Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

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popular dish which traditionally consists of meat cut in cubes, or ground and shaped into balls; these are threaded onto a skewer and broiled over a brazier of charcoal embers. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 272-273 KABĀB (kebab, kabob, cabob), a popular dish which traditionally consists of meat cut in cubes, or ground and shaped into balls; these are threaded onto a skewer and broiled over a brazier of charcoal embers. After the kabāb is cooked, it is placed on a platter or tray and pulled off t…

“Kaʿba of Zoroaster,” an ancient building at Naqš-e Rostam near Persepolis.A version of this article is available in printVolume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 271-272 KAʿBA-YE ZARDOŠT “Kaʿba of Zoroaster,” an ancient building at Naqš-e Rostam near Persepolis. It probably acquired its name in the 14th century, when sites of ruins all over Persia were associated with personalities from the Qurʾān or the Šāh-nāma. The name does not indicate that it was a shrine of the Zoroastrians, and there are no reports about pilgrimages to it. The Kaʿba was illustrated in the works…

one of the long ranges of the Zagros mountains, lying between Iran’s two western provinces of Loristan and Ilām. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 273-274 KABIR-KUH, one of the long ranges of the Zagros mountains, lying between Iran’s two western provinces of Loristan and Ilām. Covering an area of 9,500 km², Kabir-kuh stretches 175 km in length and between 45-80 km in width (Jaʿfari, III, p. 978). Like all of Iran’s southwestern mountains, Kabir-kuh extends from northwest to southeast, wi…

See ŠĀHDĀD, a town in Kerman.

Arabic term used in calendrical context; “intercalary,” “embolismal.” It is applied to several readjustments that occurred in the Iranian solar calendar. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 274-276 KABISA, Arabic adjective (and substantive, pl. kabāʾes) used in calendrical context; “intercalary,” “embolismal,” according to tradition (Ḵᵛārazmi, Mafātiḥ al-ʿolum, p. 130; Biruni, Tafhim, p. 222; Qānun, p. 89) from the Syriac feminine passive past participle kbišta “stuffed,” “pressed,” “intruded.” It comes into Persian and other …

See PARTRIDGE.

the colloquial Persian spoken in the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul, and its environs. It has been a common and prestigious vernacular for several centuries, since Kabul was long ruled by dynasts of Iran (the Safavids) or India (the Mughals) for whom Persian was the language of culture and administration. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 276-280 KĀBOLI, the colloquial Persian spoken in the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul, and its environs. It has been a common and prestigious vernacular for several centuries, since Kabu…

(also known as Kāboli Naqšbandi and Heravi), historiographer and poet of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. KĀBOLI,ʿABD-ALLĀH ḴᵛĀJA, (also known as Kāboli Naqšbandi and Heravi), historiographer and poet of the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His pen names were “Gonāhi,” in his Taḏkerat al-tawāriḵ (including his poems therein; e.g. ms. Tashkent, fols. 93a, 177b, 258b), and “ʿAbdi,” based on two contemporary biographical collections (Moṭrebi 1998a, p. 549; idem, 1998b, pp. 136-37). These are the only known sources on Kāboli (cf. Stor…

a monthly magazine with the full title Kābol: ʿElmi, adabi, ejtemāʿi, tariḵi. The periodical was founded by the Kabul Literary Society (Anjoman-e Adabi-e Kābol), 1931-40. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 276 KĀBOL, a monthly magazine with the full title Kābol: ʿElmi, adabi, ejtemāʿi, tariḵi. The periodical was founded by the Kabul Literary Society (Anjoman-e Adabi-e Kābol), and the first issue appeared on 15 Jawzā 1310 Š./5 May 1931. In 1940, the Kabul Literary Society was replaced by the Pashto Society (…

(Kābol), capital of Afghanistan, also the name of its province and a river. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 280-318 KABUL i. GEOGRAPHY OF THE PROVINCE Kabul is part of a system of high level basins, the elevation of which varies from 1,500 to 3,600 meters, extends—geographically speaking—beyond the administrative borders of the present-day province and includes large parts of the neighboring provinces Parvān and Kapisa on its northern flank. Drained by the Panjšēr in the north and the K…

( Anjoman-e adabi-e Kābol), the first official academic and cultural association of Afghanistan, 1930-40. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 318 KABUL LITERARY SOCIETY ( Anjoman-e adabi-e Kābol), the first official academic and cultural association of Afghanistan, 1930-40. Moḥammad Nāder Shah (r. 1929-33; see ABDĀLI/DORRĀNI) inaugurated the society (see ANJOMAN) in 1930 to promote modern Persian literature in Afghanistan. Throughout the 1930s the society attracted authors and poets writing …

popular name of the National Museum of Afghanistan. A modest collection of artifacts and manuscripts already existed in the time of King Ḥabib-Allāh (r. 1901–19). In 1931 the collection was finally installed in a building in rural Darulaman (Dār-al-amān), eight kilometers south of Kabul City. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 318-323 KABUL MUSEUM, popular name of the National Museum of Afghanistan. The history of the museum is relatively brief. A modest collection of artifacts and manuscripts already existed in the…

in eastern Afghanistan. It forms one of Afghanistan’s four major river systems and is the only Afghan river that flows, as tributary of the Indus, into the sea. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 322-324 KABUL RIVER (Kābol Rōd, also called Daryā-ye Kābol, Figure 1), river in eastern Afghanistan and tributary of the Indus. The Kabul river forms one of Afghanistan’s four major river systems and is the only Afghan river that flows, as tributary of the Indus, into the sea. Its drainage area takes up lar…

