Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

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Edited by: P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs
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Glossary and Index of Terms treats the technical terms in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Urdu and other languages or dialects of the Islamic world. As an index, it is of immeasurable importance, in particular for the many terms which are not given an entry but are discussed in the course of an article; and as glossary it is an invaluable source of information for both non-specialist, who is given an insight into the varied and rich vocabulary of Islam, and the specialist, who may discover surprising new contexts in which a term is used.

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ṭafra

(47 words)

ṭafra (A) : lit. leap or impulsive movement; in philosophy, a term in the anti-atomistic theory of a…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tāfrūt

(4 words)

tāfrūt S̲h̲awka
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tafsīr

(51 words)

tafsīr (A) : exegetic interpretation; commentary on the Qurʾān. Allāh; Iṣlāḥ; Muḥammad; S̲h̲arḥ; Tāf…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tāfta

(45 words)

tāfta (P, > It taffeta, Ger Taft) : a silk cloth of technically simple plain or tabby weave, usually dyed …
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tafwīḍ

(59 words)

tafwīḍ (A) : a theological doctrine, according to which God had entrusted the care of the worldly cr…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tafwīḳ

(54 words)

tafwīḳ (A) : in archery, nocking. This consists of bracing the arrow’s nock ( fūḳ) on the binding of the bow-strin…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tagg

(4 words)

tagg Ṭaḳṭūḳa
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taggalt

(20 words)

taggalt (Touareg) : in Touareg society, the bride-price, paid by the groom-to-be’s father to the bri…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tag̲h̲azzul

(28 words)

tag̲h̲azzul (T) : in Turkish prosody, the section of the Ḳaṣīda which embraces subjects more often f…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tag̲h̲bīr

(10 words)

tag̲h̲bīr (A) : cantillation (of the Qurʾān). G̲h̲ināʾ
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāg̲h̲iya

(8 words)

ṭāg̲h̲iya (A) : a tyrant. Ḳayṣar
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tag̲h̲rīr

(33 words)

tag̲h̲rīr (A) : fraud, deception; in law, a fraudulent action (by a g̲h̲ārr) that takes place against a second p…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāg̲h̲ūt

(73 words)

ṭāg̲h̲ūt (A, pl. ṭawāg̲h̲īt) : in pre- and early Islamic usage, the pre-Islamic deities like al-Lāt and…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭag̲h̲w

(13 words)

ṭag̲h̲w (A) : mountain peak, any high place. Tag̲h̲lib b. Wāʾil
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tag̲h̲yīr

(4 words)

tag̲h̲yīr Nahy
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tagor

(4 words)

tagor Tagra
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tagra

(26 words)

tagra : a leather bucket for drawing water in Tagorri, the ʿAfar dialect of Tadjura, which name is d…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tāgulmust

(22 words)

tāgulmust (Touareg) : the famous headveil with which the Touareg man covers his entire face except f…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭā-ḥā

(72 words)

ṭā-ḥā (A) : two isolated letters at the head of sura xx in the Qurʾān, taken to mean either an imperative (from the root w-ṭ…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tahad̲j̲d̲j̲ud

(28 words)

tahad̲j̲d̲j̲ud (A) : sleep; to be awake, to keep a vigil, to perform the night Ṣalāt or the nightly …
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥallama

(4 words)

taḥallama Taḍabbaba
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taham

(13 words)

taham (A), and tihāma : ‘land descending to the sea’. Tihāma
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tahammul

(12 words)

tahammul (A) : in law, the ‘acceptance of responsibility’. ʿĀḳila
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥammus

(4 words)

taḥammus Ḥums
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥannut̲h̲

(82 words)

taḥannut̲h̲ (A, < Heb) : a form of religious devotion, in which Muḥammad is said to have been engage…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭahār

(15 words)

ṭahār (A) : the name in Mecca for the rite of circumcision. K̲h̲itān
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭahāra

(55 words)

ṭahāra (A) : ritual purity, a necessary condition for the valid performance of prayer. Ibadan; Taḥannut̲h̲ ṭahāra ḥa…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥas̲h̲s̲h̲ada

(35 words)

taḥas̲h̲s̲h̲ada (A) : a term used by al-Hamdānī in the 4th/10th century for members of the tribal gr…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥaykt

