Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

a kind of story often defined as “an animal tale with a moral"; there is no exact Persian equivalent of the term, but the words afsāna, dāstān, hekāyat, qeṣṣa, and samar are used to refer to such stories. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 137-138 FABLE, a kind of story often defined as “an animal tale with a moral” ( Funk and Wagnalls, s.v. “Fable”; cf. Thompson, 1977, p. 10). There is no exact Persian equivalent of the term, but the words afsāna, dāstān, hekāyat, qeṣṣa, and samar are used to refer to such stories. Joseph Jacobs defined the fable as “a short, humorous, allegorical tale, in which animals act in such a way …

or LODEWYCK (b. Brazil, 1648; died Stockholm, 1729), Swedish envoy to the Safavid court. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 138-140 FABRITIUS, LUDVIG (LODEWYCK), Swedish envoy to the Safavid court (b. 1648 in Brazil, of Dutch parentage; d. 1729 in Stockholm). Fabritius headed three missions to Persia representing the Swedish crown in 1679-80, 1683-84, and 1697-1700. Fabrit…

This article will deal with the faculties of Agriculture, Fine Arts, Law and Political Science, Letters and Humanities, and Medicine, which are among the oldest and most important secular institutions of higher education in Persia. Other faculties of the University of Tehran and main faculties of other major universities will be treated under individual UNIVERSITIES. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 140-156 FACULTIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN. The University of Tehran was founded in 1313 Š./1934 from four pre-existing schools ( madrasas) which were renamed as faculties ( dāneškada…

See MADRASA-YE ʿOLŪM-E SĪĀSĪ.

Download this sound. title Fadāye Roḳsār - Dekr Qāderieh genre/topic Dekr language Sorani Kurdish …

See BĀDŪSPĀN.

(d. Khorasan 999), Turkish eunuch and slave commander of the Samanid army in Transoxania and Khorasan during the closing decades of that dynasty’s power. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 156 FĀʾEQ ḴĀṢṢA, ABU’L-ḤASAN (d. Khorasan 389/999), Turkish eunuch and slave commander of the Samanid army in Transoxania and Khorasan during the closing decades of that dynasty’s power. Except that he was part of the Samanid amirs’ slave guard nothing is known of Fāʾeq’s antecedents, but at the beginning of the reign of the minor Nūḥ …

See BĀBĀ FAḠĀNĪ.

…

the most prolific producer of astronomical tables in the Islamic world. He is credited with a total of six tables, all of which are lost. There are three lists of these tables, given by Moḥammad b. Abū Bakr Fāresī, Šams Monajjem Wābeknavī, and Ḥājī Ḵalīfa. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 157-158 FAHHĀD, FARĪD-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ, b. ʿAbd-al-Karīm Šarvānī (fl. 6th/12th cent.; he is sometimes called by his father’s name ʿAbd-al-Karīm), the most prolific producer of astronomical tables ( …

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an appellation given especially to the quatrains and by extension to the poetry in general composed in the old dialects of the Pahla/Fahla regions. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 158-162 FAHLAVĪYĀT (sing.: fahlavīya, Arabicized form of Persian pahlavī, in its original sense of Parthian), an appellation given especially to the quatrains and by extension to the poetry in general composed in the old dialects of the Pahla/Fahla regions. According to Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ (in Fehrest…

a rural district (dehestān) situated 12 km northwest of Nūrābād in the Mamassanī šahrestān. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 162-163 FAHLĪĀN, a rural district ( dehestān) situated 12 km northwest of Nūrābād in the Mamassanī šahrestān. It consists of the plain of Fahlīān and foothills. The Fahlīān River irrigates the plain only, and the foothills, despite being fertile, remain uncultivated due to lack of water. Two tributaries, one of fresh water and the other brackish, merge at a place called Sar Āsīāb-e Jāvīd to form the Fahlīān River, which ultimately joins the Zohra River to flow into the Persian Gulf. The brackish tributary emerges from the Došmanzīārī (q.v.) district, crossing salt basins in its path, and the other tributary from the Jāvīd region. An old bridge (Pol-e Fahīān) crosses the Fahlīān River (Ḥabībī, p…

subdistrict ( dehestān) and town in the Persian province of Yazd. The town (31ò 46’ N, 54ò 35’ E), 1270 m above sea level, is located 30 km southeast of Yazd on the main road to Bāfq and on the foothill of Čalta mountain. FAHRAJ, subdistrict ( dehestān) and town in the Persian province of Yazd. The town (31ò 46’ N, 54ò 35’ E), 1270 m above sea level, i…

