Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

(1808-1854), one of the most prominent poets of the Qajar era and a well-known practitioner of the Literary Return ( bāzgašt-e adabi) style. QĀʾĀNI, pen name of Mirzā Ḥabib-Allāh Širāzi (b. Shiraz, 29 Šaʿbān 1223/20 October 1808; d. Rayy, 5 Šaʿbān/3 May 1270/1854; Figure 1), one of the most prominent poets of the Qajar era and a well-known practitioner of the Literary Return ( bāzgašt-e adabi) style. A panegyrist who served many patrons, Qāʾāni was celebrated for the lyricism and melodiousness of his verses, but also heavily criticized for their lack of subst…

an ancient site some 40 km south of the Persepolis. Its Persian name (“place of the footprints”) was explained to the 19th-century visitor as due to “the curious marks in the rocks, which are said to be the foot-prints of Ali’s horse.” The date generally accepted is the Achaemenid or the post-Achaemenid period. QADAMGĀH, an ancient site at the southeastern tip of the Kuh-e Raḥmat, some 40 km south of the Persepolis terrace (lat 29°43′10ʹ N, long 53°12′05ʹ E; Figure 1). Its Persian name (“place of the footprints”) was explained to the 19th-century …

an engagement during the mid-630s CE in which Arab Muslim warriors overcame a larger Sasanian army and paved the way for their subsequent conquest of Iran. The battle took place at a small settlement on the frontier of Sasanian Iraq. QĀDESIYA, BATTLE OF, an engagement during the mid-630s CE in which Arab Muslim warriors overcame a larger Sasanian army and paved the way for their subsequent conquest of Iran. The battle took place at a small settlement on the frontier of Sasanian Iraq. Qādesiya was likely a garrison town in the network of…

(1860-1924), prominent Bahai apologist and director of the Bahai school in Ashkabad. QĀʾENI, Shaikh Moḥammad-ʿAli (b. Now Ferest, a village near Qāʾen, 3 Moḥarram 1277/20 July 1860; d. Ashkabad, April 1924), prominent Bahai apologist and director of the Bahai school in Ashkabad. His father, Mollā Ḥosayn, a Bahai, was brother of Nabil-e Akbar Moḥammad Qāʾeni. Soon after completing his studies in Islamic sciences in Madrasa Diniya in Mashhad, he converted to the Bahai religion and became a close companion of his uncle until his death. Upo…

a description of rituals and ceremonies in different periods of children's lives, as well as their education and place in household duties, during the Qajar dynasty. The birth of a child in a Shiʿite family during the Qajar period was usually associated with the performance of various rituals. Immediately after the child was born, the Shiʿi aḏān (call to prayer) as well as eqāma (the call indicating the beginning of public prayer) was recited in his/her ears by the father. On the seventh day, a ceremony known as ʿaqiqa took place when a sheep was slaughtered and the child’s hair wa…

Qajar society was pluralistic, in the sense that different groups of various social status existed in it. It was patrilineal and patriarchal, and residence after marriage was normally patrilocal. QAJAR DYNASTY xii. The Qajar-Period Household Qajar society was pluralistic, in the sense that different groups of various social status existed in it. It was patrilineal and patriarchal, and residence after marriage was normally patrilocal, although there were exceptions to this rule. It was a society of strong kinship relations, in whi…

Persian cuisine is an art that has evolved through centuries of refinement, culminating in the Qajar period and continuing in present-day Iran. Qajar cuisine has its origins in Iran’s ancient empires, particularly that of the Sasanians. Persian cuisine is an art that has evolved through centuries of refinement, culminating in the Qajar period and continuing in present-day Iran. Qajar cuisine has its origins in Iran’s ancient empires (see COOKING i), particularly that of the Sasanians (226-651 CE; Briant, pp. 266-414; see COOKING i…

(The voice of truth), a monthly publication of the mainly French Catholic Lazarist Mission in Urmia which ran from 1897 to 1915. It was the second periodical to appear in Urmia wholly published in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, after Zahrire d-bahra (1849-1918). QALA d-ŠRARA (The voice of truth), a monthly publication of the mainly French Catholic Lazarist Mission in Urmia which ran from 1897 to 1915 (Figure 1). The second periodical to appear in Urmia wholly published in Assyrian neo-Aramaic, after Zahrire d-bahra (1849-1918; Yonan, pp. 22-23), Qala d-šrara was edited for the Mission by …

The rocky plateau stretching in an east-west direction above the river bend was fortified against the adjoining mountainside by a traverse wall that ran up from the northern and southern cliffs to a semi-circular bastion on the spine of the crest. There are rubble stonewalls along the northern and southern precipices with fort structures on outcrops. QALʿA-YE DOḴTAR, a vast barrier fortress with a lofty palace of royal dimensions, built by the founder of the Sasanian empire, Ardašir I Pāpakān before his decisive victory against the last Parthian king …

