Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

(Pers. kalam).Many medicinal properties and uses have been attributed in the Islamic period to the leaves and seeds of the karanb, most of which can be traced to the writings of the Greek masters Dioscorides, Galen, and others. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 603-604 CABBAGE (Pers. kalam) Brassica oleracea L. vars. The word kalam (and its obsolete variant karam; see below) seems to be cognate with Greek krámbē, from which comes Arabic karanb/koronb (see Maimonides p. 92 n.; see also Kendī, p. 326 n. 262, where Levey refers also to Skt. karambhā on the authority of Löw, I, p. 482; see also Mayrhofer, Dictionary I, p. 165). The common “garden-grown” ( bostānī) varieties and races of cabbage are derived—…

(Ar. Šāš), the name of a district and of a town in medieval Transoxania; the name of the town was gradually supplanted by that of Tashkent from late Saljuq and Mongol times onwards. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 604-605 ČĀČ (Ar. Šāš), the name of a district and of a town in medieval Transoxania; the name of the town was gradually supplanted by that of Tashkent (q.v.) from late Saljuq and Mongol times onwards. The pre-Mongol period. The province of Čāč lay on the right bank of the Syr Darya or Jaxartes, with those o…

Persian translation of an early anonymous Arabic history of Sind compiled at Arōr in the 3rd/9th century.A version of this article is available in printVolume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 605-606 ČAČ-NĀMA, Persian translation of an early anonymous Arabic history of Sind compiled at Arōr in the 3rd/9th century; it was translated some time after the year 613/1216 by ʿAlī b. Ḥāmed b. Abī Bakr Kūfī, an Arab scholar residing at the court of Qabāča (d. 625/1227) in northern Sind. For subsequent Indo-Persian historians the Čač-nāma has been the major source for the history of pre-Islamic and A…

Director and later chairman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) during the reign of Reżā Shah (b. Silverdale, Staffordshire, England, 7 September 1877, d. Bletchley, Buckingham, 31 May 1941). A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 606-607 CADMAN, Sir John (b. Silverdale, Staffordshire, England, 7 September 1877, d. Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, 31 May 1941), named first Baron Cadman of Silverdale in 1937, director and later chairman of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) during the reign of Reżā Shah…

ČĀDOR 'tent.' A portable dwelling characteristic of certain nomad groups. It consists of a canopy of cloth or skin supported by upright posts and anchored to the ground by means of pegs and ropes. See TENTS.

A loose female garment covering the body, sometimes also the face. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 609-611 i. In Early Literary Sources ČĀDOR, a loose female garment covering the body, sometimes also the face (Figure 1). The etymology of the word is unknown; connection with Indian chattra “parasol” is uncertain (cf. ČATR). At least as early as Achaemenid times Persian queens were hidden from the people. Plutarch, discussing the reign of Artaxerxes (r. 404-359), writes that Queen Stateira was beloved by the common…

an Iranian tribe settled between the Caspian and the Black sea. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 612 CADUSII (Lat.; Gk. Kadoúsioi), an Iranian tribe settled between the Caspian and the Black seas according to Stephan of Byzantium and on the southwestern shore of the Caspian and south of the Araxes (Aras) between the Albani in the north and the Mardi in the east according to Strabo (11.6.1; 7.1), i.e., in the mountainous northern part of Media around the Parachoatras Range (cf. Pt…

?ČAḠADĀY, second son of Čengīz Khan. See CHAGHATAYID DYNASTY.

(or Dāityā), lit. “summit of the law," a peak of the mythical mountain Harburz, located in Ērānwēǰ in the middle of the world . A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 612-123 ČAGĀD Ī DĀITĪ (or Dāityā), lit. “summit of the law” (cf. Av. dāitiia- “lawful”), a peak of the mythical mountain Harburz (Pers. Alborz, q.v.), located in Ērānwēǰ (q.v.) in the middle of the world ( Bundahišn , TD2, pp. 77.13-14, 199.3f., tr. Anklesaria, pp. 94-95, 256-57; Pahlavi Rivayat, ed. Dhabhar, p. 166.8; Dādistān ī dēnīg, pt. 1.21.2; Persian Rivayats, ed. Unvala, II, p. 17). T…

the name given to four types of musical instruments. This spelling is found in most dictionaries. Sachs’ Real-Lexikon has čaqāna, and other forms are also found: čaḡān, čaḡana, and čaḡba; in Arabic jaḡāna or jafāna. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 613 ČAḠĀNA, the name given to four types of musical instruments. This spelling is found in most dictionaries. Sachs’ Real-Lexikon (p. 99) has čaqāna, and other forms are also found: čaḡān (Enjū Šīrāzī, II, p. 1425; Borhān-e qāṭeʿ ed. Moʿīn, II, p. 643), čaḡana (ibid., p. 646), and čaḡba (Dehḵodā, s.v.); i…

