Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

See HAYĪM, SOLAYMĀN.

a research quarterly first published in Tehran in March 1953. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 267-268 FARHANG-E ĪRĀN-ZAMĪN, a research quarterly first published in Tehran in Farvardīn 1332 Š./March 1953. Beginning with the fifth year, 1336 Š./1957, it was published annually up to volume 24, after which it appeared at three-year intervals in as a book. Its founders were Moḥammad-Taqī Dānešpažūh, Manūčehr Sotūda, Moṣṭafā Moqarrabī, ʿAbbās Zaryāb Ḵoʾī, and Īraj Afšār. From the seve…

It took Ḥosayn Enjū twelve years to complete his dictionary (1005-17/1595-1608), which he named in honor of Jahāngīr. He produced a second edition in 1032/1622. The dictionary lists 9,830 words: 8,960 Persian; 630 Arabic; 140 Indian; and about a hundred entries of Turkic and Greek origin as well as words from various dialects. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 268 FARHANG-EJAHĀNGĪRĪ, one of the most complete and authoritative dictionaries of the Persian language, composed in India at the beginning of the 11th/17th century…

an important Persian encyclopaedic dictionary published in six volumes in Tehran between 1963 and 1973. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 268-270 FARHANG-E MOʿĪN, an important Persian encyclopaedic dictionary published in six volumes in Tehran between 1963 and 1973. Most of the work was compiled by the eminent Persian scholar and lexicographer Moḥammad Moʿīn (1918-71). His work on lexicography began in 1946 with his collaboration with ʿAlī-Akbar Dehḵodā (q.v.) on the monumental Persian encyclopedic dictionary Loḡat-nāma. Later, he prepa…

See NĀẒEM-AL-AṬEBBĀʾ.

See DĀʿĪ-AL-ESLĀM.

a Persian dictionary compiled probably no later than 1315 by the founder of Persian lexicography in India, the poet and writer Faḵr-al-Dīn Mobārakšāh Qawwās Ḡaznavī, or Faḵr-e Qawwās, known also as Kamāngar. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 270-271 FARHANG-E QAWWĀS, a Persian dictionary compiled probably no later than 716/1315 by the founder of Persian lexicography in India, the poet and writer Faḵr-al-Dīn Mobārakšāh Qawwās Ḡaznavī, or Faḵr-e Qawwās, known also as Kamāngar. In his brief preface, Faḵr-…

Persian dictionary compiled in India in 1654 by the poet and scholar ʿAbd-al- Rašīd b. ʿAbd-al-Ḡafūr Ḥosaynī Tattavī. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 271 FARHANG-E RAŠĪDĪ, a Persian dictionary compiled in India in 1064/1654 by the poet and scholar ʿAbd-al- Rašīd b. ʿAbd-al-Ḡafūr Ḥosaynī Tattavī (q.v.). ʿAbd-al-Rašīd was also the author of the Arabic-Persian dictionary Montaḵab al-loḡāt, compiled in 1046/1636-37, and of a short tract on Arabicized Persian vocabulary, Resāla-ye moʿarrabāt. The Farhang-e rašīdī includes an introduction ( moq…

a dictionary of the Persian language, also known as Majmaʿ al-fors and Loḡat-e Sorūrī, compiled by the Persian poet Moḥammad-Qāsem Sorūrī. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 271-272 FARHANG-E SORŪRĪ, a dictionary of the Persian language, also known as Majmaʿ al-fors and Loḡat-e Sorūrī, compiled by the Persian poet Moḥammad-Qāsem Sorūrī, who was born in Kāšān and lived in Isfahan, was known to his contemporaries as a man of outstanding literary erudition who knew over thirty thousand verses ( bayts) by heart (Rieu, Persian Manuscripts II, pp. 498-…

a term for “academy” which gained currency in the 20th century to denote an association of scholars. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 273-279 FARHANGESTĀN, a term for “academy” which gained currency in the 20th century to denote an association of scholars. It is used in particular as the abbreviated form of Farhangestān-e Zabān-e Īrān, an organization which was established by the government as a body concerned with the promotion of Persian culture, especially the replacement of foreign loan words by words of Persian origin. THE HISTORICAL BACKGR…