(b. Rašt, 1899; d. Tehran, 1988), educator, journalist, lawyer, and scholar. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 165 FAḴRĀʾĪ, EBRĀHĪM REŻĀZĀDA (b. 1278/1899 in Rašt, d. 16 Bahman 1366 Š./5 February 1988 in Tehran), educator, journalist, lawyer, and scholar. His father, Ḥājī Reżā, was a merchant in Rašt and a member of the Provincial Council (Anjoman-e eyālatī) of Gīlān during the Constitutional Revolution (q.v.). Ebrāhīm began his education in a local maktab (see education iii) at age five but later pursued modern education at Majīdīy…

See under BAHMANID DYNASTY.

See GORGĀNĪ, FAḴR-AL-DĪN ASʿADĪ.

See ʿERĀQI, FAḴR-AL-DIN.

See ʿABD-AL-ṢAMAD HAMADĀNĪ.

See Supplement.

See EBN ZARKUB ŠIRĀZI.

a 14th century spiritual leader of the Češtī Sufi order in India. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 163 FAḴR-AL- DĪN ZARRĀDĪ, MAWLĀNĀ, an 8th/14th century spiritual leader of the Češtī Sufi order in India. He hailed from Sāmāna (Ḥamīd, p. 64), but nothing else is known about his life prior to his involvement with the order. In Delhi he attended the assemblies of Mawlānā Faḵr-al-Dīn Hānsawī, where the renowned shaikh Naṣīr-al-Dīn Maḥmūd Čerāḡ-e Dehlī (q.v.) and Mawlānā Kamāl-al-Dīn Sāmāna also took instructions in mystic guidance or hedāya (Ḥamīd, p…

b. Neẓām al-Molk (1043-1106/7), eldest son of the great Saljuq vizier and himself vizier to the Saljuq sultans Barkīāroq (1092-1105) and Moḥammad b. Malekšāh (1105-18). A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 164-165 FAḴR-AL-MOLK b. Neẓām al-Molk, ABU’L-FATḤ MOẒAFFAR (b. 434/1043; d. 500/1106-7), eldest son of the great Saljuq vizier and himself vizier to the Saljuq sultans Barkīāroq (q.v.; 485-98/1092-1105) and Moḥammad b. Malekšāh (498-511/1105-18). He seems to have had no qualifications for office beyond the distinguished name o…

See ABU’L-ḤASAN KHAN ARDALĀN.

See ʿABD-AL-NABĪ QAZVĪNĪ.

pen-name of Moḥammad b. Manṣūr b. Saʿīd, entitled Mobārakšāh, author of two prose works in Persian written in India in the late 12th and early 13th century, a book on genealogy with no formal title and the famous Ādāb al-ḥarb wa’l-šajāʿa. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 164 FAḴR-E MODABBER, pen-name of Moḥammad b. Manṣūr b. Saʿīd, entitled Mobārakšāh, author of two prose works in Persian written in India in the late 6th/12th and early 7th/13th century, a book on genealogy with no formal title and the famous Ādāb al-ḥarb wa’l-šajāʿa (q.v.). Most of t…

See ŠAMS FAḴRI.

