Brill’s New Pauly
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Subject: Classical Studies
Edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider (Antiquity) and Manfred Landfester (Classical Tradition).
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
English translation edited by Christine F. Salazar (Antiquity) and Francis G. Gentry (Classical Tradition)
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Brill´s New Pauly is the English edition of the authoritative Der Neue Pauly, published by Verlag J.B. Metzler since 1996. The encyclopaedic coverage and high academic standard of the work, the interdisciplinary and contemporary approach and clear and accessible presentation have made the New Pauly the unrivalled modern reference work for the ancient world. The section on Antiquity of Brill´s New Pauly are devoted to Greco-Roman antiquity and cover more than two thousand years of history, ranging from the second millennium BC to early medieval Europe. Special emphasis is given to the interaction between Greco-Roman culture on the one hand, and Semitic, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavonic culture, and ancient Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the other hand. The section on the Classical Tradition is uniquely concerned with the long and influential aftermath of antiquity and the process of continuous reinterpretation and revaluation of the ancient heritage, including the history of classical scholarship. Brill´s New Pauly presents the current state of traditional and new areas of research and brings together specialist knowledge from leading scholars from all over the world. Many entries are elucidated with maps and illustrations and the English edition will include updated bibliographic references.
Subscriptions: see brill.com
Themistogenes
(202 words)
[German version] (Θεμιστογένης/
Themistogénēs) of Syracuse. According to Xen. Hell. 3,1,2 the author of a work on the campaign of Cyrus [3], his death in battle at Cunaxa in 401 BC and the successful return of the Greek troops. The existence of the work, which has sometimes been ascribed to a T. (cf. [1. vol. 2, 199911]), is nevertheless doubtful, since Xenophon described this very event (Xen. An. 1-4) and would have been able to cite himself. It is therefore more likely to see, as does [2. 1644-1646], T. (= 'descendant of Themis') as a pseudonym, chosen by Xenophon to make his
Anábasis more …
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Themistus
(98 words)
[German version] (Θέμιστος;
Thémistos). Syracusan, married to Harmonia, the daughter of Gelon [2] II and granddaughter of Hieron [2] II (Liv. 24,24,2 and 6; 25,7 and 10). He was presumably a member of the regency council established by Hieron for his underage grandson Hieronymus [3] and after Hieronymus was killed took part in a coup planned by Adranodorus (Liv. 24,24,2; 24,25). At the command of the strategoi, who had been informed of the plot, however, he was executed - as was Adranodorus - in 214 BC (Liv. 24,24,4). Meister, Klaus (Berlin) Bibliography H. Berve, Hieron II., 1959, 86…
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Thena
(109 words)
[German version] (Punic
Tynt?; Θένα/
Théna, Latin
Thena,
Thenae). Originally probably a Punic city (cf. CIS I 3, 4911 and archaeological finds) in Byzacena (Africa [3]; Str. 17,3,12; 17,3,16; Plin. HN 5,25), 12 km to the south of Taparura (modern Sfax); end of the
Fossa [7]
Regia built in 146 BC by Cornelius [I 70] Scipio on the Gulf of Gabes (Syrtis; cf. [1. 435 note 80]); modern Thyna. The port, probably a
colonia from the time of Hadrianus, acquired a certain amount of significance from the 2nd cent. AD onwards. From 255 recorded as a bishopric. Huß, Werner (Bamberg) Bibliography
1 Hus…
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Thenephmus
(32 words)
[German version] (Θένεφμος;
Thénephmos). Egyptian, recorded as early as 247/6 BC as owner of a
dōreá ('estate awarded by the king') of 10,000
árourai. PP IV 10083. Ameling, Walter (Jena)
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Theocles
(88 words)
[German version] (Θεοκλῆς;
Theoklês). Son of Hegylus, sculptor from Sparta. T. was a pupil of Dipoenus and Scyllis and thus was active in the mid-6th cent. BC. A representation in cedar wood of 'Heracles with the Hesperids' in the treasury of Epidamnus in Olympia were by him and his son; at the time of Pausanias the Hesperids were in the Temple of Hera (Paus. 6,19,8). Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, No. 328 f. P. Moreno, s. v. T., EAA 7, 1966, 816 H. Marwitz, Hegylos?, in: AA 1969, 106 f. Fuchs/Floren, 215.