See PIGEON.

a traditional Persian dish generally made of rice flour, cooking oil, sugar diluted in water, and turmeric or saffron with a sprinkling of golāb (rosewater) to give it a pleasant scent. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 324 KĀČI, a traditional Persian dish generally made of rice flour, cooking oil, sugar diluted in water, and turmeric or saffron with a sprinkling of golāb (rosewater) to give it a pleasant scent. Kači, which has been identified in certain classical dictionaries with ḥariqa, qābulā, najira, ʿaṣida (used in present-day Iraq), saḵina, a…

an eastern province of the Sasanian empire. The clearest evidence for the existence of such a province is provided by a bulla bearing the impression of a seal. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 324-325 KADAGISTĀN, an eastern province of the Sasanian empire. The clearest evidence for the existence of such a province is provided by a bulla bearing the impression of a seal with the Pahlavi legends ktk “Kadag” and ktkstʾn ʾwstʾndʾl, i.e., Kadagistān ōstāndār “provincial administrator of Kadagistān” (Gyselen, pp. 222-23, fig. 43), in the lig…

Moḥammad Ṭāher b. Ḥasan, local historian, calligrapher, and poet of the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 325-326 ḴĀDEM-E BESṬĀMI, Moḥammad Ṭāher b. Ḥasan, local historian, calligrapher, and poet of the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I (Ḵādem-e Besṭāmi’s exact dates are not known). His short history, entitled Fotuḥāt-e Feriduniya, describes the wars of Feridun Khan Čarkas (d. 1620-21), the eunuch Governor-General ( amir-al-omarāʾ) of the province of Astarābād (known also in Safavid administrative terminology as Dār-al-marz) in …

Ḵādem Misāq, Hymn of Motherland ( sorud-e mihan) Download this sound. title Ḵādem Misāq, Hymn of Motherland ( sorud-e mihan) genre/topic Sorud language   performer Manučehr Sahbāyi, piano instrument piano composer Ḵādem Misāq author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 2:04 source Old Iranian Hymns. Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art, 2010 (MCD-299), track 10. Used with permission of the publisher. note collected by: Manučehr Sahbāyi EIr entries Ḵādem MisāqPIANO IN PERSIAN MUSIC

(1907-1958), musician, teacher, conductor, and composer. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 326-327 ḴĀDEM MIṮĀQ, ʿALI-MOḤAMMAD (b. Tehran, 1907; d. Tehran, 1958), musician, teacher, conductor, and composer. After finishing his primary education, he studied at the Falāḥat School of Agriculture (Madrasa-ye ʿāli-e falāḥat) for two years, but he soon took an interest in music and enrolled in 1930 in the newly established State School of Music (Madrasa-ye musiqi-e dawlati), where he…

a Zoroastrian sect (Ar. qadim “old, ancient”). The movement emerged in 18th-century India. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 327-328 KADIMI, a Zoroastrian sect (Ar. qadim “old, ancient”); variant spellings are Kadmi, Qadmi, or Qadimi. The movement emerged in 18th-century India over the disagreement among priests whether to adjust the one-month discrepancy between the calendars of the Indian Zoroastrian (Parsi) and the Iranian Zoroastrian (Irani) communities. The Kadimis consider the Irani calendar the ancient one, that is, kadimi. Most Pa…

principal meaning “headman,” from Middle Persian kadag-xwadāy, lit. “head of a household." A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 328-331 KADḴODĀ, principal meaning “headman,” from Middle Persian kadag-xwadāy, lit. “head of a household, master of the house” (MacKenzie, p. 48; see also Vullers, II, p. 805a-b). During the medieval period, at least in post-Saljuq times, the term mainly referred to the headman of primary communal groups that were characterized by face to face relations in several social contexts—villages ( dehāt), guilds of craftsm…

See CADUSII.

(1st cent. CE), first Kuṣān king, founder of the Kuṣāna dynasty in Central Asia and India, as indicated by the legend written in Gāndhāri and Kharoṣṭhī. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 331-332 KADPHISES, KUJULA, first Kuṣān king. King Kujula Kadphises was the founder of the Kuṣāna dynasty in Central Asia and India, as indicated by the legend written in Gāndhāri and Kharoṣṭhī on his late coin series: Kujula kasa kushana Yavugasa dhramatidasa “of Kujula Kadphises, Kuṣān chief yagbu, steadfast in the law” (Bopearachchi, 1997, pp. 190-98) or Kuyula Ka…

See KUSHAN DYNASTY, VIMA KADPHISES.

See PUMPKIN, SQUASH.

German physician and traveler to Russia, the Orient, and the Far East (1651-1716). A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 332-335 KAEMPFER, ENGELBERT (b. Lemgo, Westphalia, 16 September 1651; d. Lemgo, 2 November 1716), German physician and traveler to Russia, the Orient, and the Far East . He was one of the keenest observers of foreign cultures of his time. Although his observations while in Persia did much to enhance Western knowledge of the Safavid court and the site of Persepolis, it…

an Avestan word whose approximate meaning is ‘soothsayer.’ A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 335-336 KAĒTA, an Avestan word whose approximate meaning is ‘soothsayer.’ The only occurrence of the word is in Yt. 8.5 to the star Tištrya, where we find: “We worship … Tištrya, for whom the (following) yearn: cattle and draft animals, and men who formerly committed acts of violence, and kaētas who formerly practiced deception ( kaētāca parō družintō).” Owing to the lack of meaningful context, Bartholomae ( AirWb. 428) could only give “ — ? —, probab…