See BANĀKATĪ.

b. Moḥammad Amīr Khan (or Solṭān) Amīrī Heravī (b. Herat, ca. 1497, d. probably in Agra, after 1566), poet, scholar, and Sufi who wrote on various aspects of the poetic art. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 165-166 FAḴRĪ HERAVĪ, SOLṬĀN-MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad Amīr Khan (or Solṭān) Amīrī Heravī (b. Herat, ca. 903/1497, d. probably in Agra, after 974/1566), poet, scholar, and Sufi who wrote on various aspects of the poetic art. His father was also a poet, who had adopted the pen name Amīrī (Golčīn-e Maʿānī, Kārvān-e Hend II, p. 996; idem, Taḏkerahā I, p. 430…

an obsolete Persian name for a columbine bird, most probably the so-called “collared turtle dove." A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 166-168 FĀḴTA, an obsolete Persian name (older * fāḵtak/g;cf. the pl. fāḵtagān; arabicized as fāḵeta, pl. fawāḵet; see also Schapka, no. 577, p. 180) for a columbine bird, most probably the so-called “collared turtle dove,” Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky (order Columbiformes), mentioned in classical Persian poetry mainly as a spring songbird. Manūčehrī Dāmḡānī (q.v.; d. ca. 432/1041?), “the [Persian…

a master vocalist of Persia in the second half of the 20th century. See QAWĀMI, ḤOSAYN.

See DIVINATION.

Arabic word for "sphere" (pl. aflāk). In Persian works of literature it is often referred to as being responsible for determining people's destiny. See ASTROLOGY AND ASTRONOMY IN IRAN; COSMOGONY AND COSMOLOGY.

also falak, čūb o falak; one of the most common instruments of corporal punishment in Persia. FALAKA (also falak, čūb o falak), one of the most common instruments of corporal punishment in Persia. The victim would be made to lie down on his back, and his feet would be fastened to a pole of about 2-3 m long with a loop in the middle made of leather or rope. The loop was held in place by passing its two ends through two holes made in the pole about 20-25 cm apart, with knots at the end to prevent the cord from slippin…

a sling. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 168-169 FALĀḴAN (a sling), a term probably derived from the Avestan fradaxšanā- (Darmesteter, II, p. 215, n. 38; AirWb., col. 981). Asadī Ṭūsī ( Loḡat-e fors, ed. Mojtabāʾī and Ašraf, pp. 197-98), quoting a verse by Rūdakī, defined falāḵan as kalāsang. Kalāsang/ qalmāsang is described as a device “woven from wool or silk with which shepherds and footmen ( šāṭerān) throw stones” ( Borhān-e qāṭeʿ, ed. Moʿīn, III, pp. 1486-87, 1539; cf. Garūsīn, p. 84). In central Persia today, ke/kolāsang and kalāsonga are use…

Download this sound. title Falak-e Matam genre/topic Falak, robā‘iyāt language Tajik Persian performer Mosavvar Minak (b. 1933), robāb and voiceZuqubeyk Gorminj, setārBeyk Mohammad Vātan Šāhzādeh, dayra instrument Robāb; Setār; Dāyra; Voice composer   author/poet   first line of poem Duny ā hama hi č kār-e dunyā [ey] dunyā hama hi č recorded by Sāsān Fātemi place of recording Dushanbe, Tajikistan date of recording 1999 duration 4:32 source Transoxania: Folk Music of Persian-Speaking People. Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art (M.CD-153), track 9, 0:00-4:32.Used with permissio…

or ŠERVĀNĪ, a Persian poet of the first half of the 12th century. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 169 FALAKĪ ŠARVĀNĪ (ŠERVĀNĪ), Abu’l-Neẓām Moḥammad, a Persian poet of the first half of the 6th/12th century. The only ruler mentioned in his published poems is the Šarvānšāh Manūčehr II, who ruled ca. 516-55/1122-61 (for these dates see Storey and de Blois, V/2, p. 248, n. 2). It is thus likely that Falakī died during his reign. The date 577/1181-82, which Taqī Kāšī and others give for h…

prominent mojtahed of Shiraz (1840-1901). He led the prayer at Wakīl Mosque, where he regularly preached, and for years he wielded great influence in the religious, political, and social affairs of the city. He was an active opponent of the tobacco concession and instigated a riot against it. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 169-170 FĀL-ASĪRĪ, Ḥājj Sayyed ʿALĪ-AKBAR, prominent mojtahed of Shiraz (1256-1319/1840-1901; Encyclopædia Iranica | Articles). Born in Asīr, a village in the Galadār district of Fārs, he studied rel…

(b. Isfahan, 1926; d. Berlin, 30 December 1996), professor of Islamic studies at Cologne University (1974-96). A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 170-171 FALĀṬŪRĪ, ʿABD-AL-JAWĀD (b. Isfahan, 29 Dey 1304 Š./19 January 1926 ; d. Berlin 10 Dey 1375 Š./30 December 1996), professor of Islamic studies at Cologne University (1974-96). Falāṭūrī studied Arabic literature and the Islamic sciences with private tutors in his hometown of Isfahan while attending a German-Persian high school. He contin…

See BĀZ; BĀZDĀRĪ.