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Theoclymenus
(89 words)
[German version] (Θεοκλύμενος;
Theoklýmenos). Mythical seer from Argos, son of Polypheides and hence descendant of Melampus [1] (Hom. Od. 15,223-256). In Pylus [1] T., a fugitive for manslaughter, encounters Telemachus. The latter takes the supplicant with him to Ithaca, where initially he leaves him in the care of Piraeus (ibid. 15,256-286; 15,508-546). Later brought to the palace, T. tells Penelope that Odysseus is in the country again (ibid. 17,71-165), and foretells an imminent death for her suitors but is mocked as mad (ibid. 20,350-383). Johannsen, Nina (Kiel)
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Theocosmus
(90 words)
[German version] (Θεόκοσμος;
Theókosmos). Sculptor from Megara in the late 5th cent. BC, father of Callicles [2]. With the help of Pheidias he created a gold-ivory cult image of Zeus (Gold-ivory technique) in Megara, which remained unfinished after 431 BC because of the Peloponnesian War. On the victory monument of Lysander [1] in Delphi (in 405 BC) T. made the statue of Hermon [3]. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, Nr. 855; 979; 1035 Lippold, 203 f. P. Moreno, s. v. T., EAA 7, 1966, 816 A. Jacquemin, Offrandes monumentales à Delphes, 1999, Nr. 322.
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Theocrines
(60 words)
[German version] (Θεοκρίνης;
Theokrínēs). Athenian from the Hybadae deme (IG II/III2 2,2, 2409, 44 f.), a notorious
sykophántēs (cf. Dem. Or. 18,313), who made a living from threats of court action and extortion. A forensic speech by Epichares from 342 BC ([Dem.] Or. 58) is directed against him. Beck, Hans (Cologne) Bibliography Traill, PAA, 508320 Schäfer, vol. 4 (appendices), 266-280.
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Theocritus
(2,279 words)
(Θεόκριτος/
Theókritos). [German version] [1] Greek sophist and politician, 4th cent. BC T. of Chios, Greek sophist and politician, born before 365 BC, a pupil of the Isocratean (Isocrates) Metrodorus (Str. 14,645; Ps.-Plut. Mor. 11ab; Ath. 12,540 A; Suda s. v. Th.). T. was a convinced opponent of the Macedonian kings and their followers. He directed fierce attacks against Aristoteles [6] (Plut. Mor. 603c; Diog. Laert. 5,11) and Anaximenes [2] of Lampsacus (Hermippus in Ath. 1,21c). Following the conquest o…
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Theodahatus (Theodahat)
(221 words)
[German version] (
Theodahadus; Θευδάτος/
Theudátos). AD 534-536 king of the Ostrogoths in Italy, from the Amali family, son of Amalafrida, nephew of Theoderic the Great (Theodericus (Theoderic) [3]); he owned large estates in Tuscia, often illegally acquired (Proc. BG 1,3,2; cf. e.g. Cassiod. Var. 4,39). After the death of Athalaric, T., who until then had pursued scholarly studies (Proc. BG 1,3,1), was appointed king by Amalasuntha, with power supposed in fact to remain with the latter (Proc. BG 1,…
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Theodamas
(58 words)
[German version] Probably an Indo-Greek king or prince, recorded only in one Kharoṣṭī inscription (known as the Bajaur Seal) as Middle Indian
Theudama. It is by no means certain that the reading of the short inscription as "of the king Theodamas" is correct, but the name is certain. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum 2.1, Nr. 3
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Theodamas
(290 words)
[German version] (Θειοδάμας/
Theiodámas; Lat.
