Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

(1883-1956), German-born Iranist, advisor to the Iranian ministry of education and a pioneer of Iranian studies in the United States. HAAS, WILLIAM S. (also Wilhelm, Willy; b. Nuremberg, Germany, 13 July 1883; d. New York, 3 January 1956), German-born Iranist, advisor to the Iranian ministry of education and a pioneer of Iranian studies in the United States. Haas studied in Munich, Berlin, and Vienna, receiving his Dr. Phil. from the University of Munich in 1910, with a dissertation entitled Über Echtheit und Unechtheit von Gefühlen (Behn, II, p. 2). Before World War I Haas traveled…

This brick monument, the overall shape of which is comparable with the tomb of Amir Timur in Samarqand, consists essentially of an octagonal tower topped by a conical roof. Each of the eight sides of the roughly 7 meter high tower is embellished with the design of an inset arch. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 425 ḤABAQUQ (or Habakkuk), TOMB OF. According to local traditions, the tomb of the prophet Ḥabaquq ( boqʿa-ye Ḥabaquq [sometimes written: Ḥayaquq]) is situated in a monument located 1 km south of Tuyserkān in western Persia. Th…

See MOʿALLEM ḤABIBĀBĀDI.

(1872-1919), Amir, monarch who initiated modernization in Afghanistan. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 427-428 ḤABIB-ALLĀH, amir, monarch who initiated modernization in Afghanistan (b. 1872, d. 1919). For a historical account of his reign (1901-19), see AFGHANISTAN x. When Amir Ḥabib-Allāh ascended the throne, taking the title Serāj al-mellat wa ʾl-din (“Lantern of the Na-tion and Religion”) he inherited a country at peace. He granted an amnesty to the sardārs (notables) expelled by his father, Amir ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān (r. 1880-1901)…

(1850-1909), Hājj Mirzā, an enlightened religious scholar of Mašhad and a poet. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 428-429 ḤABIB-ALLĀH ḴORĀSĀNI, Hājj Mirzā, an enlightened religious scholar of Mašhad and a poet (b. Mašhad, 1266/1850; d. Mašhad, 27 Šaʿbān 1327/12 September 1909). After studying preliminary religious sciences in his birthplace he traveled to Iraq to pursue his studies. He learned French there and in Baghdad met a number of scholars and Sufis. After his return to Mašhad h…

(1587-1628), one of the more conservative artists active during the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I (r. 1587-1628). All we know about him, besides his paintings, is the brief note by his contemporary Qāżi Aḥmad, who, writing in 1596, referred to him as a masterful artist distinguished among his peers. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 429-430 ḤABIB-ALLĀH SĀVAJI, one of the more conservative artists active during the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I (995-1039/1587-1628; Figure 1). He signed his art and drawings as Ḥabib, Ḥabib-Allāh, or M…

(1835-93), MIRZĀ, Iranian poet, grammarian, and translator, who spent much of his life in exile in Ottoman Turkey; noted for his Persian grammar, Dastur-e Soḵan, regarded as the first systematic grammar of the Persian language and a model for many later works. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 426-427 ḤABIB EṢFAHĀNI, MIRZĀ, Iranian poet, grammarian and translator, who spent much of his life in exile in Ottoman Turkey (1835-93; Figure 1). Born in Ben, in the Baḵ-tiāri region of Iran, in 1251/1835, he began his st…

Persian-language weekly newspaper published in Kabul, 1929 replacing Amān-e afḡān at the time of Bačča-ye Saqqā. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 427 ḤABIB AL-ESLĀM. Persian-language weekly newspaper published in Kabul. It replaced Amān-e afḡān, following the advent of (Ḥabib-Allāh) Bačča-ye Saqqā (q.v.). A total of thirty-one issues of Ḥabib-al-eslām appeared between 9 Ḥut 1307 Š./ 28 February 1929 and 10 Mizān 1308 Š./ 1 December 1929. The editors were Ḡolām Moḥey-al-Din, Sayyed Moḥammad Ḥosayn (beginning no…

an elite high school for boys established in 1903 in Kabul and named after its founder, Amir Ḥabib-Allāh. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 430-431 ḤABIBIYA SCHOOL, an elite high school for boys established in 1321/1903 in Kabul and named after its founder, Amir Ḥabib-Allāh (q.v.; r. 1901-19). Originally established as a madrasa (q.v. EDUCATION), after World War II it became known as “the Ḥabibiya Lycée” ( Lisa-ye Ḥabibiya). Its curriculum was modeled on that of Aligarh College (Dupree, p. 447), and thus it followed the Anglo-Ind…

river in Damāvand and Garmsār districts of Semnān province in northern Persia. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 434-435 ḤABLARUD, river in Damāvand and Garmsār districts (qq.v) of Semnān province in northern Persia. It originates from the peaks of the mountains Sāʾo, Šāh-Moḥammad and Homā, which are located approximately 30 km to the North East of Firuzkuh (q.v.). It flows in a southwestern direction overall, covering a total length of 240 km (at an average gradient of 0.9%) during its course towards the river Golu. The first stage of this river…