(Kāfer Qalʿa), ancient settlement and one of the largest archeological monuments of the Vakhsh river valley, on the western outskirts of Kolkhozabad, Tajikistan. The city ( šahrestān) together with the citadel form a square, each side 360 m long, oriented approximately to the cardinal points. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 3, pp. 337-341 KAFIR KALA (Kāfer Qalʿa), an ancient settlement in Tajikistan. The settlement of Kafir Kala is one of the largest archeological monuments of the Vakhsh river valley. It is situated on …

ŠAMS-AL-DIN, Moḥammad b. Aḥmad-e Kāši, one of the most competent of all the mathematical astronomers and planetary theorists of medieval Islam (d. 956/1550), and perhaps the most competent of all of them. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 341-343 ḴAFRI, ŠAMS-AL-DIN, Moḥammad b. Aḥmad-e Kāši, one of the most competent of all the mathematical astronomers and planetary theorists of medieval Islam (d. 956/1550), and perhaps the most competent of all of them. Ḵafri was born in the city of Ḵafr, located sout…

distinctive ceramic vessels dated to the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BCE, primarily found in Fārs. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 344-348 KAFTARI WARE, distinctive ceramic vessels dated to the late 3rd and early 2nd millennia BCE, primarily found in Fārs. Kaftari ceramics were named and first characterized by Louis Vanden Berghe (1954, pp. 402-403) on the basis of surface surveys and limited soundings carried out in the Marv Dasht (Marv-dašt) region of the Kur River basin in highland Fārs. The ran…

See CAMPHOR.

a traditional Persian dish; most of the recipes are very similar to those for making a plain omelet. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 348-349 ḴĀGINA (from Per. ḵāg, egg, and -ina, related to), a traditional Persian dish, dating back at least to the 15th century. John Platts defines the term as a contracted form of ḵāya+gina, meaning fried eggs; a kind of dish made of eggs, an omelet, pancake (s.v . ḵāgina). In fact, ḵāya ( e) in the sense of an ‘egg’ appears in many early specimens of Persian prose and poetry (see Dehḵodā, s.v. ḵāya). In Asrār-al-tawḥid (q.v.…

Markazi Province, a village located about 35 km northeast of Anjedān and northwest of Maḥallāt in central Iran, with ruins of a fairly large caravanserai. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 349-350 KAHAK, Markazi Province (lat 34°10′53ʹ N, long 50°19′60ʹ E) , a village located about 35 km northeast of Anjedān and northwest of Maḥallāt in central Iran. Kahak was an important locality in the late medieval period for the Qāsemšāhi Nezāri Ismāʿili community in Iran, but now it is a small and isolate…

See CENTRAL DIALECTS.

See ČAŠMPEZEŠKI.

See YELLOW AMBER.

See LETTUCE.

medieval capital of the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127) and home of a Judeo-Persian community. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 350-351 KAIFENG, city (lat 34°47′28ʹ N, long 114°20′54ʹ E) and district of modern Henan Province in eastern China, south of the Yellow River; medieval capital of the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127) and home of a Judeo-Persian community. Ever since the Jesuit missionaries (Matteo Ricci in 1605; Nicolas Longobardi, 1619; Jean-Paul Gozani, 1704-1712; Jean Do…

See PINE.

dam built on the Helmand River as a part of the multi-faceted projects aimed at the development of the Helmand Valley. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 351-352 KAJAKAY DAM, a dam built on the Helmand River as a part of the multi-faceted projects aimed at the development of the Helmand Valley, which included flood control, land reclamation, producing electric power, introduction of suitable industries, and resettlement of the nomadic and other landless population in the Valley. The developme…

a general term applied to several kinds of flat bread or small, often thin, dry cakes variously shaped and made. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 352-353 KĀK, a general term applied to several kinds of flat bread or small, often thin, dry cakes variously shaped and made, and therefore differently defined in dictionaries and cookbooks. The earliest source which mentions kāk is perhaps Asrār al-tawḥid, where one reads of Shaikh Abu Saʿid (d. 1048, q.v.) sending his servant to “a kāk-pazi,” similar to a bakery, to buy a large quantity of kāk, a…

the customs and characteristics of a kāka—a vagabond or vigilante characterized by the ideals of chivalry, courage, generosity, and loyalty. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 353-355 KĀKAGI. The term kāka and its cognate kākagi are common words in Afghan Persian (or Dari) and are roughly equivalent to the well-known Persian words, ʿayyār and ʿayyāri, and javānmard and javānmardi (see also Loewen, 2001). A kāka is a vagabond or vigilante characterized by the ideals of chivalry, courage, generosity, and loyalty. Kākagi re…

a term used both for a tribal federation and for a religious group in Iraqi Kurdistan. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 355 KĀKĀʾI, a term used both for a tribal federation and for a religious group in Iraqi Kurdistan. The word Kākāʾi (also spelled Kākaʾi) derives from Kurd. kak ‘brother’ and means ‘belonging to the brotherhood’. It is reminiscent of the terms Ṣoḥbatiya ‘circle of friends’, an ancient name for the group that came to be called Yezidis, and Yāres(t)ān ‘circle of friends’ which denotes the Ahl-e Ḥaqq. The term Kākāʾi is widely…

a Lor tribe of the Delfān group, settled in the Piškuh region of Luristan (Lorestān), as well as west of Qazvin and in the Ṭārom region. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 355-356 KĀKĀVAND, a Lor tribe of the Delfān group. In the second half of the 20th century they had settled in the Piškuh region of Luristan (Lorestān), as well as west of Qazvin and in the Ṭārom region. When the Kākāvand were still nomadic, their winter quarters were around Holeylān and Sar-e Ṭarḵān, southeast of Šāhābād, and t…

See ?

