Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

ʿAliqoli Khan learned English and French at the Dār al-Fonun School and, with his older brother, Ḥosaynqoli Khan Kalāntar, frequented traditional Persian gymnasia, where the latter was converted to the Bahai faith by a wrestler called Ostād Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Kāši, and he in turn led ʿAliqoli Khan into the new faith in about 1895. NABIL-AL-DAWLA, ʿALIQOLI (Ali Kuli) KHAN (b. Kashan, ca. 1879; d. Washington, D.C., April 1966; Figure 1), Iranian diplomat and translator of Bahai scriptures. His father, Mirzā ʿAbd-al-Raḥim Khan (d. ca. 1894), a member of th…

title of Āqā Moḥammad Qāʾeni, a prominent Bahai author and apologist (1829-92). NABIL-E AKBAR, title of Āqā Moḥammad Qāʾeni, a prominent Bahai author and apologist (b. Now Ferest [Razmara, Farhang IX, p. 428], a village near Qāʾen, 23 Ramaḍān 1244/29 March 1829; d. Bukhara, 13 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1309/6 July 1892). Mohammad Qāʾeni, also known as Fāżel-e Qāʾeni, received the title Nabil-e Akbar from Bahāʾ-Allāh. He was the son of an influential and popular cleric, Mollā Aḥmad, from a family of mojtaheds. He studied traditional Islamic sciences with his father before going to Sabzavā…

(1831-1892), Persian Bahai poet, teacher, and chronicler of Babi history. NABIL-E AʿẒAM ZARANDI, MOLLĀ MOḤAMMAD, Persian Bahai poet, teacher, and chronicler of Babi history (b. Zarand, 18 Ṣafar 1247/29 July 1831; d. ʿAkkā, Palestine, 10 Ṣafar 1310/3 September 1892). Nabil converted to Babism around 1847 and in 1858 accepted the faith of Bahāʾ-Allāh. Born into a humble family in Zarand, he received traditional education in his childhood and worked as a shepherd in his youth, when he converted to Babism (Zarandi, p. 434). Later in his …

(1792-1842), Transoxianan poetess of Ḵᵛoqand, who wrote in both Persian–with the pen name Maknuna–and Čaḡatāy under the pseudonyms of Nādera and Kāmela. NĀDERA (b. Andejān 1792; d. Ḵᵛoqand 1842) Transoxianan poetess of Ḵᵛoqand, who wrote in both Persian–with the pen name Maknuna–and Čaḡatāy (see CHAGHATAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE) under the pseudonyms of Nādera and Kāmela. Nādera’s real name was Māhlar-āyim, but she is better known as Nādera. She was born into the family of the governor of Andejān, Raḥmānqulibi (Nazirov, p. 471), who was the uncle of…

Naderpour received his primary education in Tehran and in 1942 was enrolled at Irānšahr high school. As was the case with a good number of his peers, he developed an interest in politics, and joined the nationalist Pan-Iranist Party for a short period of time. He later joined the Youth Organization of the Tudeh Party. NADERPOUR, NADER (Nāder Nāderpur, b. Tehran, 16 Ḵordād 1308 Š./6 June 1929; d. Los Angeles, 29 Bahman 1378 Š./18 February 2000; Figure 1), noted poet and literary critic. LIFE The eldest of six children, Nader Naderpour was born into a well-educated and cultured f…

ruler of Iran, 1736-47. He rose from obscurity to control an empire that briefly stretched across Iran, northern India, and parts of Central Asia, with a reputation as a skilled military commander and with success in battle against numerous opponents, including the Ottomans and the Mughals. NĀDER SHAH, ruler of Iran, 1736-47 (Figure 1). He rose from obscurity to control an empire that briefly stretched across Iran, northern India, and parts of Central Asia. He developed a reputation as a skilled military commander and succeeded in battle aga…