Theodamas, Thiodamas). King of the Dryopes, who were driven from their homeland by Heracles [1]; father of Hylas. A connexion is made in Hellenistic literature between T. and the resettlement of the brigand Dryopes in the Peloponnese (Bacchyl. Paean 4; Hdt. 8,43; 8,47; Diod. Sic. 4,37) - perhaps following Hesiod's
Kḗykos gámos ('the wedding of Ceyx', Hes. fr. 263-269; [1]): in Apollonius Rhodius (1,1211-1219) as a pretext for war Heracles provokes a conflict over the ploughing bull of T., a poor farmer, w…
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Theodas
(102 words)
[German version] (Θεοδᾶς;
Theodâs) from Laodicea. Greek physician
c. 125 AD; he and Menodotus [2] were pupils of the sceptic Antiochus [20]; he was a leading representative of the School of the Empiricists. He wrote (1.)
Chief points (Κεφάλαια), which Galenus and a later (otherwise unknown) Theodosius commented on; (2.)
On the parts of medicine (Περὶ τῶν τῆς ἰατρικῆς μερῶν), in which he emphasised the significance of autopsy,
historíē ('research') and analogy; (3.) an
Introduction to medicine (Εἰσαγώγη). His works were still being copied in the 3rd cent. in Egypt. Only…
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Theodebaldus (Theodebald)
(117 words)
[German version] (
Theodebaldus; Θευδίβαλδος/
Theudíbaldos). Frankish king 547-555 AD, son of Theodebert, still a child at the beginning of his reign. Courted by Iustinianus [1] in 551 for an alliance against Totila (Proc. BG 4,24,11-30), T. refused both this and a request for help from the Ostrogoths in 552 (Proc. BG 4,34,17 f.; for the relationship with Byzantium cf. MGH Epp. 3,131 f., 547 AD). Allegedly against T.'s will, however, Leuthari and Butilinus supported the Goths in Italy in 553/4, but w…
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Theodebertus (Theodebert)
(133 words)
[German version] (
Theodebertus; Θευδίβερτος/
Theudíbertos). Frankish king 533-547 AD (534-548?, cf. [1. 7]), son of Theoderic (Theodericus (Theoderic) [4]) (Greg. Tur. Franc. 3,20-36). Together with his uncles, in 534 he conquered Burgundy, from 539 exploited fighting between Byzantium and the Goths for attacks in Italy (Procop. Goth. 2,25), occupied parts of northern Italy and conducted a self-confident (cf. MGH Epp. 3,132 f. to Iustinianus [1]) double-dealing between the Goths and Byzantium. He…
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Theodectes
(976 words)
[German version] (Θεοδέκτης/
Theodéktēs). Rhetor and tragedian of the 4th cent. BC, active in Athens, extant only in fragments, b. in Phaselis (Lycia), son of an Aristander. Only the Suda (s. v. Θ.) mentions a like-named son of T., who was also active in literature (historiographic and ethnographic works, text for rhetorical instruction in 7 books, encomium of Alexander [6]); no other source differentiates between the two T., so that in some cases it is difficult to assign a work. This information …
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Theodericus (Theoderic)
(1,575 words)
(
Theodericus; Θευδέριχος;
Theudérichos). [German version] [1] T. I King of the Visigoths, AD 418-451, successor to Vallia, probably the son-in-law of Alaricus [2] [1. 180]. Despite the settlement of the Visigoths in Gaul in 418, he besieged Arelate (Arles) in 425, then renewed the
foedus with Rome (
foederati ), but again fought against Aetius [2] in 436. In 438, the Goths were defeated; in 439, there was another treaty with Rome after renewed Gothic successes. In 450, Attila attempted in vain to win over T.; T. was kill…
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Theodicy
(498 words)
[German version] A. Definition The term theodicy refers to the attempt at reconciling the evils of the world, in particular the suffering of innocent beings and the good fortune of evil-doers with the notion of an all-powerful God who is as good as He is just. The modern term 'theodicy' (Leibniz) has no equivalent in Greek although it was derived from Greek words. Ebert, Theodor (Erlangen/Nürnberg) [German version] B. Theodicy within the history of philosophy and theology The problem for which theodicy is trying to supply an answer is presented, for instance, in poetic f…
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Theodora