KAKHETI, a region in eastern Georgia. Historically the region represented part of Iberia (see KARTLI) Kingdom. After the Arab invasion in Georgia in the mid-8th century, the Kakheti principality was created. During the 11th and the early 12th century there existed a Kakheti Kingdom, then it was integrated into a united Georgian kingdom. By the end of the 15th century, Georgia was fragmented into separate kingdom and principalities, and from 1465 Kakheti also became a kingdom. An intensive relations with Persia began during the Safavids for Kakheti, as well as the rest o…

Ismaʿili poet and preacher of 17th-century Persia (d. after 1646). He was born in Dizbād, a village in the hills half way between Mashhad and Nišāpur. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 356 ḴĀKI ḴORĀSĀNI, EMĀMQOLI, Ismaʿili poet and preacher of 17th-century Persia (b. Dizbād; d. Dizbād, after 1056/1646). He was born in Dizbād, a village in the hills half way between Mashhad and Nišāpur, which at the time was the largest dwelling place of the Ismaʿilis of northern Khorasan. Little is known about hi…

(d. 1612), Persian historian and bureaucrat, whose chronicle, titled Aḥsan al-tavāriḵ, is a general history of pre-Islamic and Islamic dynasties of Iran, the Indian Subcontinent, and Central Asia. ḴĀKI ŠIRĀZI, ḤASAN BEG (d. 1612), Persian historian and bureaucrat, whose chronicle, titled Aḥsan al-tavāriḵ, is a general history of pre-Islamic and Islamic dynasties of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. LIFE Little is known of Ḵāki Širāzi’s life and career. He came from a family of prominent bureaucrats with a history of administrative service u…

a Buddhist site comprised of a group of caves, in Bāmyān Province, Afghanistan, discovered at the end of the 19th century. KAKRAK, a Buddhist site comprised of a group of caves, in Bāmyān Province, Afghanistan, about three kilometers southeast of the Bāmyān site. The caves are normally referred to as Buddhist sanctuaries and dwellings of Buddhist monks. Kakrak was discovered at the end of the 19th century by the British military active in that area and was visited by the French scholar André Godard in 1923. Between …

a strictly popular order of Persian dervishes, favored by artisans and shopkeepers. The name “Ḵāksār” (lit. ‘dust-like’) was probably chosen to figuratively denote a lowly, humble, and modest person. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 356-359 ḴĀKSĀR, a strictly popular order of Persian dervishes, favored by artisans and shopkeepers (see also IRAN ix. ISLAM IN IRAN [2.3]). The name “Ḵāksār” (lit. ‘dust-like’) was probably chosen to figuratively denote a lowly, humble, and modest person (Dehḵodā, pp. …

a medicinal plant from the mustard family. Two kinds have been identified, the common and the bitter one which is considered weed. The effects are believed to be on heart, voice, throat, and diarrhea. ḴĀKŠI (or ḵākšir, ḵākšū; flixweed), a medicinal plant, Descurainia sophia (L) Webb ex Prantl (Syn. Sisymbrium sophia L.) of the Brassicaceae, known as the mustard family (Moẓafariān, p. 181). Ḵākši is an annual herbaceous plant, 50 to 80 cm high with thin branching. It has long leaves with deep cuts, light yellow flowers, and oblong seeds of 1 x 0.35 mm in one…

[KAKWAYHIDS], a dynasty of Deylamite origin that ruled in western Persia, Jebāl, and Kurdistan about 1008-51 as independent princes. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 359-362 KĀKUYIDS (KAKWAYHIDS), a dynasty of Deylamite origin that ruled in western Persia, in Jebāl and Kurdistan about 1008-51 as independent princes, and thereafter locally as feudatories of the Great Saljuqs until the mid-12th century. They represent one of the hitherto submerged local powers of this region, Deylamite and…

See KILIZU.

See ABU BAKR MOḤAMMAD KALĀBĀḎI.

b. Moḥammad, Abu Aḥmad (d. 399/1009), Amir in Sistān of the “second line” of Saffarids, who ruled between 352/963 and 393/1003 and may be termed “the Khalafids” after an ancestor (the grandfather of the restored Amir Abu Jaʿfar Aḥmad). A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 362-363 b. Moḥammad, Abu Aḥmad (d. 399/1009), amir in Sistān of the “second line” of Saffarids, who ruled between 352/963 and 393/1003 and may be termed “the Khalafids” after an ancestor (the grandfather of the restored Amir Abu Jaʿfar Aḥmad).…

a tribe which originated in Turkistan and settled approximately 250 km to the southwest of Tehran. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 363-365 ḴALAJ i. TRIBE The Ḵalaj/Khalaj are usually referred to as Turks, but Josef Marquart (pp. 251-54) claimed that they were remnants of the Hephthalite confederation, which would indicate that they were originally Indo-Iranian. “Muslim authors agree that the Khalaj are one of the earliest tribes to have crossed the Oxus,” Vladimir Minorsky informs us (p. 430). According to the Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam (p. 111), compile…

See CABBAGE.