a tribe of Fārs and the Tehran region. Although of Turkic origin, the Nafar of Fārs have become a mixture of Turkic, Arab, and Lor elements. NAFAR, a tribe of Fārs and the Tehran region. Although of Turkic origin, the Nafar of Fārs have become a mixture of Turkic, Arab, and Lor elements. In 1861-62, the Nafar of Fārs became one of the five tribes of the Ḵamsa tribal confederacy ( Ilāt-e Ḵamsa). The Nafar were so closely associated with the Bahārlu, already long before the two tribes joined the Ḵamsa tribal confederacy, that sometimes the two tribes would share the same kalāntar (chief). One of t…

a Qajar princess whose life spanned the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras (b. 1231-32 Š./1853; d. 1311 Š./1932). NAJM-AL-SALṬANA, Malek Tāj Ḵānom, a Qajar princess whose life spanned the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras (b. 1231-32 Š./1853; d. 1311 Š./1932, FIGURE 1). Najm-al-Salṭana was the eldest daughter of Firuz Mirzā, son of ʿAbbās Mirzā Qajar. Her mother was Ḥājia Homā Ḵānom, daughter of Bahman Mirzā Bahāʾ-al-Dawla, who was the son of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah. Homā Ḵānom was deeply devout and endowed a mosque with an ad…

Amir Yār-Aḥmad Eṣfahāni (d. 918/1512), the third holder of the office of wakil-e nafs-e nafis-e Homāyun under Shah Esmāʿil Ṣafawi, the representative of the Shah both in his religious and in his political capacity; as Roger Savory has put it, the holder of this office “was, in fact, the alter ego of the Shah” (Savory, 1960, p. 94). NAJM-E ṮĀNI, Amir Yār-Aḥmad Eṣfahāni (d. 918/1512), the third holder of the office of wakil-e nafs-e nafis-e Homāyun under Shah Esmāʿil Ṣafawi, the representative of the Shah both in his religious and in his political capacity; as Roger Savo…

Download this sound. title Nakisā va Bārbad genre/topic Ahle Ḥaqq dastgāh language   performer Nur ʿAli Elāhi instrument Tanbur composer   author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by   place of recording   date of recording Beginning of the 1970s duration 4:29 source Ostād Nur ʿAli Elāhi, Tanbur, 1. Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art, 2014 (M.CD-279, CD2), track 6.Used with permission of the publisher note Compilation and accompanying notes by Jean During and Shāhrokh Elāhi EIr entries ELĀHĪ iii. MusicBĀRBAD

the administrative center of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR) with its own elected representative assembly, within the Republic of Azerbaijan but separated from it by Armenia. NAḴJAVĀN, present-day Nakhchivan (lat 39°12′ N, long 45°24′ E), the administrative center of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (NAR) with its own elected representative assembly, within the Republic of Azerbaijan but separated from it by Armenia. The region covers 5,363 square miles and has a total population of 398,000, in which Nakhchivan city’s population is 71,200 (2009 figures). The city li…

(1880-1962), businessman, scholar, and collector of manuscripts. NAḴJAVĀNI, ḤĀJI MOḤAMMAD (b. Tabriz, 1880; d. Tabriz, 15 Mordād 1341 Š./6 August 1962), businessman, scholar, and collector of manuscripts. His father, Ḥājj ʿAli ʿAbbās was a leading merchant in Tabriz and attended to his son’s education from early years. The young Moḥammad began his elementary education under Āqā Ḥosayn Amin-al-Odabā and at Ṭalebiya school, where he studied Persian and Arabic grammar and literature under an erudite teach…

As ritual objects for the ʿĀšurāʾ, naḵls are built from wood in various sizes, from simple constructions that can be carried by two persons to colossal structures about three stories high that have to be supported by hundreds of men. NAḴL, one of the principal objects related to the mourning rituals commemorating the suffering and martyrdom of Imam Ḥosayn b. ʿAli, the grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad. It is described as a wooden structure resembling a bridal pavilion and decorated with colorful silk shawls, precious fabric, mirrors, l…