a comprehensive historical dictionary of the Persian language, of which only one volume has been published so far. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 272 FARHANG-E TĀRĪḴĪ-E ZABĀN-E FĀRSĪ, a comprehensive historical dictionary of the Persian language, of which only one volume has been published so far (P. N. Ḵānlarī, ed., Farhang-e tārīḵī-e zabān-e fārsī I: Ā-B, Tehran, 1357 Š./1978). The Department of Persian Lexicography of the Bonyād-e farhang-e Īrān (q.v.) began the project of compiling the dictionary under the supe…

or Resāla-ye Wafāʾi; a Persian lexicon of some 2,425 mainly literary terms, compiled by Ḥosayn Wafāʾi in 1527 and dedicated to the Safavid Shah Ṭahmāsb I. FARHANG-E WAFĀʾI (or Resāla-ye Wafāʾi), a Persian lexicon of some 2,425 mainly literary terms, compiled by Ḥosayn Wafāʾi in 933/1527 and dedicated to the Safavid Shah Ṭahmāsb I (r. 1524-76). Entrees are arranged according to their final letters in twenty-six chapters ( bāb) that are subdivided into sections ( faṣl) in alphabetical order. It also contains an introduction that briefly deals with some aspects of phoneti…

(Farhangi zaboni tojikī, Tajik Language Dictionary), a descriptive dictionary of classical Persian in two volumes (1,900 pages). A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 272-273 FARHANG-E ZABĀN-E TĀJĪKĪ ( Farhangi zaboni tojikī, Tajik Language Dictionary), a descriptive dictionary of classical Persian in two volumes (1,900 pages). It was compiled at the Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature of the Tajik Academy of Sciences and published in 33,000 copies by the Sovetskaya Īntsiklopediya Press (…

See BADR-AL-DĪN EBRĀHĪM.

See FRAHANG Ī OĪM.

See FRAHANG Ī PAHLAWĪG.

See FARHANG-E ZABĀN-E TĀJĪKĪ.

(b. Shiraz, 1827; d. Shiraz, 1891), poet, scholar, and calligrapher. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 265-266 FARHANG, MĪRZĀ ABU’L-QĀSEM ŠĪRĀZĪ (b. Shiraz, Ramażān 1242/April 1827, d. Shiraz, 1309/1891), poet, scholar, and calligrapher. In his youth Farhang, the fourth son of the renowned poet Mīrzā Moḥammad-Šafīʿ Weṣāl Šīrāzī (d. 1262/1846), studied literature, mathematics, divination ( jafr), and geomancy ( raml). Inspired by the example of the poet Ḥabīb-Allāh Qāʾānī (d. 1270/1854), he also studied French. In 1277/1860 Farhang, acco…

a periodical published in 28 issues from winter 1969 to spring 1978 by the Secretariat of the High Council of Culture and Art (Dabīr-ḵāna-ye Šūrā-ye ʿalī-e farhang o honar). A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 273 FARHANG O ZENDAGĪ, a periodical published in 28 issues from winter 1348 Š./1969 to spring 1357 Š./1978 by the Secretariat of the High Council of Culture and Art (Dabīr-ḵāna-ye Šūrā-ye ʿalī-e farhang o honar). Nāṣer Nayyer Moḥammadī served as the editor of the first nine issues; Maḥmūd Ḵoš-nām…

son of Key Kāvūs. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 3, pp. 279-280 FARĪBORZ, son of Key Kāvūs. Ṭabarī (I, p. 605) and Balʿamī (ed. Bahār, I, p. 603) have recorded his name as Borzāfarah, whereas Ebn al-Balḵī (pp. 44-45) has it as Zarāfah. The author of the Mojmal al-tawārīḵ (ed. Bahār, p. 29) refers to him as Borzfarī, which, according to him, Ferdowsī changed to Farīborz in order to fit the meter of the Šāh-nāma. The name Borzāfrah may be related to Barzapharnes, the name of a Parthian general under Pacorus (Debevoise, pp. 110, 112). According to the Šāh-nāma, upo…