Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Theology
(3,332 words)
(θεολογία/
theología). I. Greek-Roman [German version] A. Concept At first it is the poets who are described by Greek philosophers as 'theologians' (
theológos ); they engage in discourse
(lógos) based on myths about the gods (
theoí), their acts and behaviour, their genealogical and dynastic evolution and the causal traits which they give to the world. In this sense Orpheus, Musaeus [1], Homerus [1] or Hesiodus are regarded as 'theologians' (Aristot. Metaph. 2,4,1000a). Yet where the nature of the gods is supposed to be accessible…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Theology and the Christian Church
(24,325 words)
Merkt, Andreas (Mainz) I. History of Theology (CT) [German version] A. Basic Concept (CT) The history of theology (HT) is that area of theological studies which examines the history of the development of theological ideas. The need for this study in the theory of Christianity arises principally from theological and anthropological considerations. First, according to Christian belief, God himself took on an historical form in Jesus of Nazareth; scholarly reflection on this religion demands, therefore, an hist…
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Theolytus
(76 words)
[German version] (Θεόλυτος;
Theólytos) from Methymna (on Lesbos). Undatable author of
Bakchikà épē ('Bacchic Songs') on the love of the sea god Glaucus [1] for Ariadne (three hexameters in Ath. 7,296a-b). Perhaps identical with the author of the
Hôroi ('Annals'; cf. schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,623-626) mentioned in Ath. 11,470b. Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) Bibliography
1 CollAlex fr. 1
2 FHG 4, 515
3 E. Diehl, s. v. T., RE 5 A, 2033
4 M. Fantuzzi, Epici ellenistici, in: K. Ziegler, L'epos ellenistico, 1988, LXXXVIf.
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Theomestor
(108 words)
[German version] (Θεομήστωρ;
Theomēstōr). Son of Androdamas from Samos, as a
triḗrarchos in the Persian navy at the battle of Salamis [1] in 480 BC he sank Greek ships and was therefore installed as tyrant in Samos after Aeaces [2] (Hdt. 8,85). Without his knowledge the Samians negotiated with the Greek navy (Hdt. 9,90; cf. 9,103). When the Greeks assembled in Samos after their victory at Mycale in 479 (Hdt. 9,106), there is no further mention of T. Cobet, Justus (Essen) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 115 f.; 588 L. de Libero, Die archaische Tyrannis, 1996,…
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Theomnastus
(96 words)
[German version] (Θεόμναστος;
Theómnastos). Prominent citizen of Syracuse, an adherent 73-71 BC of C. Verres, for whom he had honorary decrees declared and taxes collected (Cic. Verr. 2,2,50 f.; 2,3,101); in thanks T. became (by cheating in the drawing of lots: 2,2,126 f.) a priest of Zeus in Syracuse and was allowed to enrich himself in the purple trade (2,4,59). In 70 BC, after a short-lived resistance against investigations by Cicero, who presents T. as mad, T. lost nerve and handed over to him a list of valuable objects in Verres' possession (2,4,148 f.). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn)
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Theomnestus
(215 words)
(Θεόμνηστος/
Theómnēstos). [German version] [1] From Athens, c. 400 BC Athenian, accused by Lysitheus of cowardice after the battle of Corinthus (in 394 BC) in an action of
dokimasia (
epangelía
dokimasías) or 'scrutiny'. By being convicted T. was unable to appear as a rhetor in the People's Assembly, but managed to have the verdict quashed by means of an action for false witness against Dionysius. Against a renewed accusation of cowardice raised by Theon T. proceeded with an action of defamation (
díkē kakēgorías;
Kakegoria ) and succeeded. He was then cha…
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Theon
(2,323 words)
(Θέων;
Théōn). [German version] [1] Greek painter from Samos, 300 BC and after T. of Samos was a Greek painter of the Hellenistic Period, who was active around and after 300 BC. His skill as a creator of images and the successful way in which his paintings were composed were praised in handbooks of rhetoric (e.g. Quint. Inst. 12,10,6) as examples to be followed. The viewer's creative imagination and intuitive understanding were meant to be stimulated at the same time by means of the artistic
phantasía (Lat.
ingenium, 'image creation'; Phantasia), so that the viewer might imagine e…
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Theophane
(50 words)
[German version] (Θεοφάνη;
Theophánē). Beautiful and desired daughter of Bisaltes [2], turned by Poseidon into a sheep with which he in the form of a ram fathers the golden ram which carries Phrixus and Helle over the sea (Hyg. Fab. 3; 188; Ov. Met. 6,117). Binder, Carsten (Kiel)
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Theophanes
(1,115 words)
(Θεοφάνης/
Theophánēs). [German version] [1] T. of Mytilene Close confidant and historiographer of Pompey (Pompeius [I 3]). As a recently-discovered inscription [1. 377-383] shows, T., the son of Hieroitas, was already active as
prytanis at Mytilene (FGrH 188 T 1) before making the acquaintance of Pompey, whom he accompanied on the campaign against Mithridates [6] in 67 BC (T 2). He received Roman citizenship from Pompey in 62 BC (cf. Cic. Arch. 24 = T 3a) at an army gathering, and he therefore appears in IG XII 2, 150 as Cn. Po…
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Theophano
(152 words)
(Θεοφανώ;
Theophanṓ). [German version] [1] T. Anastaso (Θ. Ἀναστάσω; T.