(1905-1959), commonly referred to as Qamar, popular, pioneering Persian mezzo-soprano. Qamar’s first formal performance as a vocalist took place at Tehran’s Grand Hotel in 1924. QAMAR-AL- MOLUK VAZIRI (Waziri), commonly referred to as Qamar, the stage name of Qamar-al-Moluk Vazirizāda (b. Tākestān, circa 1284 Š./1905; d. Tehran, 14 Mordād 1338 Š./5 August 1959, FIGURE 1), popular, pioneering Persian mezzo-soprano, much revered for her mastery of the repertoire of Persian vocal music ( radif-e āvāz) and her sensitive rendition of taṣnif or through-composed metered songs ( taṣnif,…

Download this sound. title Qamar al-Moluk - Magar nasim-e sahar genre/topic Abu-‘atā language   performer Qamar al-Molk Vaziri, vocals and Mortezā Neydāwud, tār instrument   composer   author/poet Sa’di first line of poem magar nasim-e sahar buye yār-e man ast recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 7:07 source A Century of Āvāz: An Anthology. Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art, 2003 (MCD-134), disc 2, track 6. Used with permission of the publisher. note   EIr entries Qamar al-Moluk Vaziri; Neydāwud, Mortezā; Abu-‘atā

earliest irrigation system in Iran. See KĀRIZ.

Matisse, Picasso, and Persian miniature paintings inspired Qandriz’s early figurative work. He chose, as a critic commented, “mystical symbols to combine traditional and modern elements into his abstract designs.” Imaginary elements and heavenly figures, reminiscent of spiritual quests, are characteristics of Qandriz’s early paintings. QANDRIZ, MANSUR (Manṣur Qandriz, b. Tabriz, 11 Esfand 1314 Š./1 March 1936; d. in a car accident near Čālus, 7 Esfand 1344 Š./26 February 1966; FIGURE 1), modernist artist and a noted member of Saqqā-ḵāna School of Art. LIFE Born and raised in T…

(1900-1987), master performer of the Persian modal system ( dastgāh) and expert in Daštestāni music (folk music from Fārs province). QĀNUN, JALĀL (b. Shiraz, 1900; d. Shiraz, 22 Mehr 1366/14 October 1987), master of Persian classical music, and expert in Daštestāni music (folk music from the Fārs province). His father, Raḥim Qānuni, was a master qānun (trapezoidal zither) player who re-introduced this instrument into Persia. After his death Jalāl replaced him as the most renowned qānun player in the country (Ḵāleqi, I, pp. 191-93). Jalāl was a master performer of the P…

Širāzi (1871-1944), innovator, master of Persian classical music, and teacher. QĀNUNI, RAḤIM ŠiIRĀZI (b. Shiraz, 1234/1871; d. Shiraz, 5 Farvardin 1323/26 March 1944; these dates are according to official family documents), innovator, master of Persian classical music, and teacher. He was the son of an itinerant Jewish merchant named Āvrām. At the age of fifteen, he joined his father on an eight-year journey through Beirut, Damascus, and Egypt. In Damascus, he saw a qānun (trapezoidal zither) for the first time and, with the encouragement of his father who himself played the tār (a ki…

(Qarabāḡ), a district ( woloswāli) of Ghazni Province in Afghanistan. QARABAGH (Qarabāḡ), a district ( woloswāli) of Ghazni Province in Afghanistan. The district of Qarabagh covers 1,799 square km and is bounded in the west by Jāḡori and Moqor, in the north by Nāwor and Jaḡatu, in the east by Andar and Kiro, and in the south by Āb-band. The total population is estimated by humanitarian organizations active in the region around 76,400 (AVICEN, p. 20; UNIDATA, p. 9). Except the Pashtuns (mostly Ghilzais) establi…

western branch of the Mongolic Qitans, who ruled China as the Liao from 907 to 1124. QARĀ ḴEṬĀY, western branch of the Mongolic Qitans, who ruled China as the Liao from 907 to 1124. Upon being toppled from the throne by the Tunguzic Jurchens, they moved to Central Asia and established a new empire under the name Qarā Ḵeṭāy (called Si Liao “Western Liao” by the Chinese). After some eighty years of existence their empire was crushed by the Naiman (Nāymān) leader Küčlüg (Kučlok) in 608/1211. The Qarā Ḵeṭāy state is regarded by some as a precursor of the 13th-century Mongol empire.HISTORYAfter more…

see ILAK-KHANIDS.

Download this sound. title Qāri Navā’i genre/topic Dotār language   performer Gozal Muminova instrument Uzbek Dotār composer   author/poet   first line of poem recorded by Jean During place of recording Tashkent, Khiva date of recording 2006 duration 1:49 source Dotār of Transoxania. Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art, 2007 (M.CD-229), track 3.Used with permission of the publisher note Accompanying notes by Jean During EIr entries CENTRAL ASIA xvi. MusicDotār

or QARMATIANS, the name given to the adherents of a branch of the Ismaʿili movement during the 3rd/9th century. See CARMATIANS.