(850 words)
(Θεοδώρα;
Theodṓra). [German version] [1] Roman empress, about AD 300 Roman empress; stepdaughter (Aur. Vict. Caes. 39,25; Eutr. 9,22,1) or daughter (Anon. Vales. 1,1; Philostorgius 2,16) of Maximianus [1]. Contrary to the assertions of later sources, she was already married to Constantius [1] even before he was elevated to the rank of Caesar in AD 293 (
tetrárchēs IV.), and probably when he was praefectus praetorio to Maximianus (unclear Paneg. 2,11,4). The six children of their marriage represent the younger branch of the Constantinian imperial fam…
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Theodore Abū Qurra
(272 words)
[German version] (died
c. 830), from Edessa [2]. T. lived as a monk in the monastery of Mār Sābā at Jerusalem, and after 780 and after 799 became the Melchite (Melchites) bishop of Ḥarrān (the reasons for his temporarily removal from office are unclear). His Syriac writings [1.212] do not survive. He is the first clearly apprehensible Christian theologian to also write in Arabic: in more than 20 (some still unpublished) treatises (for the editions see [5.238f.]; Germ. transl. [1; 2]) he deals, in d…
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Theodoretus
(442 words)
(Θεοδώρητος;
Theodṓrētos). [German version] [1] Bishop of Cyrrhus, 1st half of the 5th cent. Bishop of Cyrrhus (born in
c. 393, bishop in 423, died in
c. 466). T. received a solid classical education in the monastic milieu of Antioch [1]. A devoted pastor in his diocese, he fought against heretics (Heresy) and worked towards improving living conditions. In the Christological conflict between Cyrillus [2] of Alexandria and Nestorius he joined the latter without reservations. He was dismissed by the Synod of Ephesus in 449…
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Theodoridas
(116 words)
[German version] (Θεοδωρίδας;
Theodōrídas). Greek poet from Syracuse (second half of the 3rd cent. BC; on his origin cf. Ath. 15,599e), whose varied works are all lost (cf. [1]) with the exception of 19 elegant epigrams (dedications, funerary poetry and two epideictic poems; the attribution by Anth. Pal. 7,282 is uncertain) in Meleager's [8] 'Garland' (4,1,53 f.). In a fictional funerary inscription (Anth. Pal. 13,21) T. criticises Mnasalces; he also seems to attack Euphorion [3] in an epitaph (7,406) which he presumably wrote when Euphorion was still alive. Albiani, Maria Grazia…
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Theodorides
(35 words)
[German version] (Θεοδωρίδης;
TheodōrÍdēs). Greek tragedian (TrGF I 78 A), took second place at the Athenian Lenaea in 363 BC with a
Medea and a
Phaethon (DID A 2b, 94). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg)
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Theodoropolis
(165 words)
(Θεοδωρόπολις/
Theodōrópolis, also Θεοδωρούπολις/
Theodōroúpolis). Name of several towns and forts in the northern Balkan peninsula founded by Iustinianus [1] I and named after his wife Theodora [2], which have not all been located. [German version] [1] City in Moesia Secunda City in Moesia Secunda (Moesi, with map) on the Danube (Ister [1]), between Securisca (modern Cherkovitsa) and Iatrus (modern Krivina; Proc. Aed. 4,7,5). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) [German version] [2] Fort in Dacia Ripiensis Fort in Dacia Ripiensis (Proc. Aed. 4,6,18) on the right b…
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Theodorus
(7,286 words)
[German version] I Greek (Θεόδωρος;
Theódōros). [German version] [I 1] Of Samos, Greek architect, bronze sculptor and inventor, Archaic period Multitalented Greek inventor, architect, bronze sculptor and metal worker (
toreutḗs; Toreutics) of the Archaic period from Samos (for the occupational image cf. architect). His father was Telecles (Hdt. 3,41; Paus. 8,14,8; 10,38,6) or according to other sources (Diog. Laert. 2,103; Diod. Sic. 1,98) Rhoecus [3]; his name is so frequently mentioned in conjunction with the latter that …
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Theodosia
(169 words)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Colonization | Patricius | Patricius (Θεοδοσία/