“chief, leader,” from the late 15th century onwards, particularly the local official (mayor) in charge of the administration of a town. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 366-367 KALĀNTAR, comparative of kalān (big, great), the term used to denote a chief or leader; synonyms are pišvā and moqaddam. As of the late 14th century, the word kalāntar was used to denote the chief of a tribal, military, geographical, or professional unit. From the late 15th century onwards, the term was particularly utilized for designating th…

(b. Zanjān, 22 March 1931; d. Tehran, 20 May 2016), painter, graphic designer, writer, and a pioneering illustrator of Iranian children’s books. KALĀNTARI, PARVIZ (b. Zanjān, 22 March 1931; d. Tehran, 20 May 2016), painter, graphic designer, writer, and a pioneering illustrator of Iranian children’s books (Figure 1). Life. Parviz Kalāntari was the eldest child in a family of five siblings. His father, Bāqer Kalāntari (1907-94) was an employee of the Ministry of Transportation in Zanjān, and his mother, Moḥtaram Mollābāši (1906-2001) worked as…

(or Kalār-rostāq), and Kalārdašt, historical district in western Māzandarān. i. The District and Sub-District. ii. The Dialect. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 367-369 KALĀRESTĀQ (or Kalār-rostāq), and Kalārdašt, historical district in western Māzandarān. KALĀRESTĀQ i. The District and Sub-District Kalārestāq district. This predominantly mountainous district extends along the Caspian coast from the Namakābrud (Namakāvarud) river on the west to the Čālus river on the east, separating it from the distri…

Several references to kalāt in the tragic episode of the young Forud in Ferdowsi’s Šāh-nāma are thought to refer to this. Its earliest mention in historical accounts comes from the Mongol period, when the fourth Il-khan of Iran, Arḡun Khan built a defensive work at the south approach that still bears his name (“Gate of Arḡun”). A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 373-375 KALĀT-E NĀDERI (lat 37°00′05′′ N, long 59°45′27′′ E), an elevated, isolated plateau in the mountains of Khorasan, some 150 km north of Mašhad, edged with steep…

Ḥāj Moḥammad Ebrāhim (b. Isfahan, 1766; d. Isfahan, 1845), prominent Oṣuli jurist, influential in the affairs of Isfahan during the reigns of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah and Moḥammad Shah. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 375 KALBĀSI(KARBĀSI), Ḥāj Moḥammad Ebrāhim (b. Isfahan, 1766; d. Isfahan, 1845), prominent Oṣuli jurist, influential in the affairs of Isfahan during the reigns of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah and Moḥammad Shah. His father, Ḥāj Moḥammad had migrated there, by way of Kāḵk in eastern Khorasan, from the Shi…

Persian violinist and songwriter (1919-1990). As a violinist, Ḵāledi was known for his command of traditional Persian music and its innovative interpretation. As a composer, he was admired for the range of his rhythmically varied and elegiac songs. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 375-377 ḴĀLEDI, Mehdi, Persian violinist and songwriter (b. Tehran, 1 Mordād 1298 Š./24 July 1919, d. Tehran, 9 Āḏar 1369 Š./30 November 1990). As a violinist, Ḵāledi was known for his command of traditional Persian music ( musiqi-e aṣi1) and its innovative interpre…

(The Hidden Words), a collection of aphorisms (71 in Arabic and 82 in Persian) by Bahāʾ-Allāh on spiritual and moral themes, dating from 1274/1857-58 and considered one of his most important writings. KALEMĀT-E MAKNUNA (The Hidden Words), a collection of aphorisms (71 in Arabic and 82 in Persian) by Bahāʾ-Allāh on spiritual and moral themes, dating from 1274/1857-58 and considered one of his most important writings. There is also a work with the same title by Mollā Moḥsen Fayż, concerning Shiʿite esotericism, mysticism, and mystical philosophy and quoting a wi…

Ḵāleqi, Ey Irān Download this sound. title Ḵāleqi, Ey Irān genre/topic Āvāz-e Dašti language   performer Banān, vocals, and Golhā orchestra instrument   composer Ruhollāh Ḵāleqi author/poet Gol Golāb first line of poem Ey Irān ey marze powr gohar recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 3:02 source Compositions by Ostād Ruhollāh Ḵāleqi. Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art, 2006 (MCD-169), track 8. Used with permission of the publisher note   EIr entries EY IrāNKāleqiBanānGOLHĀ, BARNĀMA-YE

Download this sound. title Kāleqi, Mey-e nāb genre/topic Āvāz-e Bayat-e Esfahān, guše-he‘Oššāq language   performer Banān, vocals, and Golhā orchestra instrument   composer Ruhollāh Kāleqi author/poet Hāfez first line of poem dišab be seyl-e ašk rah-e khāb mizadam recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 3:33 source Compositions by Ostād Ruhollāh Kāleqi. Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art, 2006 (MCD-167), track 5 Used with permission of the publisher note   EIr entries ḴĀLEQI, RUḤ-ALLĀHBANĀN, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYNHAFEZ ix. HAFEZ AND MUSICGOLHĀ, BARNĀMA-YE

(1906-1965), Persian music educator, composer, and music scholar. Through his teaching, admiration for the polyphonic richness of Western music was transmitted to some of his pupils. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 377-380 ḴĀLEQI, RUḤ-ALLĀH (b. Kermān,1324/1906, d. Salzburg, Austria, 21 Ābān 1344/12 November 1965; Figure 1), Persian music educator, composer, and music scholar. He was from a well-educated middle class family. His father, Mirzā ʿAbd-Allāh, was a civil servant who was appointed to various posts in pr…

a Kurdish tribe in the southernmost part of Persian Kurdistan. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 380-381 KALHOR, a Kurdish tribe in the southernmost part of Persian Kurdistan. Ely Soans (p. 386) and Hyacinth Louis Rabino (p. 25) described it as the most powerful tribe in the province of Kermānšāh, and Henry Rawlinson as “one of the most ancient, if not the most ancient, of the tribes of Kurdistan” (p. 44). It was already mentioned by Šaraf-al-Din Bedlisi in the late 1500s (I, pp.…