Anastásō). Byzantine empress (
c. 941 until after 976 AD), wife of Romanus [3] II (959-963); the later emperors Basileius [6] II and Constantinus [10] VIII were their children; in 963 she became the wife of Nicephorus [3] II, and in 969 she instigated his assassination. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography A. Kazhdan, s. v. T., ODB 3, 2064 f. [German version] [2] Wife of Otto II, c. 1000 AD (also Theophanou,
c. 960-991 AD). wife of the Western emperor Otto II from 972 onwards, niece of the Byzantine…
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Theophiliscus
(44 words)
[German version] (Θεοφιλίσκος;
Theophilískos). Rhodean admiral, who won a victory for a Rhodean-Pergamene alliance against Philippus [7] V at Chios in 201 BC, in which he was mortally wounded (Pol. 16,2-9; [1. 118-120]). Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) Bibliography
1 R. M. Berthold, Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age, 1984.
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Theophilus
(1,625 words)
(Θεόφιλος;
Theóphilos). [German version] [1] Comic poet, 4th cent. BC Comic poet of the 4th cent. BC; victor at the Dionysia of 329 [1. test.2], fourth there in 311 with his
Pankratiastḗs [2.190, 200]. T. was of the declining Middle and the incipient New Comedy [I G]. Of the nine known titles, two - Νεοπτόλεμος (
Neoptólemos, 'Neoptolemus'), Προιτίδες (
Proitídes, 'The daughters of Proitus') - are mythological plays, the others deal with everyday material. In the Ἐπίδημοι (
Epídēmoi, 'The Pilgrims'), a slave considers whether to run away from his kind master (fr. 1); in the Φίλαυλος (
Phílaul…
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Theophrastus
(3,978 words)
(Θεόφραστος/
Theóphrastos). Peripatetic philosopher, c. 371/0-287/6 BC, pupil and successor of Aristotle (Aristoteles [6]). [German version] I. Life Peripatetic philosopher, c. 371/0-287/6 BC T., born in Eresus on Lesbos, is said to have been a pupil of Alcippus. If he also studied in Athens with Plato [1], he must have had contact not only with Aristotle (Aristoteles [6]), but also with Speusippus and Xenocrates. After Plato's death (347), T. followed Aristotle to Asia Minor, then to Macedonia when Aristotle was summ…
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Theophylactus
(509 words)
(Θεοφύλακτος;
Theophýlaktos). [German version] [1] T. Simocatta Byzantine historian, 7th cent. (Θ. Σιμοκάτης;
Th. Simokátēs). Byzantine historian, born in Egypt, jurist and high official in Constantinople under the emperor Heraclius [7] (610-641). The family name
Simokates is not recorded prior to the Suda, the spelling with
-tt- is modern. Author of a 'General History' (οἰκουμενικὴ ἱστορία/
oikoumenikḕ historía, 8 bks), designed as a continuation of Menander [13] Protector, on the reign of the emperor Mauricius (582-602) with a look back to the time …
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Theopompus
(1,730 words)
(Θεόπομπος/
Theópompos). [German version] [1] Spartan king, around 700 BC Among the early Spartan kings, the Eurypontid T. (Eurypontids), son of Nicander [1] (Hdt. 8,131), is the only one securely identified in a contemporary source: Tyrtaeus (fr. 2 Gentili/Prato) names him as a victorious king in the 1st Messenian War (
c. 700/690-680/70 BC). He was probably the colleague of the Agiad Polydorus [6] (Paus. 4,7,7), appears to have played a role in Spartan-Argive conflicts around Cynuria [1] (Paus. 3,7,5) and in disputes between Spartans and Arcad…
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Theoria
(2,407 words)
(θεωρία;
theōría). [German version] [1] Legation from Greek cities to shrines Designation for one of the best-documented forms of pilgrimage [1], whereby the Greek
póleis sent official legations to non-local shrines. The official sent on such a mission was called
theoros (θεωρός;
theōrós). It is assumed that the term comes from the fact that the
theōroí 'looked upon' with their own eyes (
horân; on the word's disputed etymology see [1.433f.]) the sacrifices and celebrations in those sanctuaries, or beheld a 'god' (
theós), in contrast to all those who remained at home or consu…
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Theorikon
(135 words)
[German version] (θεωρικόν;
theōrikón). Public payment to Attic citizens for participating in festivals, particularly dramatic performances. The introduction of the
t. (also in the plural θεωρικά/
theōriká sc. χρήματα/
chrḗmata) was sometimes ascribed to Pericles [1], who was suspected of bribing the people with it (Plut. Pericles 9), sometimes to Agyrrhius, who
c. 400 BC had expenses paid to participants in the
Ekklēsía; there is no contemporary evidence, however. Apparently, Eubulus [1] was
c. 350 the first to regularly use public money for subsidising visits to th…
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Theory/Practice
(3,290 words)
Horn, Christoph (Tübingen) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) A central feature of ancient philosophy lies in the value it placed on the unity of theory design with practical life experience. Pythagoras, Socrates and Epicurus were seen as figures who had attained the best possible way of living while at the same time being theoreticians in the fullest sense. Such an idealization explains the ancient thematization of the
bios theoretikos (
vita contemplativa) and the
bios politikos (
vita activa). The highest form of activity was considered to be focused philosophical …
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Theosebeia
(91 words)
[German version] (Θεοσέβεια;
Theosébeia). Poet, of whose work only one epigram is recorded (Anth. Pal. 7,559): Acestoria (personification of medicine) mourns the death of the physician Ablabius (presumably aptonym: ἀ-βλάβη/
a-blábē, 'preventer of harm'). Her identification with the alchemist Zosimus' sister of the same name (3rd cent. AD, cf. [2]) is chronologically hard to reconcile with her membership of the
kýklos of Agathias [1]. Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) Bibliography
1 Av. and A. Cameron, The Cycle of Agathias, in: JHS 86, 1966, 8
2 R. C. McCail, The 'Cycle' of Ag…
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