Theodosía; modern Feodosiya). City on the northern coast of the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos I) in a fertile plain, with an excellent harbour which could contain 100 ships (Str. 7,4,4), founded
c. 700 BC by colonists from Miletos [2]. T. minted coins autonomously
c. 500 BC. Conquered in the first half of the 4th cent. BC by Leucon [3] I, T. was subsequently the westernmost
polis of the Regnum Bosporanum (Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 30). The city was an import…
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Theodosiopolis
(286 words)
(Θεοδοσιόπολις/
Theodosiópolis, Θεοδοσιούπολις/
Theodosioúpolis). [German version] [1] Modern Ras al-Ain, Syria T. in Osroene (in northern Mesopotamia), according to Procop. BP 2,19,29 (cf. Aed. 2,2,16) on the Ḫabur about 40 miles (= 60 km) from Dara, the village of Resaeina (= Ras al-Ain at the source of the Ḫabur) elevated
c. AD 383 by Theodosius [2] I to a city (Malalas 13,40 p. 345 Dindorf). Iustinianus [1] I further increased the fortification of T., which was situated at the end of the Byzantine Limes (VI. C.), with forts (Procop. A…
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Theodosius
(3,100 words)
[German version] I Greek (Θεοδόσιος/
Theodósios). [German version] [I 1] Greek mathematician and astronomer, 2nd/1st cent. BC Greek mathematician and astronomer. Folkerts, Menso (Munich) [German version] I. Life and works According to Str. 12,4,9, T. was one of the most important men in Bithynia; the birthplace Tripoli given in the Suda (s. v. Θ.) may relate to another T. As Strabo also names T.’ sons as important mathematicians, T. must belong in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC, or, at the latest, the 1st half of the 1st. …
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Theodotion
(133 words)
[German version] (Θεωδοτίων/
Theodotíōn; according to Epiphanius,
De mensuris et ponderibus 17; 2nd cent. AD), in the view of the ancient Church a proselyte from Ephesus (Iren. Adversus haereses 3,21). T. did not produce (in contrast to Aquila [3] and Symmachus [2]) a new Greek translation of the Old Testament, rather he revised a Greek translation in accordance with the Hebrew text. Whether his model was identical with the
Septuaginta is debatable, since there are also 'Theodotionic' readings in texts earlier than T. [1] identified T. with the author of the k
aige- or Palestinian rece…
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Theodotus
(1,303 words)
(Θεόδοτος;
Theódotos). [German version] [1] Greek architect, c.370 BC Mentioned several times in the construction records for the temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus as its architect; his origins are as unknown as his subsequent whereabouts. T.’ salary during the project amounted to 365 drachmae per year, together with further payments of unknown object. It is uncertain whether he is the same person as the sculptor T. named in IG IV2 102 (B 1 line 97) as having, for 2,340 drachmae, fashioned the acroteria for the pediment; it is possible that the name T. has been in…
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Theogenes
(485 words)
(Θεογένης/
Theogénēs). [German version] [1] Athlete from Thasos, 5th cent. BC Famous fighter from the island of Thasos, Olympic champion in 480 BC (against Euthymus of Locri [1. nos. 191; 214; 222]) in fist-fighting [1. no. 201] and in 476 BC in pankration [1. no. 215]. This constellation of victories was first documented for T. on an inscription in Delphi [2. no. 37] dating from the 2nd cent. BC, which attests that the athlete was adored by his home
polis for as long as four generations after his death. Pausanias tells of three victories in Delphi, ten in the Isthmia a…
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Theognetus
(88 words)
[German version] (Θεόγνητος;
Theógnētos). Comic poet of the 3rd cent. BC (cf. Pantaleon mentioned in fr. 2). Two fragments and three titles survive:
Κένταυρος ('The centaur'),
Φιλοδέσποτος ('The one who loves his master', probably referring to a slave [2. 28710]) and
Φάσμα ἢ Φιλάργυρος ('The ghost or The miser'); in the surviving fr. 1 of this play there is mockery of somebody who has lost his mind in the pursuit of Stoic philosophy. Bäbler, Balbina (Göttingen) Bibliography