14th-century Češti mystic and author. Though originally from Naḵšab (or Nasaf, in Transoxiana), his family emigrated to India at the time of Mongol incursions. NAḴŠABI, ŻIĀʾ-AL-DIN (d. 751/1350), 14th-century Češti mystic and author. Though originally from Naḵšab (or Nasaf, in Transoxiana), his family emigrated to India at the time of Mongol incursions (Rizvi, I, p. 132). A follower of the Češti Skaikh Farid-al-Din Nāguri (d. 752/1351), Żiāʾ-al-Din Naḵšabi lived a reclusive life in Badāʾun, disregarding whether or not p…

Through his extensive travels and continuous studies Nali acquired a solid knowledge of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, which allowed him to draw on three rich literary traditions for his own work. His work, and his patriotic sentiments, were much affected, too, by the Ottoman government’s campaign to eliminate the autonomous Kurdish principalities. NALÎ (Pers. Nāli), the pen-name of Mela Khidrî Ehmedî Šaweysî Mikâʾîlî (b. Ḵāk o ḵol, 1797 or 1800; d. Istanbul, 1855 or 1856), Kurdish poet who contributed immensely to making Sorani the literary langu…

(Women’s journal), a biweekly paper published in Tehran between 1 Mordād 1299 and 24 Khordād 1300 Š. (23 July 1920-14 June 1921). NĀMA-YE BĀNOVĀN (Women’s journal), a biweekly paper published in Tehran between 1 Mordād 1299 and 24 Khordād 1300 Š. (23 July 1920-14 June 1921). Its publisher and chief editor was Šahnāz Āzād, the daughter of Mirzā Ḥasan Rošdiya, the founder of modern education in Persia. Both Šahnāz and her husband, Mirza Abu’l-Qāsem Āzād Marāḡaʾi, the publisher of the papers Āsāyeš, Āzād, Nāma-ye pārsi, were among the pioneers advocating women’s liberation, in par…

(The journal of the women of Iran), a weekly paper published in Tehran from Farvard in 1317 until Tir 1319 Š. (March 1938-June 1940). NĀMA- YE BĀNOVĀN-E IRĀN (The journal of the women of Iran), a weekly paper published in Tehran from Farvard in 1317 until Tir 1319 Š. (March 1938-June 1940). The publisher was Jamāl-al-Din ʿĀdel Ḵalʿatbari, who also owned the paper Āyanda-ye Irān, and his wife, Faḵr ʿĀdel Ḵalʿatbari , the principal of Bānovān High School for girls, served as the chief editor. Single issues did not carry the day of publication. The paper carrie…

professional Iranian storytelling tradition of epic and religious narratives. NAQQĀLI, professional Iranian storytelling tradition of epic and religious narratives. It is also known as dramatic storytelling. It can be performed with musical accompaniment or using a large canvas ( parda) on which epic or religious heroes are depicted ( para-dāri). It involves both oral and written traditions in which kingly, heroic, and religious tales have been transmitted. In 2011, it was listed by UNESCO as intangible heritage and included in the Urgent Safeguarding List (UNESCO, 2011).   Hist…

a perpendicular cliff wall in Fārs, about 6 km northwest of Persepolis, a site unusually rich in Achaemenid and Sasanian monuments. NAQŠ-E ROSTAM, a perpendicular cliff wall on the southern nose of the Ḥosayn Kuh in Fārs, about 6 km northwest of Persepolis. The site is unusually rich in Achaemenid and Sasanian monuments, built or hewn out from the rock. The Persian name “Pictures of Rostam” refers to the Sasanian reliefs on the cliff, believed to represent the deeds of Rostam. Achaemenid Period. The most important architectural remains are the tower called Kaʿba-ye Zardošt (K…

Sasanian king (r. 293-302 CE), who was crowned only at the advanced age of approximately 60-65, after the short reign of his grandnephew, Bahrām III. NARSEH,  Sasanian king (293-302 CE).HISTORYNarseh ruled the Sasanian Empire as its seventh king from 293 to 302 CE. In contrast to his royal predecessors, Narseh did not ascend the throne as a crown prince, but was crowned king only at the advanced age of approximately 60-65 ( Histoire nestorienne I, p. 254) after the short (4 months) reign of his grandnephew, Bahrām III (Weber, 2010a; idem, 2012). Name. The name Narseh can be derived fro…