Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

Born into an aristocratic and affluent family, Abu’l-Ḥasan had the good fortune of being raised in an environment fostering love of music and arts. He descended from a long line of court physicians, known for their artistic talents. ṢABĀ, ABU’l- ḤASAN (b. Tehran, 1281 Š./1902; d. Tehran, 29 Āḏar 1336/19 December 1957), Persian musician and music educator (Figure 1; Figure 2). He excelled as a performer and teacher of the violin, setār, santur, and tombak ( tonbak; see IRAN xi. MUSIC, DRUMS). Born into an aristocratic and relatively affluent family, Abu’l-Ḥasan had the excepti…

Kuh-e-Sabalān; 4,740 m), the highest and spatially most extended volcano in northwestern Iran. SABALĀN MOUNTAIN (Kuh-e-Sabalān; 4,740 m), the highest and spatially most extended volcano in northwestern Iran. The mountain and its surroundings are part of the Armenian-Azerbaijan knot of mountains, where Pontus and Taurus mountain chains have their eastern roots and Alborz and Zagros their starting point. Thus, the whole region is a highly active tectonic and volcanic area stretching over an east-west extension …

Persian chronicler, panegyrist, and the author of  Majmaʿ al-ansāb fi’l-tawāriḵ. ŠABĀNKĀRAʾI, MOḤAMMAD b. ʿAli  (d. after 1343), Persian chronicler, panegyrist, and the author of  Majmaʿ al-ansāb fi’l-tawāriḵ, a general history, from the earliest time to the Il-Khanids (q.v.).The life of Moḥammad b. ʿAli b. Moḥammad b. Ḥosayn b. Abi Bakr Šabānkāraʾi is only known to us through the prefaces of his book, the  Majmaʿ al-ansāb fi’l-tawāriḵ (ed. Moḥaddeṯ, 1984, pp. 5-6; Aubin, 1981, pp. 213-24; idem, 2018, pp. 143-54; Jaʿfari Maḏhab, pp. 249-50). He was born in Š…

Download this sound. title Sabā, Zard-e Malijeh genre/topic   language   performer Farāmaz Pāyvar, santur; Hushang Zarif, tār; Hasan Nāhid, ney; Rahmatollāh Badi’yi, kamānča; Mohammad Esmā’ili, tombak instrument santur, tār, ney, kamānča, tombak composer Sabā author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 3:07 source The Classical Works. Mahoor Institute of Culture and Art, 2011 (MCD-302), track 2. Used with permission of the publisher. note   EIr entries Sabā, Abu’l- Ḥasan

(1862-1911), MIRZĀ ʿALI-AKBAR ṬĀHERZĀDA, famous Azerbaijani satirist and poet. ṢĀBER, MIRZĀ ʿALI-AKBAR ṬĀHERZĀDA (b. Šamāḵi [Shemakha], 30 May 1862; d. Šamāḵi, 12 July 1911), famous Azerbaijani satirist and poet. He came from a middle-class religious family who seemed reluctant to provide him with a modern education. However, in his early adolescence he found a sympathetic teacher in Ḥājji Sayyed ʿAẓim Širvāni (1835-88), a poet of some fame, who had started a progressive school where Arabic, Persian, Aze…

(1903-1990), Bahai entrepreneur and industrialist, who rose from humble beginnings to become one of the wealthiest and most influential men in Iran in the late Pahlavi period. SABET, HABIB (b. Tehran, 1903; d., Los Angeles, 1 Esfand, 1368/20 February 1990), Bahai entrepreneur and industrialist, who rose from humble beginnings to become one of the wealthiest and most influential men in Iran in the late Pahlavi period. He owned, wholly or in partnership, some forty of the largest companies in Iran, in which more than ten tho…

the title of a book by Malek al-Šoʿarā Moḥammad Taqi Bahār first published in 1942. SABKŠENĀSI , yā tāriḵ-e taṭavvor-e naṯr-e Fārsi ( Stylistics or The history of change in Persian prose), the title of a book by Malek al-Šoʿarā Moḥammad Taqi Bahār first published in 1942. Spanning three volumes, the work traces grammatical and literary transformations in Iranian prose literature from the Achaemenid era (ca. 700 to 330 BCE) to the early 20th century. The author’s stated purpose is to educate students in correctly identifying m…

(Šāpurāḵān, Šāburāḵān, Šāburḵān), one of the books written by Mani (216-274/7 CE), founder of the Manichean religion, in which he summarized his teaching systematically. ŠĀBUHRAGĀN (Šāpurāḵān, Šāburāḵān, Šāburḵān), one of the books written by Mani (216-274/7 CE), founder of the Manichean religion, in which he summarized his teaching systematically. The title is to be translated as “dedicated to Šābuhr” (Kessler, 1889, pp. 181-83). The historians in Arabic, Ebn Nadim (936-95) and Biruni (973-1048), cite this book in the…

"soap." See SOAP.

general title of a set of 50 volumes published between 1879 and 1910, all translated into English by some of the leading scholars of the time under the supervision of Friederich Max Müller. SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST, general title of a set of 50 volumes published between 1879 and 1910, all translated into English by some of the leading scholars of the time under the supervision of Friederich Max Müller (1823-1900), a prominent Indologist and scholar of comparative religions. The set, as finally realized, is a collection of holy book…