1 PCG VII, 1989, 696-698
2 H.-G. Nesselrath, Die att. Mittlere Komödie, 1990.
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Theognis
(1,349 words)
(Θέογνις/
Théognis). [German version] [1] Elegiac poet, 6th cent. BC Elegiac poet, 6th cent. BC Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) [German version] I. Life and textual history T. was born in Megara [2] in Greece (Didymus in schol. Plat. leg. 630a), hardly Megara [3] in Sicily (Suda Θ 136 and probably Plat. l.c.,), ca. 544-1 BC (Suda l.c.; acc. to [17] 65-71 ca. 630-600). Plat. l.c. (citing El. 77-8) and Isoc. Or. 3,42-3 first name T. as a good adviser, and according to Stob. 4,29,53 Xen. wrote
On Theognis and cited El. 22-3 and 183-190. T.'s poems were probably sung at 5th and 4th cent. B…
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Theognostus
(103 words)
[German version] (Θεόγνωστος;
Theógnōstos). Byzantine grammarian, 9th cent. AD, author of a (lost) work on Euphemius' rebellion in Sicily in 826-827 (cf. Theophanes Continuatus, Chronographia p. 82 Bekker) and an 'Orthography' (Περὶ ὀρθογραφίας/
Perì orthographías; Cod. Baroccianus 50, 10th cent.) containing 1003 rules. Several words, not recorded in earlier works and taken over into later etymologica, constitute the true value of this two-part instructional text, whose main sources are a glossary of Cyrillus [6] and (according to T.' letter of dedication) Herodianus [1]. Dams…
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Theogony
(588 words)
[German version] (Θεογονία;
theogonía). The 'origin of the Greek gods' as well as the origin of the parts of the world and moral/abstract principles whose personifications were gods (Cosmogony). All ancient theogonic systems are based on genealogical connections; this is evident as early as Homer's epics. Since the concept of creation out of nothing was unknown, there were differing opinions about the origin of all things: in the Iliad (Hom. Il. 14,200-204), Oceanus and Tethys are regarded as the progenitors of all of the g…
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Theoi Megaloi, Theai Megalai
(494 words)
(θεοὶ μεγάλοι/
theoì megáloi, θεαὶ μεγάλαι/
theaì megálai, Latin
di magni). [German version] I. General Term for a variety of deities or groups of gods in the Greek world. A distinction is made between deities or groups of gods for whom the adjective 'great' was used as an honorary epithet (e.g.