(1829-1892), one of the most prominent 19th-century Persian calligraphers, often compared to such great masters of nastaʿliq as Mir ʿAli Heravi and Mir ʿEmād Sayfi Qazvini. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 381-382 KALHOR, MIRZĀ MOḤAMMAD-REŻĀ (b. 1245/1829; d. Tehran, 25 Moḥarram 1310/3 August 1892, Figure 1), one of the most prominent 19th-century Persian calligraphers, often compared to such great masters of nastaʿliq as Mir ʿAli Heravi and Mir ʿEmād Sayfi Qazvini. He was born into the Kalhor tribe of Kermanšāh in western Persia. I…

(1592/93-1654), grand vizier under Shah ʿAbbās I (r. 1588-1629) and then again under Shah ʿAbbās II (r. 1642-66). A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 382-384 ḴALIFA SOLṬĀN (Solṭān-al-ʿOlamāʾ, b. Isfahan, 1001/1592-93, d. Māzandarān, March 1654), grand vizier under Shah ʿAbbās I (r. 1588-1629) and then again under Shah ʿAbbās II (r. 1642-66). Ḵalifa Solṭān, whose original name was Sayyed ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Ḥosayn, was the son of Mirzā Rafiʿ-al-Din Moḥammad and a scion of a well-know family of Marʿ…

See PERSIAN GULF.

(or Sayyed) BORHĀN-AL-DIN (b. 1373-74, d. 1455-56), the only son of the Sufi master, Šāh Neʿmat-Allāh Wali of Kermān. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 384-385 ḴALIL-ALLĀH ŠAH (or Sayyed) BORHĀN-AL-DIN (b. Kuhbanān, Kermān, 1373-74; d. Deccan, India, 1455-56), the only son of the Sufi master, Šāh Neʿmat-Allāh Wali of Kermān. Ḵalil-Allāh, who had been trained by his father to become a Sufi master, succeeded the latter as head of the Neʿmat-Allāhi Sufi order after his death in 1437 and resid…

a collection of didactic animal fables, with the jackals Kalila and Demna as two of the principal characters. The story cycle originated in India between 500 BCE and 100 BC, and circulated widely in the Near East. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 386-397 KALILA WA DEMNA i. Redactions and circulation In Persian literature Kalila wa Demna has been known in different versions since the 6th century CE. The complex relations between the extant New Persian versions, a lost Sanskrit original, and a lost Middle Persian trans…

(1895-1971), political activist, journalist, translator, poet and novelist. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 397-399 ḴALILI, ʿABBĀS, political activist, journalist, translator, poet, and novelist (b. Najaf, 1895; d. Tehran, 1971; Figure 1). LIFE Ḵalili was born to a cleric, Sheikh Asad-Allāh, who educated him in Persian and Arabic language and literature. Later, Ḵalili studied Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic philosophy at the seminaries of Najaf in the 1910s (see Mahyār Ḵalili, p. 17; no date…

Ḵalili was born to Moḥammad Ḥosayn Khan Ḵalili, a state treasurer affiliated with the court of Amir Ḥabib-Allāh Khan. He was greatly interested in scholarship, an interest which he inculcated in his son. Upon the murder of the Amir on 19 February 1919, Mostawfi-al-Mamālek was arrested and swiftly executed. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 399-402 ḴALILI, ḴALIL-ALLĀH (b. Kabul, 1907; d. Islamabad, 4 March 1987), renowned 20th-century Afghan poet in Dari (Persian), literary historian, scholar, and high-ranking official…

Afghan scribe, calligrapher, poet and historian. Ḵalil studied privately with his parents and excelled in the art of calligraphy, especially the nastaʿliq and šekasta styles. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 384 ḴALIL, MOḤAMMAD EBRĀHIM (b. Kabul, 1896; d. Kabul, 1984), Afghan scribe, calligrapher, poet and historian. Son of Mirzā Fażl-Aḥmad, he traced his genealogy to Shaikh Aḥmad b. Abu’l-Ḥasan Jāmi (better known as Aḥmad Žandapil). Ḵalil studied privately with his parents and excelled in the art of calligraphy, especially the nastaʿliq and š…

the word used to refer to the Jews of Iran in modern Persian usage. The word “kalimi” derives from the Arabic root KLM meaning to address, to speak, but the appellation in this context is derived directly from the specific epithet given to the prophet Moses as Kalim-Allāh. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 404-405 KALIMI, the word used to refer to the Jews of Iran in modern Persian usage. The word “kalimi” derives from the Arabic root KLM meaning to address, to speak, but the appellation in this context is derived di…

(b. ca. 1581-85, d. 1651), Persian poet and one of the leading exponents of the “Indian style” ( sabk-e hendi). A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 402-404 KALIM KĀŠĀNI, ABU ṬĀLEB (b. Hamadān, ca. 990-94/1581-85; d. Kashmir, 15 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1061/28 November 1651), Persian poet and one of the leading exponents of the so-called Indian style ( sabk-e hendi). Life. All major taḏkeras agree on a number of essential facts about Kalim’s life. He was born in Hamadān but soon moved to Kāšān, hence his nesba Hamadāni or Kāšāni. He studied at Kāšān and Shiraz …

Indo-Persian poet of the 18th-century, probably a Sikh. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 405 ḴALIQ LĀHURI, a little-known Indo-Persian poet of the 18th century. He is not mentioned in any known biographical dictionaries ( taḏkera) of Persian poets, nor in any historiographical writing, and all that is known about him is the information found in his works, particularly in his divān (Aḥmad, p. 236; Pellò, pp. 89-90; Dāneš-nāma, pp. 1079-80). His small divān, containing 101 ḡazals totaling 744 verses ( bayts), has been edited by Nasrin Eršād on…

city and subprovince in Azerbaijan. See KHALKHAL.

