Encyclopaedia Iranica Online

a newspaper and a magazine published in Isfahan and Tehran, respectively, by Ṣeddiqa Dawlatābādi (1883-1961), a pioneer advocate of women’s rights in Iran (18 July, 1919 to 1 January, 1921, a total of 57 issues). ZABĀN-E ZANĀN, the title of a newspaper and a magazine published in Isfahan and Tehran, respectively, by Ṣeddiqa Dawlatābādi (1883-1961), a pioneer advocate of women’s rights in Iran. The newspaper. Zabān-e zanān, the third women’s newspaper ever published in Iran, ran from 20 Šawwāl 1337 to 21 Rabiʿ 1339 Š./18 July, 1919 to 1 January, 1921, a total o…

a 9th-century Zoroastrian scholar and author. He was one of the four sons of Gušn-Jam (or Juwānjam, according to Boyce and Cereti). ZĀDSPRAM, a 9th-century Zoroastrian scholar and author. He was one of the four sons of Gušn-Jam (or Juwānjam, according to Boyce and Cereti). Among his brothers Zurvāndād, Manušcihr, and Ašavahišt, the second is well known for his Epistles and the book of the Dādestān ī dēnīg. According to an unverifiable tradition, Zādspram was a descendant of Ādurbād ī Mahraspandān, the famous mōbed under Šāpur II (r. 309-79). In Fārs province, and especially at…

a Persian noble in the 7th century CE who was instrumental in the crowning of Farroḵzād Ḵosrow as Sasanian king. ZĀDUYA, a Persian noble in the 7th century CE who was instrumental in the crowning of Farroḵzād Ḵosrow as Sasanian king. He is said to have been the “chief of the servants” ( raʾis al-ḵawal) during the chaotic period between the reigns of Pērōz II and Farroḵzād Ḵosrow in 631-32 CE (Ṭabari, II/2, p. 1066, tr., pp. 408-9). The office held by him may be the prastīgbed, a term already found in Šāpūr I’s inscription at Naqš-e Rostam (Mid. Pers. plstkpt/Parthian prštkpty, sec. 48) in the e…

(1913-1974), a scholar of Iranian and Indian studies, historian of religions, Professor at Oxford University, British Intelligence officer stationed at the British Embassy in Tehran, and the major planner of the plot leading to the overthrow of Moḥammad Mosaddeq’s government. ZAEHNER, ROBERT CHARLES (b. Sevenoaks, Kent, 8 April 1913; d. Oxford, 24 November 1974), a scholar of Iranian and Indian studies, a historian of religions, Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University, a British Intelligence officer stati…

(d. Tehran, 1240/1824), military leader and governor of Kermān under Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah Qajar. ẒAHIR-AL-DAWLA, EBRĀHIM KHAN (d. Tehran, 1240/1824), military leader and governor of Kermān under Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah Qajar (r. 1797-1834). A cousin, stepson, and son-in-law of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah, Ebrāhim Khan was an important patron of architecture, particularly famous for the Ebrāhim Khan Complex in the old bazaar of Kermān. Entrusted with the governorship of Kermān, he undertook the reconstruction of the city after the devas…

legendary prince of Sistān, father of Rostam, and a leading figure in Iranian traditional history. His story is given in the Šāh-nāma. ZĀL (also called Dastān, Zar, and Zāl-e Zar), legendary prince of Sistān, father of Rostam, and a leading figure in Iranian traditional history. His story is given in the Šāh-nāma (partially retold in prose by Yarshater, 1959, pp. 83-9, 93-133), so closely paralleled in Ṯaʿālebi’s Ḡorar (pp. 68-10, 114, 119-22, 127-9, 138-41, 143 ff., 355-57, 379 ff., 383-88) as to suggest a common source, the Šah-nāma-ye Abu Manṣuri. Sām, lord of Sistān and the fore…

Yašt 19, the last in sequence of the great pieces of the Y ašt hymn collection of the Younger Avesta. ZAMYĀD YAŠT or Yašt 19, the last in sequence of the great pieces of the Yašt hymn collection of the Younger Avesta; it is followed by two short and insignificant pieces, Yt. 20 ( Hōm Yašt), a name shared with the major text of Yasna 9-11.15) and Yt. 21 ( Vanand Yašt).The text honors Zamyād Yazad, the divinity (of the) Munificent Earth, the protective divinity of the 28th day of each month. The Middle Persian name of the divinity is transmitted with instable quantit…

Zoroastrian term for the literature written in Middle Persian to translate and explicate the Avestan scriptures. The supplementary explanations, which developed into the exegetical literature that we know from the Sasanian period and which are preserved in the Middle Persian/Pahlavi texts are known as the Zand, hence the expression “Avesta and Zand” or “Zand-Avesta.” See EXEGESIS i. In Zoroastrianism.

a dynasty that ruled in Persia (excluding Khorasan) from Shiraz, from the time when Nāder Shah’s (r. 1736-47) successors, the Afsharids, failed to recover western Persia until the founding of the Qajar dynasty by Āḡā Moḥammad Khan Qajar (r. 1779-97). ZAND DYNASTY (1164-1209/1751-94), a dynasty that ruled in Persia (excluding Khorasan) from Shiraz, from the time when Nāder Shah’s (r. 1736-47) successors, the Afsharids, failed to recover western Persia until the founding of the Qajar dynasty by Āḡā Moḥammad Khan Qājār (r. 1779-97). Karim Khan, ‘the Wakil’ (1164-93/1751-79). The foun…