Megálē Týchē,
Theòs hýpsistos mégas theós) and those whose cultic
nomen proprium was 'Great God' or 'Great Gods', such as the TM in Caria (SEG 11,984; 2nd cent. AD). Inscriptions record a broad range of use between these two poles. Often the TM are deities or groups…
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Theoi pantes
(297 words)
[German version] (θεοὶ πάντες/
theoì pántes, 'all the gods'). The gods in their entirety. They are called upon in vow formulas, oaths and prayers, and named in curses, short invocations or requests. Benedictions are offered to TP and altars are dedicated to them. The pantheon [2] is the sacred place for the worship of their cult. The Greek composite personal names
Pánthe(i)os,
Pánthe(i)a,
Panthýs are derived from TP. Benedictions for 'the all-divine',
to pántheion, are connected with their cult ([1; 3. 697-703] with examples). Besides TP
, the gods in their entirety are described as
pánte…
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Theoi patrioi
(364 words)
[German version] (θεοὶ πάτριοι/πατρῷοι;
theoì
pátrioi/
patrôioi; πατρικοί/
patrikoí: P CZ 3, 59421,2; 3rd cent. BC; [8.883]), 'fatherly' (inherited, native, traditional) deities; in multilingual inscriptions Lat.
patrii di (e.g. inscriptions by Cornelius Gallus in: OGIS II 654,9; 29 BC; Philae). The word
patrôios in particular appears in connection with theonyms, above all for Apollo [2; 9] and Zeus. In many cases, the semantic differentiations made between
pátrios,
patrôios,
patrikós by ancient lexicographers (supporting evidence: ThGL VI 612) do not correspon…
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Theologos
(259 words)
[German version] (θεολόγος/
theológos, Latin
theologus). Author of writings on the nature, activity and genealogy of gods. The earliest examples were considered to be Orpheus, Musaeus [1], Homer and Hesiod (Aristot. Metaph. 2,4,1000a). From Aristotle (Metaph. 13,4,1091a) through Cicero (Nat. D. 3,54) and Plutarch [2] (De Is. et Os. 25,360d) to Eusebius (Praep. ev. 5,14,3), the term describes philosophers who are engaged in studying the divine (
theología or
theologikḗ). No later than the time of Plutarch (De def. or. 15,417f.) there was an official position in Delphi for a
theologos,…
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Theology
(3,332 words)
(θεολογία/
theología). I. Greek-Roman [German version] A. Concept At first it is the poets who are described by Greek philosophers as 'theologians' (
theológos ); they engage in discourse
(lógos) based on myths about the gods (
theoí), their acts and behaviour, their genealogical and dynastic evolution and the causal traits which they give to the world. In this sense Orpheus, Musaeus [1], Homerus [1] or Hesiodus are regarded as 'theologians' (Aristot. Metaph. 2,4,1000a). Yet where the nature of the gods is supposed to be accessible…
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Theology and the Christian Church
(24,325 words)
Merkt, Andreas (Mainz) I. History of Theology (CT) [German version] A. Basic Concept (CT) The history of theology (HT) is that area of theological studies which examines the history of the development of theological ideas. The need for this study in the theory of Christianity arises principally from theological and anthropological considerations. First, according to Christian belief, God himself took on an historical form in Jesus of Nazareth; scholarly reflection on this religion demands, therefore, an hist…
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Theolytus
(76 words)
[German version] (Θεόλυτος;
Theólytos) from Methymna (on Lesbos). Undatable author of
Bakchikà épē ('Bacchic Songs') on the love of the sea god Glaucus [1] for Ariadne (three hexameters in Ath. 7,296a-b). Perhaps identical with the author of the
Hôroi ('Annals'; cf. schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,623-626) mentioned in Ath. 11,470b. Fornaro, Sotera (Sassari) Bibliography