Middle Pers. form Čagīnīgān, Arabic rendering Ṣaḡānīān, with the common rendering of Iranian č as ṣ. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 614-615 ČAḠĀNĪĀN (Middle Pers. form Čagīnīgān, Arabic rendering Ṣaḡānīān, with the common rendering of Iranian č as ṣ; Marquart’s speculation [1938, p. 93] of an origin in Mongolian čagan “white” is baseless; attested in Sogdian writing as cγʾny [Henning, pp. 8-9]), a district of medieval Islamic Transoxania substantially comprising the basin of the right-bank affluent of the Oxus, the Ča…

See ĀL-E MOḤTĀJ.

b. Abi’l-ʿAbbās Fażl b. Abī Bakr Moḥammad b. Abī Saʿd Moẓaffar b. Moḥtāj, prince and poet of the ancient Iranian Āl-e Moḥtāj, ruler of Čaḡānīān (Čaḡān Ḵodāt). A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 613-614 ČAḠANĪ, ṬĀHER b. Abi’l-ʿAbbās Fażl b. Abī Bakr Moḥammad b. Abī Saʿd Moẓaffar b. Moḥtāj (d. 381/991), prince and poet of the ancient Iranian Āl-e Moḥtāj, ruler of Čaḡānīān (Čaḡān Ḵodāt). In a poem by Badīʿ Balḵī, (or Badāyeʿī Balḵī, a poet in his service) his patronymic is given as Abū Yaḥyā, whereas Gardīzī, in Zayn at-aḵbār (ed. Ḥabībī, p. 168), has giv…

Čaḡānīrūd in Farroḵī, the seventh and last right-bank tributary of the Oxus or Amu Darya. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 615-616 ČAḠĀNRŪD (Čaḡānīrūd in Farroḵī, the seventh and last right-bank tributary of the Oxus or Amu Darya, rising in what in medieval Islamic times were known as the Bottamān mountains and flowing southwards through the principality of Čaḡānīān into the Oxus just above the important crossing-point of Termeḏ (modern Termez). Hence it flows from what is now the Gi…

ČAḠATĀY. See CHAGHATAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE and CHAGHATAYID DYNASTY.

Principal town and administrative capital of the province of Ḡōr, in the mountains of central Afghanistan. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 616 ČAḠČARĀN, principal town and administrative capital of the province of Ḡōr, in the mountains of central Afghanistan. Until the mid-14th/20th century the spellings Čaqčarān and Čaḵčarān were also current, but Čaḡčarān is the prevailing usage today. The name has been attested since the 10th/16th century (Beveridge, p. 308). It originally designa…

b. Mīḵāʾīl b. Saljūq, Abū Solaymān, a member of the Saljuqs, the leading family of the Oghuz Turks, who with his brother Ṭoḡrel (Ṭoḡrïl) Beg founded the Great Saljuq dynasty in Persia in the 5th/11th century. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 617-618 ČAḠRĪ BEG DĀWŪD b. Mīḵāʾīl b. Saljūq, Abū Solaymān (b. in the 380s/990s, d. 452/1060), a member of the Saljuqs, the leading family of the Oghuz Turks, who with his brother Ṭoḡrel (Ṭoḡrïl) Beg founded the Great Saljuq dynasty in Persia in the 5th/11th century. A…

See ILAK-KHANIDS.

“well”; together with qanāt (subterranean water canals), wells play a great part in the mobilization of the groundwater resources of Persia. A version of this article is available in print Volume IV, Fascicle 6, pp. 618-619 ČĀH “well.” Together with the well-known qanāt (subterranean water canals), wells ( čāh) play a great part in the mobilization of the groundwater resources of Persia (Issar, Kardavānī). Beside the traditional man-operated and animal-operated wells, the multiplication of motor-operated deep wells has recently brought important change in many regions. Tradition…

See AYMĀQ.