precise definition of 'thermal baths' (TB), although it has for the smaller baths (
balnea). TB are normally defined as large, public bathing establishments with a multitude of additional functions. Apart from…
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