1 CollAlex fr. 1
2 FHG 4, 515
3 E. Diehl, s. v. T., RE 5 A, 2033
4 M. Fantuzzi, Epici ellenistici, in: K. Ziegler, L'epos ellenistico, 1988, LXXXVIf.
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Theomestor
(108 words)
[German version] (Θεομήστωρ;
Theomēstōr). Son of Androdamas from Samos, as a
triḗrarchos in the Persian navy at the battle of Salamis [1] in 480 BC he sank Greek ships and was therefore installed as tyrant in Samos after Aeaces [2] (Hdt. 8,85). Without his knowledge the Samians negotiated with the Greek navy (Hdt. 9,90; cf. 9,103). When the Greeks assembled in Samos after their victory at Mycale in 479 (Hdt. 9,106), there is no further mention of T. Cobet, Justus (Essen) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 115 f.; 588 L. de Libero, Die archaische Tyrannis, 1996,…
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Theomnastus
(96 words)
[German version] (Θεόμναστος;
Theómnastos). Prominent citizen of Syracuse, an adherent 73-71 BC of C. Verres, for whom he had honorary decrees declared and taxes collected (Cic. Verr. 2,2,50 f.; 2,3,101); in thanks T. became (by cheating in the drawing of lots: 2,2,126 f.) a priest of Zeus in Syracuse and was allowed to enrich himself in the purple trade (2,4,59). In 70 BC, after a short-lived resistance against investigations by Cicero, who presents T. as mad, T. lost nerve and handed over to him a list of valuable objects in Verres' possession (2,4,148 f.). Fündling, Jörg (Bonn)
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Theomnestus
(215 words)
(Θεόμνηστος/
Theómnēstos). [German version] [1] From Athens, c. 400 BC Athenian, accused by Lysitheus of cowardice after the battle of Corinthus (in 394 BC) in an action of
dokimasia (
epangelía
dokimasías) or 'scrutiny'. By being convicted T. was unable to appear as a rhetor in the People's Assembly, but managed to have the verdict quashed by means of an action for false witness against Dionysius. Against a renewed accusation of cowardice raised by Theon T. proceeded with an action of defamation (
díkē kakēgorías;
Kakegoria ) and succeeded. He was then cha…
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Theon
(2,323 words)
(Θέων;
Théōn). [German version] [1] Greek painter from Samos, 300 BC and after T. of Samos was a Greek painter of the Hellenistic Period, who was active around and after 300 BC. His skill as a creator of images and the successful way in which his paintings were composed were praised in handbooks of rhetoric (e.g. Quint. Inst. 12,10,6) as examples to be followed. The viewer's creative imagination and intuitive understanding were meant to be stimulated at the same time by means of the artistic
phantasía (Lat.
ingenium, 'image creation'; Phantasia), so that the viewer might imagine e…
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Theophane
(50 words)
[German version] (Θεοφάνη;
Theophánē). Beautiful and desired daughter of Bisaltes [2], turned by Poseidon into a sheep with which he in the form of a ram fathers the golden ram which carries Phrixus and Helle over the sea (Hyg. Fab. 3; 188; Ov. Met. 6,117). Binder, Carsten (Kiel)
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Theophanes
(1,115 words)
(Θεοφάνης/
Theophánēs). [German version] [1] T. of Mytilene Close confidant and historiographer of Pompey (Pompeius [I 3]). As a recently-discovered inscription [1. 377-383] shows, T., the son of Hieroitas, was already active as
prytanis at Mytilene (FGrH 188 T 1) before making the acquaintance of Pompey, whom he accompanied on the campaign against Mithridates [6] in 67 BC (T 2). He received Roman citizenship from Pompey in 62 BC (cf. Cic. Arch. 24 = T 3a) at an army gathering, and he therefore appears in IG XII 2, 150 as Cn. Po…
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Theophano
(152 words)
(Θεοφανώ;
Theophanṓ). [German version] [1] T. Anastaso (Θ. Ἀναστάσω; T.
Anastásō). Byzantine empress (
c. 941 until after 976 AD), wife of Romanus [3] II (959-963); the later emperors Basileius [6] II and Constantinus [10] VIII were their children; in 963 she became the wife of Nicephorus [3] II, and in 969 she instigated his assassination. Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich) Bibliography A. Kazhdan, s. v. T., ODB 3, 2064 f. [German version] [2] Wife of Otto II, c. 1000 AD (also Theophanou,
c. 960-991 AD). wife of the Western emperor Otto II from 972 onwards, niece of the Byzantine…
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