(b. Kāšān, 1910; d. London, 1981), deputy manager of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; Šerkat-e mellī-e naft-e Īrān), in charge of international relations and marketing. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 171-172 FALLĀḤ, REŻĀ (b. 1328/1910, Kāšān; d. 1360 Š./1981, London), deputy manager of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; Šerkat-e mellī-e naft-e Īrān), in charge of international relations and marketing, “a shrewd man of affairs, the Shah used him as a behind-the-scenes negotiator wi…

a book of presages and omens. The narrower and more common use of the term, equivalent to “bibliomancy,” is confined to texts used as material for divination by the reader directly or through a fortune-teller. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 172-176 FĀL-NĀMA, a book of presages and omens (see DIVINATION). The narrower and more common use of the term, equivalent to “bibliomancy,” is confined to texts used as material for divination by the reader directly or through a fortune-teller. These texts may also…

philosophy in the pre-Islamic period. For philosophy in the Islamic period, see also articles under individual authors and schools, e.g., AVICENNA, FĀRĀBĪ, ILLUMINATIONISM, ISFAHAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY, and MOLLĀ ṢADRĀ. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 176-182 FALSAFA, philosophy. i. PRE-ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY Pre-Islamic philosophy, which may be called Mazdean philosophy, is a syncretic system incorporating various Greek thought, predominantly Peripatetic and Neo-Platonic. Historical evidence traces its or…

See Supplement.

(b. Tehran, 1901; d. 1981), Persian historian, educator, journalist, translator, and poet. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 182-183 FALSAFĪ, NAṢR-ALLĀH (b. Tehran, 9 Āḏar 1280 Š./30 November 1901; d. 2 Ḵordād 1360 Š./22 May 1981), Persian historian, educator, journalist, translator, and poet. i. BIOGRAPHY Falsafī’s father was Mīrzā Naṣr-Allāh Mostawfī Savādkūhī, a government accountant. His maternal grandfather was Āqā ʿAlī Ḥakamī, son of Mollā ʿAbd-Allāh Zonūzī, both of whom were scholars and philosophers…

(1910-2006), Hungarian poet, translator, and publicist. FALUDY, GYÖRGY (George Faludy, b. Budapest, 22 September 1910; d. Budapest 1 September 2006), Hungarian poet, translator, and publicist. His father was a chemist and worked as a teacher in a higher technical school. He finished secondary school in 1928 and studied at the Universities of Vienna (1928-30), Paris (1931-32), and Graz (1932-33). In 1933-34 he did his military service and was promoted to ensign (his military rank was later withdrawn).In 1937 he translated Francois Villon’s ballads into Hungarian. His fre…

See ABU NAṢR FĀMI.

legal prescriptions dealing with marriage, divorce, the status of children, inheritance, and related matters. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 184-196 FAMILY LAW, legal prescriptions dealing with marriage, divorce, the status of children, inheritance, and related matters. i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM Mazdean family law is the most extensive and involved section of the civil code as set forth in the few surviving Middle Persian legal texts, especially the Sasanian lawbook entitled Mādayān ī hazār dādestān. It comprises a medley of orthodox le…

See ĀL-E ʿABĀ, lit. “Family of the cloak.”

a term for programs to regulate family size that came into use in the West in the 1930s. Although it originally encompassed efforts both to promote and to curtail fertility, explosive population growth in the developing countries since mid-century has narrowed its meaning to control of fertility. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 196-203 i. IN PERSIA Government-sponsored family-planning programs were introduced in Persia in the 1960s in response to accelerating population growth since the turn of the 20th century, amon…