(4 words)

taḥaykt Ḥāʾik
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥayyur

(35 words)

taḥayyur (A) : ‘ravishment’, the name given by the mystical order ʿĪsāwā to the ecstatic dancing pra…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥbīs

(51 words)

taḥbīs (A) : in law, the process by means of which during his lifetime someone renounces ownership o…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥd̲j̲īr

(42 words)

taḥd̲j̲īr (A) : ‘delimitation’; in law, the defining of the limits of Mawāt land by e.g. setting sto…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭaḥḥān

(41 words)

ṭaḥḥān (A) : miller, owner and operator of a mill (ṭāḥūn) to grind wheat and other grains to produce flour. al-Ṭaḥāwī ṭaḥ…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāhī

(4 words)

ṭāhī Ṭabbāk̲h̲
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāhir

(6 words)

ṭāhir Nad̲j̲is ṭāhirī Kāg̲h̲ad
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥḳīḳ

(49 words)

taḥḳīḳ (A) : in Qurʾānic recitation, the term for slow recitation, slower than tartīl, which is the ideal form, a…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥkīm

(26 words)

taḥkīm (A) : in law, arbitration (Ḥakam). Historically, ~ refers to the arbitration that took place …
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥlīl

(45 words)

taḥlīl (A) : the process by which something is made Ḥalāl ‘permissible’, e.g. in law, the intervenin…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tahlīl

(29 words)

tahlīl (A) : the saying of the formula lā ilāha illā ’llāh, the first element of the S̲h̲ahāda. Taḥkīm; jubilat…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭahmal

(31 words)

ṭahmal (A) : in zoology, a silurus, whose Arabic term is found again in the Latinised nomenclature t…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥmīd

(15 words)

taḥmīd (A) : : the saying of the praise formula al-ḥamdu-li ’llāh. al-Ḳurʾān
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥnīḳ

(4 words)

taḥnīḳ Ḥanak
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥnīṭ

(15 words)

taḥnīṭ (A) : to prepare a corpse for burial with embalming substances. Ṭahmūrat̲h̲
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥrīf

(35 words)

taḥrīf (A) : change, alteration, forgery; used with regard to words and more specifically with regar…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥrīr

(130 words)

taḥrīr (A) : land census; survey. Pečenegs; Ramaḍān Og̲h̲ullari̊; revision of a text, even ‘edition’…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥrīs̲h̲

(17 words)

taḥrīs̲h̲ (A) : inciting (animals) against each other, forbidden by the Prophet as gambling. Ḳimār
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥṣīl

(45 words)

taḥṣīl (A) : in Indo-Muslim usage, in the British Indian provinces of Bombay, Madras and the United …
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥsīn wa-taḳbīḥ

(32 words)

taḥsīn wa-taḳbīḥ (A) : ‘determining something to be good or repellent’; in theology, a phrase referri…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāhūn

(61 words)

ṭāhūn (A) : mill; a small domestic grinding mill for use in a kitchen, though ḥāwūn ‘mortar’ was more commonly used…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥwīf

(4 words)

taḥwīf Ḥawfī
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḥwīl

(70 words)

taḥwīl (A) : in Ottoman administration, the annual renewal of the diplomas of the governors of provi…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tahyast

(27 words)

tahyast (Touareg) : a simple camel saddle, with a pommel in the form of a rectangular batten, used b…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāʾif

(93 words)

ṭāʾif Rahīs̲h̲ ṭāʾifa (A, pl. ṭawāʾif), or ṭāyfā : a group, party, company of men; a professional or trade …
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāʾifiyya

(25 words)

ṭāʾifiyya (A) : confessionalism, sectarianism; the system of proportional political power-sharing be…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāʾir

(187 words)

ṭāʾir (A), or al-ṭayr : any being or thing which is able to live or to fly above the ground level. Ṭāʾi…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāḳ

(19 words)

ṭāḳ (A) : arcade. S̲h̲ayṭān; arch. Sūḳ; a green ṭaylasān, a name of very rare occurrence. Tulband
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳaddum

(13 words)

taḳaddum (A) : in philosophy, the absolute anteriority of God. S̲h̲ayʾ
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takāfuʾ

(54 words)

takāfuʾ (A) : ‘balancing’, the term used by Ḳudāma for antithesis (Ṭibāḳ), a rather idiosyncratic us…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takāful

