Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

(b. Kāšān, 1910; d. London, 1981), deputy manager of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; Šerkat-e mellī-e naft-e Īrān), in charge of international relations and marketing. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 171-172 FALLĀḤ, REŻĀ (b. 1328/1910, Kāšān; d. 1360 Š./1981, London), deputy manager of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; Šerkat-e mellī-e naft-e Īrān), in charge of international relations and marketing, “a shrewd man of affairs, the Shah used him as a behind-the-scenes negotiator wi…

a book of presages and omens. The narrower and more common use of the term, equivalent to “bibliomancy,” is confined to texts used as material for divination by the reader directly or through a fortune-teller. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 172-176 FĀL-NĀMA, a book of presages and omens (see DIVINATION). The narrower and more common use of the term, equivalent to “bibliomancy,” is confined to texts used as material for divination by the reader directly or through a fortune-teller. These texts may also…

philosophy in the pre-Islamic period. For philosophy in the Islamic period, see also articles under individual authors and schools, e.g., AVICENNA, FĀRĀBĪ, ILLUMINATIONISM, ISFAHAN SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY, and MOLLĀ ṢADRĀ. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 176-182 FALSAFA, philosophy. i. PRE-ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY Pre-Islamic philosophy, which may be called Mazdean philosophy, is a syncretic system incorporating various Greek thought, predominantly Peripatetic and Neo-Platonic. Historical evidence traces its or…

See Supplement.

(b. Tehran, 1901; d. 1981), Persian historian, educator, journalist, translator, and poet. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 182-183 FALSAFĪ, NAṢR-ALLĀH (b. Tehran, 9 Āḏar 1280 Š./30 November 1901; d. 2 Ḵordād 1360 Š./22 May 1981), Persian historian, educator, journalist, translator, and poet. i. BIOGRAPHY Falsafī’s father was Mīrzā Naṣr-Allāh Mostawfī Savādkūhī, a government accountant. His maternal grandfather was Āqā ʿAlī Ḥakamī, son of Mollā ʿAbd-Allāh Zonūzī, both of whom were scholars and philosophers…

(1910-2006), Hungarian poet, translator, and publicist. FALUDY, GYÖRGY (George Faludy, b. Budapest, 22 September 1910; d. Budapest 1 September 2006), Hungarian poet, translator, and publicist. His father was a chemist and worked as a teacher in a higher technical school. He finished secondary school in 1928 and studied at the Universities of Vienna (1928-30), Paris (1931-32), and Graz (1932-33). In 1933-34 he did his military service and was promoted to ensign (his military rank was later withdrawn).In 1937 he translated Francois Villon’s ballads into Hungarian. His fre…

See ABU NAṢR FĀMI.

legal prescriptions dealing with marriage, divorce, the status of children, inheritance, and related matters. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 184-196 FAMILY LAW, legal prescriptions dealing with marriage, divorce, the status of children, inheritance, and related matters. i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM Mazdean family law is the most extensive and involved section of the civil code as set forth in the few surviving Middle Persian legal texts, especially the Sasanian lawbook entitled Mādayān ī hazār dādestān. It comprises a medley of orthodox le…

See ĀL-E ʿABĀ, lit. “Family of the cloak.”

a term for programs to regulate family size that came into use in the West in the 1930s. Although it originally encompassed efforts both to promote and to curtail fertility, explosive population growth in the developing countries since mid-century has narrowed its meaning to control of fertility. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 196-203 i. IN PERSIA Government-sponsored family-planning programs were introduced in Persia in the 1960s in response to accelerating population growth since the turn of the 20th century, amon…

in Persia. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 203-206 FAMINES. Famines have been reported throughout Persian history by numerous authors and observers. According to a compilation made by Charles Melville, they occurred in Khorasan in 115/733 (Melville, p. 130), in Sīstān in 220/835 (Melville, p. 130), in Khorasan and Sīstān in 400/1009-10 (Melville, p. 136), in Khorasan in 1099 (Melville, p. 136), in Kermān in 576/1180 and 662/1264 (Melville, p. 130), in Fārs in 683-85/128…

b. Loṭf-ʿAlī b. Moḥammad-Reżā (b. Sangsar, 1873), poet. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 206-207 FANĀʾĪĀN, Mīrzā FARAJ-ALLĀH JONŪN b. Loṭf-ʿAlī b. Moḥammad-Reżā, poet, born in the village of Sangsar, near Semnān in 1290/1873. A shoemaker by profession, his formal education was minimal, but four years of travel (1304-8/1887-91) with his mentor, the Bahai scholar and poet Āqā Moḥammad Fāżel Qāʾenī (Nabīl-e Akbar), provided him with an opportunity to acquaint himself with Persian li…

See ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, FANĀ ḴOSROW.

See SENDBĀD-NĀMA.

pen name of Shaikh MOḤAMMAD-MOḤSEN b. Ḥasan KAŠMĪRĪ (d. 1670/71), Indo-Persian scholar and poet. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 207 FANĪ, pen name of Shaikh MOḤAMMAD-MOḤSEN b. Ḥasan KAŠMĪRĪ (d. 1081/1670-71), Indo-Persian scholar and poet, to whom the Dabestān-e-maḏāheb (q.v.) has wrongly been attributed (ʿAskarī, p. 85). He studied under Mulla Yaʿqūb Ṣarfī (d. 1013/1605) and Mulla Wāṣeb, a Persian poet from Kashmir (Ḥasan Khan, p. 308). The poets Mulla Ṭāher Ḡanī (d. 1079/1688) and Moḥammad Aslam …

lanterns. See ČERĀḠ.

See AFGHANISTAN xii. LITERATURE.

or Maftūn (fl. 18th century), Persian poet from the Indian sub-continent. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 207-208 FAQĪR DEHLAVĪ, MĪR ŠAMS-AL-DĪN (also called Maftūn), Persian poet from the Indian sub-continent (fl. 12th/18th century). He was born in 1115/1703 at Delhi and traced his origin, on the father’s side, to an uncle of the Prophet Moḥammad, ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd-al-Moṭṭaleb. On his mother’s side he was a sayyed, which accounts for the designation “Mīr.” He obtained his education i…

a small district on the middle Syr Darya in Transoxania, at the confluence of that river with its right-bank tributary, the Arys, which flows down from Esfījāb, and also the name of a small town within it. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2, pp. 208 FĀRĀB (Pārāb, Bārāb; Ḥodūd al-ʿālam, ed. Sotūda, p. 117, tr. Minorsky, p. 118; Eṣṭaḵrī, p. 346, tr. pp. 307, 360; Moqaddasī/Maqdesī, pp. 26, 48), a small district on the middle Syr Darya (Nahr al-Šāš, Sayḥūn) in Transoxania, at the confluence of that river with its r…

Muslim philosopher of the 10th century. A version of this article is available in print Volume IX, Fascicle 2;3, 208-229 FĀRĀBĪ i. Biography The sources for the life of Fārābī are such as to make the reconstruction of his biography beyond a mere outline nearly impossible. The earliest and more reliable sources, i. e., those composed before the 6th/12th century, that are extant today are so few as to indicate that no one among Fārābī’s successors and their followers, or even unrelated scholars, undertook to write his f…