Ḵalḵāli remained, to the end of his life, a loyal member of the democratic current and a close confidant of Sayyed Ḥasan Taqizādeh, the leader of the Social Democratic Party (Ferqa-ye ejtemāʿiyun-e ʿāmmiyun) in the First Majles (1906-08), and later of Iran’s Democrat Party (Ferqa-ye demokrāt-e Irān) in the Second Majles. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 405-408 ḴALḴĀLI, SAYYED ʿABD-al-RAḤIM (b. Ḵalḵāl, ca. 1872; d. Tehran, 20 June 1942), well-known constitutionalist, journalist, government official, bookseller, and pub…

(or ḵāl kubidan, kabud zadan “tattooing”), that is, making a permanent mark on the skin by inserting a pigment, is one of the oldest methods of body ornamentation. The earliest evidence of tattoos in the Iranian culture area is the almost completely tattooed body of a Scythian chief in Pazyryk Mound ḴĀLKUBI (or ḵāl kubidan, kabud zadan “tattooing”), that is, making a permanent mark on the skin by inserting a pigment, is one of the oldest methods of body ornamentation. The earliest evidence of tattoos in the Iranian culture area is the almost complete…

an old Iranian dish, also pronounced kālajuš, kālājuš, kaljuš in different parts of Iran. The compound term kāljuš is composed of kālmeaning unripe, connoting cooked rare, and juš (boiling). A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 408-409 KALLAJUŠ (KĀLJUŠ), an old Iranian dish, also pronounced kālajuš, kālājuš, kaljuš in different parts of Iran. It consists of fried onions, dried herbs, and boiled kašk (dried condensed whey), eaten with bread (crumbled or in pieces). The compound term kāljuš is composed of kāl meaning unripe, connoting cooked rar…

a traditional dish made of sheep’s head and trotters and cooked over low heat, usually overnight. The combination of one sheep’s head and four trotters is called a set of kalla-pāča. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 408 KALLA-PĀČA (KALLE PĀČE), a traditional dish made of sheep’s head and trotters and cooked over low heat, usually overnight. The combination of one sheep’s head and four trotters is called a set of kalla-pāča. Other edible body parts of the sheep such as the ear-cavity, tongue, eyes, brains, neck, and shank may also b…

a small Turkic tribe of Kermān province. According to the Iranian Army files (1957), this tribe once lived in the vicinity of Bardsir and Māšiz, southwest of Kermān. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 409 ḴĀLU, a small Turkic tribe of Kermān province. According to the Iranian Army files (1957), this tribe once lived in the vicinity of Bardsir and Māšiz, southwest of Kermān. It supported Loṭf-ʿAli Khan Zand (r. 1789-94) in his struggle against Āqā-Moḥammad Khan Qājār (r. 1779-97). When Fatḥ-ʿAli Mir…

Almost all the objects excavated by Hakemi are now kept in Iran National Museum (Tehran). They are exhibited and open to the public. Since they had been archeologically reported only with photographs, in 2005 Japan-Iran joint researchers carried out new archeological studies for about 50 objects from the Kaluraz site. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 409-412 KALURAZ, an archeological site (lat 36°54′ N, long 49°28′ E) situated in the center of the lower Kaluraz valley (Darra Kaluraz) near Jalaliye (Jalāliya) village, …

poet from Isfahan, noted for his mastery of the panegyric. His full name is given by Ebn al-Fowaṭi as Kamāl-al-Din Abu’l-Fażl Esmāʿil b. Abi Moḥammad ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd-al-Razzāq al-Eṣfahāni. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 415-417 KAMĀL-AL-DIN EṢFAHĀNI, (b. ca. 568/1172-73; d. ca. 635/1237), poet from Isfahan, noted for his mastery of the panegyric. His full name is given by Ebn al-Fowaṭi as Kamāl-al-Din Abu’l-Fażl Esmāʿil b. Abi Moḥammad ʿAbd-Allāh b. ʿAbd-al-Razzāq al-Eṣfahāni (IV, p. 149). Other titles ( laqabs) can be found in a lett…

ḤĀFEŻ-E HARAVI, a prominent Safavid calligrapher during the reign of Shah Tˈahmāsp I (r. 1524-76). A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 417 KAMĀL-AL-DIN ḤOSAYN ḤĀFEẒ-E HARAVI, a prominent Safavid calligrapher during the reign of Shah Ṭ ahmāsp I (r. 1524-76, q.v.). He was commonly known by the nickname ( laqab) of Wāḥed al-ʿayn (One-eyed; see Minorsky, pp. 30, 152) and was later honored with the title of Eḵ-tiār al-monši. He should not be confused with another well-known scribe and calligrapher, known as Ḵᵛāja Eḵ-t…