At least since the publication of the seminal essay by Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss much of the discussion has been devoted to a search for what essentially defines sacrifice. SACRIFICE i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM Conceptual orientation. There exists a vast literature on the subject of sacrifice, much of which has been devoted to theoretical issues. At least since the publication of the seminal essay by Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss much of the discussion has been devoted to a search for what essentially defines sacrifice. Amidst the d…

the most important Iranian winter festival, celebrated by kindling fires. SADA (Arabicized Sadaq or Saḏaq), the most important Iranian winter festival, celebrated by kindling fires. While the other seasonal festivals - Nowruz, Tiragān, and Mehragān - corresponded, at least theoretically, to the three cardinal points of the solar year (spring equinox, summer solstice, and autumn equinox accordingly), Sada fell not on the winter solstice, but forty days after it, namely on the 10th (Ābān) day of the month of Ba…

weekly newspaper published in Isfahan (6 March 1921 to April/May 1944, with lengthy interruptions). ṢADĀ-YE EṢFAHĀN, weekly newspaper published in Isfahan with lengthy interruptions from 15 Esfand 1300 until the first few months of 1323 Š. (6 March 1921 to April/May 1944). The managing director and chief editor of the paper was Mirzā Moḥammad-ʿAli Mokrem Ḥabibābādi (1887-1965), a former seminarian turned journalist. He also practiced law and eventually became the director of the library at the city hall in Isfahan. He also published the papers Sepāhān and Mokrem, and was the manag…

poet and noted modernist fiction writer of 20th century Iran, who explored new literary techniques in almost everything he wrote. ṢĀDEQI, BAHRĀM (b. Najafābād, Isfahan, 8 January 1937; d. Tehran, 3 January 1985), poet and noted modernist fiction writer of the 20th century, who explored new literary techniques with almost each piece he wrote (Figure 1).Bahrām Ṣādeqi was the fourth and last child of Ḥosayn-ʿAli Ṣādeqi, a small retailer in Najafābād, near Isfahan (q.v.), and Jahān Solṭān, who instilled in him a passion for Persian poetry (Aṣlāni, pp. 2…

Persian poet and prose writer (b. Shiraz, ca. 1210; d. Shiraz, d. 1291 or 1292), widely recognized as one of the greatest masters of the classical literary tradition. SAʿDI, Abu Moḥammad Mošarref-al-Din Moṣleḥ b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Mošarref Širāzi, Persian poet and prose writer (b. Shiraz, ca. 1210; d. Shiraz, d. 1291 or 1292), widely recognized as one of the greatest masters of the classical literary tradition. The present article examines the sources for his biography, including his major works; for the articles on these in detail, see the links given below. Little about Saʿdi’s life is …

Arabic term used in the Iranian lands mainly to denote an outstanding person (scholar or otherwise); hence it was also applied as a personal title. ṢADR, Arabic term (“chest, breast, bosom, foremost”; plur. ṣodur) used in the Iranian lands mainly to denote an outstanding person (scholar or otherwise); hence it was also applied as a personal title: (1) initially, for leading religious scholars in Transoxiania (Bosworth, “Ṣadr”); (2) later, also for high administrative dignitaries; (3) as of about 1380 until the end of the 18th c…

See MOLLĀ ṢADRĀ ŠIRĀZI.

pioneer modernist painter and educator, notable in the development of Iranian modern art movement. SADR, BEHJAT (Beḥjat Ṣadr Maḥallāti, b. Arāk, 29 May 1924; d. Corsica France, 11 August 2009), pioneer modernist painter and educator, notable in the development of Iranian modern art movement (FIGURE 1). LIFE Daughter of Moḥammad Ṣadr-e Maḥallāti and Qamar Amini Ṣadr, Behjat was the younger sister of Noṣrat-Allah Amini, the mayor of Tehran during the tense period of Moḥammad Moṣṣadeq’s premiership from 1951 to 1953 and his personal lawyer thro…

(ca. 1592-1676), MIRZĀ M0ḤAMMAD ʿALI, celebrated Persian poet of the later Safavid period, was born in Tabriz and died in Isfahan. ṢĀʾEB TABRIZI, Mirzā Moḥammad ʿAli (b. Tabriz, ca. 1000/1592; d. Isfahan, 1086-87/1676), celebrated Persian poet of the later Safavid period. The exact year of Ṣāʾeb’s birth is unknown, but an allusion in one of his ḡazals to turning eighty suggests that he was born sometime in the last decade of the sixteenth century. He was a privileged child of the mercantile elite. His father, Mirzā ʿAbd-al-Raḥim, was a successful mer…

(1936-1985), writer, editor, and dramatist; an influential figure in popularizing the theater as an art form, as well as a medium of political and social expression in contemporary Iran. SĀʿEDI, ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN (Gholam-Hossein Saedi, b. Tabriz, 13 Dey 1314 Š./5 January 1936; d. Paris, 2 Āḏar 1364 Š./23 November 1985; Figure 1), psychiatrist, amateur ethnographer, editor, noted engagé dramatist (under the pen name Gowhar-e Morād), fiction writer, and influential figure in popularizing the theater as an art form, as well as a medium of political and social expre…