(lit. strong cord), name of three newspapers published in Calcutta, Tehran, and Rašt. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 431-434 ḤABL AL-MATIN (lit. strong cord), name of three newspapers published in Calcutta, Tehran, and Rašt. 1. One of the most illustrious and influential newspapers in the Persian language, the weekly Ḥabl al-matin was published in Calcutta, with occasional long interruptions, from 10 Jomādā II 1311/19 December 1893 until 18 Āḏar 1309 Š./9 December 1930, by Sayyed Jalāl-al--Din Moʾayyed-al-Eslā…

shortened title of the famous treatise Ḥadāʾeq al-seḥr fi daqāʾeq al-šeʿr (“Gardens of magic in the subtleties of poetry”) by Rašid(-e) Waṭwāt (d. 1182-83). A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 435 ḤADĀʾEQ AL-SEḤR, shortened title of the famous treatise Ḥadāʾeq al-seḥr fi daqāʾeq al-šeʿr (“Gardens of Magic in the Subtleties of Poetry”), written by Amir Rašid-al-Din Moḥammad ʿOmari, widely known as Rašid(-e) Waṭwāt (d. 578/1182-83). Being the second Persian treatise on ʿelm al-badiʿ (rhetorical embellishments, see BADèʿ), it has among it…

(Goruh-e Farhangi-e Hadaf), a pioneering private educational complex founded in Tehran in 1949-50. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 435-436 HADAF EDUCATIONAL GROUP (Goruh-e Farhangi-e Hadaf). A pioneering private educational complex founded in Tehran in 1949-50 by Aḥmad Birašk and a number of well-known high school teachers of mathematics and natural sciences, including Aḥmad Anwāri, Taqi Hurfar, ʿAli Motemadden, and Aḥmad Reżāqoli-zāda. Hadaf (lit. goal) was also an acronym for honar (art), dāneš (science), and farhang (culture). The …

Indian scholar of Persian literature (1894-1963). A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 436-437 HĀDI ḤASAN, (b. Hyderabad, 3 September 1894; d. Aligarh, 23 May 1963), Indian scholar of Persian literature. His father was a distinguished member of the Hyderabad State Administrative Service. His mother was Persian by birth, and hence he spoke Persian fluently from childhood. After receiving his early education in Hyderabad, he graduated in science from Ferguson College, Poona and won…

a Persian didactical maṯnawi by the twelfth-century poet Ḥakim Majdud b. Ādam Sanāʾi. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 441-442 ḤADIQAT AL-ḤAQIQA WA ŠARIʿAT AL-ṬARIQA a Persian didactical maṯnawi by Ḥakim Majdud b. Ādam Sanāʾi. The poem, written in the meter ḵafif-e mosaddas-e maḵbun-e maḥḏuf, was dedicated to the Ghaznavid sultan Bahrāmšāh (q.v.) shortly before the death of the poet, which probably occurred in 525/1131. Apparently, Sanāʾi did not complete a single final text. In a prose introduction, handed down in many copies of the Ḥadiqa, a c…

See PALACE i. ACHAEMENID.

the Avestan name of a minor Zoroastrian divinity, glossed in Pahlavi (tr. of Visprad 1:9) by mēnōg ī xānag “Spirit of the house.” A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 442 HADIŠ, the Avestan name of a minor Zoroastrian divinity, glossed in Pahlavi (tr. of Visprad 1:9) by Mēnōg ī xānag “Spirit of the house.” The Old Iranian common noun hadiš, from the verb had- “seat oneself, sit; abide, dwell” ( Air Wb., cols. 1753-54; Mayrhofer, Dictionary III, p. 473), is used in Old Persian for “palace” (Kent, Old Persian, p. 213 s.v.). The two brief Avestan passages…

(1797-1873), Shaikh Mollā, prominent Islamic philosopher of the Qajar period, also known as a theologian and poet. A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 4, pp. 437-441 HĀDI SABZAVĀRI, Shaikh Mollā (b. Sabzavār, 1212/1797, d. Sabzavār, 28 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1289/26 February 1873; Figure 1), the most famous Islamic philosopher of the Qajar period, as well as an outstanding theologian and a notable poet. Life. Ḥāji Mollā Hādi b. Mahdi b. Ḥājj Mirzā Hādi Sabzavāri, known simply as Hāji in traditional Persian schools ( madrasa), was born in Sabzavār, Khorasan, to …

term denoting reports that convey the normative words and deeds of the Prophet Moḥammad; it is understood to refer generically to the entire corpus of this literature and to the thousands of individual reports that comprise it. A version of this article is available in printVolume XI, Fascicle 4, 5, pp. 442-457HADITH i. A GENERAL INTRODUCTIONHadith literature (often called in Western scholarship “Muslim tradition”) is understood to be the repository of the sonna (normative conduct; pl. sonan) of the Prophet, which is regarded as second in authority only to the Koran as …

(Book of scriptures), the sixth of the seven GaΘic ( Gāsānīg) nasks of the Sasanian Avesta, according to the Dēnkard (8.45.1). A version of this article is available in print Volume XI, Fascicle 5, pp. 457-458 HĀDŌXT NASK (Book of scriptures), the sixth of the seven GaΘic nasks ( Gāsānīg) of the Sasanian Avesta, according to the Dēnkard (8.45.1). The summary of it given in the Dēnkard is, however, too brief, and also too vague and too abstract to provide a clear idea of its original content. It is said to have consisted of 3 divisions containing 133 sections, …