(ca. 1859–1940), Iranian painter of the European academic style during the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods. He descended from a family that had produced a number of artists since the Afsharid period. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 417-433 KAMĀL-AL-MOLK, MOḤAMMAD ḠAFFĀRI (b. Tehran, ca. 1859; d. Nišābur, 1940) , widely acclaimed Iranian painter of the European academic style during the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods (Figure 1). This entry is divided into the following three sections: i. Life Early life. Moḥammad was the second son…

ʿAmid Kamāl-al-Din, a court poet, musician, and calligrapher at the court of Sultan Sanjar, the Saljuqid king (r. 1097-1118), during his rule in Khorasan. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 433-434 KAMĀLI BOḴĀRĀʾI, ʿAMID KAMĀL-AL-DIN, a court poet, musician, and calligrapher at the court of Sultan Sanjar, the Saljuqid king, during his rule in Khorasan (r. 490-511/1097-1118). His exact dates and biography are not known, but we know that he was a well-known and respected poet during the early reig…

(ca. 1320-1401), Persian poet and Sufi also known as Shaikh Kamāl. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 412-414 KAMĀL ḴOJANDI, known also as Shaikh Kamāl, Persian poet and Sufi (b. Ḵojand, a town in Central Asia, ca. 720/1320; d. Tabriz, 803/1400-1401). Nothing is known of Kamāl’s family background or early life. Even his personal name is uncertain; Masʿud is the consensus of most modern scholars (Ṣafā, III, p. 1131; Nafisi, I, p. 210; Rypka, p. 262), but early manuscripts of his divān give his name as Moḥammad, sometimes adding the patronymic ( konya) Abu…

ŠAMS-AL-DIN AḤMAD, also known as Kamālpāšā-Oḡlu and Ebn-e Kamāl (873-940/1468-1534), prolific Ottoman scholar, author of several works in and on Persian. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 414-415 KAMĀL PĀŠĀ-ZĀDA, ŠAMS-AL-DIN AḤMAD, also known as Kamālpāšā-Oḡlu and Ebn-e Kamāl (873-940/1468-1534), prolific Ottoman scholar, author of several works in and on Persian. A native of Edirne, he studied under the local mufti , Mollā Loṭfi, and subsequently taught at the madrasas of Edirne, Uskup (Skoplje) and Istanbul; later he acc…

(better known as Sharzad) , dramatist and translator. See SHARZAD.

The kamānča has a spherical sound cavity of mulberry or walnut wood, covered with sheepskin. Most instruments have four steel strings and are played with a horsehair bow. As the name of the Iraqi joza suggests, its sound cavity is made of coconut, covered with sheepskin or fish skin. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 434-437 KAMĀNČA (lit. “small bow”), the most common term throughout much of the Iranian world for a spike fiddle with a small, often spherical, resonating chamber (Plate I). Bows used in playing fiddles of various types, including …

KAMBOJA, the name of a southeastern Iranian people (plur. OInd.  Kambojāḥ) known by name only from Indo-Aryan epigraphic and literary sources since the Late Vedic period and living in the extreme northeastern area of Iranian tribes along the northern Indo-Iranian frontier. Their land likewise is called  Kamboja-, but later also  Kāmboja-. The name, the equivalent of which would be OIran. * Kambauǰa-, is etymologically unclear (Mayrhofer,  Wörterbuch, I, p. 307). The former interpretation by Lévi 1923, 52–55 as an Austroasiatic prefix form to the ethnonym  Bhoja- is generally rej…

Ottoman scholar, judge, writer, and translator. He was born in Edirne (his birth date is unknown) and is known as Mesnevi-hānzāde (Maṯnawi-ḵᵛānzāda).A version of this article is available in printVolume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 438 KĀMI AḤMED ÇELEBI (Kāmi Aḥmad Čelebi; b. Edirne; d. Istanbul, 1579), Ottoman scholar, judge, writer, and translator. He was born in Edirne (his birth date is unknown) and known as Mesnevi-hānzāde (Maṯnawi-ḵvānzāda). He inherited the title of shaikh of the Mevlevi-hāne ( Mawlawi-ḵᵛ āna) of Muradiye in Edirne from his father, but he later gave up this…

Ottoman scholar, judge, poet, and translator. He was born in Karaman (Qaramān) in central Anatolia. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 438-439 KĀMI MEHMED-I KARAMĀNI (Kāmi Moḥammad Qaramāni; b. Karamān; d. Istanbul, 1545), Ottoman scholar, judge, poet, and translator. He was born in Karaman (Qaramān) in central Anatolia. He was the cousin of the famous Ḵalwati Sheikh Cemāl-i Halveti (Shaikh Jamāl Ḵalwati; d. 1493 or 1506). He was granted a ‘permission’ ( ejāza-nāma) to issue religious rulings and teaching of Islamic law from the renow…

See ĀL-E ḴAMĪS.

Sadōzāy ruler of Herat (r. 1826-42). His career coincided with the waning of Sadōzāy power and the rise of the Moḥammadzāy dynasty in the 1820s. A version of this article is available in print Volume XV, Fascicle 4, pp. 439-440 KĀMRĀN B. SHAH MAḤMUD, Sadōzāy ruler of Herat (r. 1826-42). His career coincided with the waning of Sadōzāy power and the rise of the Moḥammadzāy dynasty in the 1820s. This shift in political configurations was manifested in a prolonged power struggle between Kāmrān’s father, Shah Maḥmud b. Timur Shah (r. 1801-…