“A Commentary on Chapters of the Vidēvdād”, a 6th-century Zoroastrian text, preserved more or less intact in 240 pages and made up of about 540 sections. ZAND Ī FRAGARD Ī JUD-DĒW-DĀD “A Commentary on Chapters of the Vidēvdād” (hereafter: ZFJ), a 6th-century Zoroastrian text. It has been preserved more or less intact as 240 pages of MS TD2. It resembles a rivāyat rather than a zand, that is, a collection of responsa rather than a commentary, since it is made up of about 540 sections, each devoted to a query and its answer; it is further divided into roughly 40 chapt…

harmful wind (bād) associated with spirit possession beliefs in southern coastal regions of Iran. People believe in the existence of winds that can be either vicious or peaceful, believer (Muslim) or non-believer (infidel). ZĀR, harmful wind ( bād) associated with spirit possession beliefs in southern coastal regions of Iran. In southern coastal regions of Iran such as Qeshm Island, people believe in the existence of winds that can be either vicious or peaceful, believer (Muslim) or non-believer (infidel). The latter are considered more dangerous than the former and zār belongs to …

territory around Lake Hāmun and the Helmand river in modern Sistān. See DRANGIANA.

the name generally known in the West for the prophet of ancient Iran, whose transformation of his inherited religion inaugurated a movement that eventually became the dominant religion in Iran up until the triumph of Islam. See ZOROASTER.

legendary Saka queen during the reign of the likewise legendary Median king Astibaras. ZARINAIA (Gk. Zarinaíā), legendary Saka queen during the reign of the likewise legendary Median king Astibaras. The original Greek form of her name certainly is Zarinaía and not Zarína (as previously had been read in Diodorus 2.34.3; cf. Schmitt, 2006, p. 240; 2011, p. 192); and in all probability this Greek form goes back to a two-stem hypocoristic name with the suffix OIran. *- aya- based on a compound name containing OIran. * zari- “golden” (see Schmitt, 2006, pp. 240-42). All sources of her story …

(b. Isfahan 1909; d. Isfahan 1971) noted story-teller (naqqāl). Zariri like most other eulogists of his era, was functionally illiterate. He memorized and recited whatever he heard from other storytellers and scroll-writers. However, he became literate towards the end of his life. ZARIRI, MORŠED ʿABBĀS (b. Isfahan 1909; d. Isfahan 1971), noted storyteller ( naqqāl). He was orphaned at early childhood and grew up in poverty in the troubled years of World War I. Lonely and helpless, he joined the rank of itinerary dervishes in his early youth and tra…

the stage name of Moluk Faršforuš Kāšāni (b. Kāšān, ca 1289 Š./1910; d. Tehran, 1378 Š./1999), Persian singer and actress. Moluk was born into a musically inclined family. ŻARRĀBI, Moluk, the stage name of Moluk Faršforuš Kāšāni (b. Kāšān, ca 1289 Š./1910; d. Tehran, 1378 Š./1999), Persian singer and actress. Moluk was born into a musically inclined family. Her grandfather Ḥāji Jaʿfar was known as a singer at the court of Nāṣer-al-Din Shah Qājār, who bestowed upon him the honorary name of “Bolol” (Nightingale); thereafter, …

ZARRINKUB, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN (b. Borujerd, 19 March 1923; d. Tehran, 15 September 1999; Figure 1), prolific Iranian scholar, literary critic, literary historian, essayist, and translator.Zarrinkub was born in Borujerd (q.v.), in Lorestān province in western Iran. His father ʿAbd-al-Karim Zarrinkub originally followed in his uncle Ḥāji Moḥammad Ḥasan’s footsteps and worked as a goldsmith ( zargar), but because he considered the work “frowned upon” ( makruh: see ḤALĀL O ḤARĀM) on religious grounds took up horticulture ( b āḡ bā ni) and farming. Despite this change of occupatio…

Download this sound. title Zār Songs: Vorāra, Yo mama genre/topic Zār language   performer Bābā Darviš, voice and doholMāmā Hanife, responseMusā Amāli, Kasser instrument Voice; Dohol; Kasser composer   author/poet   first line of poem recorded by Fozieh Majd place of recording Island of Qešm date of recording 1973 duration 5:13 source Regional Music of Iran. Music in Nobān and Zār, 2007 (MCD-215), track 6.Used with permission of the publisher. note Collected and Researched by Fozieh Majd EIr entries ZĀR

(1859-1919), zoologist and explorer of fauna in Iran. Between 1884 and 1904, he conducted field trips in the Caspian region, the plains of Bukhara, the Khiva (Ḵiva) oasis, and northern and eastern Persia. More than 130 species of animals were named after him. ZARUDNIĬ (Zarudny), NIKOLAĬ ALEKSEEVICH (b. Gryakovo, Kharkovsky, Ukraine, 13 September 1859; d. Tashkent, 17 March 1919), prominent zoologist and explorer of fauna in Iran (FIGURE 1). At the age of 11 he entered a military school in St. Petersburg, and in 1879 he was appointed a te…

weekly newspaper published in Isfahan by ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Mo ʿin-al-Eslām Ḵᵛānsāri from 1 RabiʿI 1327 to 22 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1333 (23 March 1909 to 31 October 1915). ZĀYANDARUD, weekly newspaper published in Isfahan by ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Moʿin-al-Eslām Ḵᵛānsāri from 1 RabiʿI 1327 to 22 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1333 (23 March 1909 to 31 October 1915). Moʿin-al-Eslām, a cleric and an active supporter of the Constitutional Revolution, became Isfahan’s district attorney and held other judicial positions after the establishment of the constitutional …