(9 words)

takāful (A) : in finance, insurance. Ribā
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳālīd

(65 words)

taḳālīd (A, s. Taḳlīd) : the ensemble of inherited folk traditions and practices, popular customs an…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takalluf

(9 words)

takalluf (A) : in rhetoric, constraint. Ṭarrār
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳammuṣ

(4 words)

taḳammuṣ Tanāsuk̲h̲
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takārir

(4 words)

takārir Fallāta
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takārna

(4 words)

takārna Fallāta
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳas̲h̲s̲h̲uf

(11 words)

taḳas̲h̲s̲h̲uf (A) : the mortification of the flesh. Zuhd
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳāwī

(9 words)

taḳāwī (Egy) : seed (for sowing). K̲h̲arād̲j̲
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takayda

(12 words)

takayda (Tun) : a pointed woman’s bonnet in Tunisia. Libās
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳāzīḥ

(13 words)

taḳāzīḥ (A) : ‘showing the colours of the rainbow’. Ḳaws Ḳuzaḥ
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳbīl

(36 words)

taḳbīl (A) : kissing or touching ( istilām) the Black Stone of the Kaʿba, part of the ancient pagan custom.…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takbīr

(40 words)

takbīr (A) : the saying of the formula allāhu akbar. Taḳbaylit takbīr al-iḥrām the Ta…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳdīr

(84 words)

taḳdīr (A) : predestination. Nūr Muḥammadī In grammar, the imaginary utterance a speaker intends when he s…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takfīr

(23 words)

takfīr (A) : the act of identifying someone as a Kāfir ‘unbeliever’ or, when born a Muslim, ‘apostat…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takfīt

(45 words)

takfīt (A) : in art, inlay in metal (syn. taṭʿīm), a technique by which the artist enriches a metal object by…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲alk̲h̲ul

(10 words)

tak̲h̲alk̲h̲ul (A) : brittleness (of a gem). Zumurrud
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲alluṣ

(81 words)

tak̲h̲alluṣ (A) : in onomastics, and particularly in Persian literature, the pen-name adopted by a p…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲at̲h̲ʿama

(22 words)

tak̲h̲at̲h̲ʿama (A) : ‘to smear oneself with blood’, as on the occasion of a pact of alliance among …
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲ayyur

(18 words)

tak̲h̲ayyur (A) : in law, an ‘eclectic’ expedient used as a basis for reform. Ṭalāḳ; Talfīḳ
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲fīf

(40 words)

tak̲h̲fīf (A) : lit. weakening; in grammar, ~ al-Hamza are all the accidents that can befall the hamza, such as the hamza…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲mīn

(4 words)

tak̲h̲mīn Taḳdīr
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲mīs

(117 words)

tak̲h̲mīs (A, pl. tak̲h̲āmīs) : in prosody, the amplification of poetry that involves the addition of t…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲ṣiṣ

(31 words)

tak̲h̲ṣiṣ (A) : the principle in which a particular prescription is preferred to a general prescript…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲t

(41 words)

tak̲h̲t (P) : in the Tīmūrid period, a pavilion with a view. Sarāy; and Sarīr tak̲h̲t-i ṭāwūs …
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲tad̲j̲i̊

(31 words)

tak̲h̲tad̲j̲i̊ (T, < tak̲h̲ta ‘wood’) : lit. one who works in woods and forests, woodcutter, sawyer; th…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲ṭīṭ al-ḥudūd

(17 words)

tak̲h̲ṭīṭ al-ḥudūd (A) : lit. delimiting boundaries or frontiers, in modern Arabic usage. Tak̲h̲tad̲j̲i̊
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

tak̲h̲yīl

(126 words)

tak̲h̲yīl (A) : lit. creating an image or an illusion; in literary theory, ~ is a kind of make-belie…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taʿḳīd

(11 words)

taʿḳīd (A) : in rhetoric, obscurity. al-Maʿānī wa ’l-Bayān
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takīn

(4 words)

takīn Tigin
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takiya

(57 words)

takiya (P), or Ḥusayniyya : a special, usually temporary, structure built for the staging of s̲h̲īʿī pa…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳiyya

(36 words)

taḳiyya (A) : the precautionary dissimulation of one’s faith, characteristic of s̲h̲īʿism, and dispe…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takiyya

(8 words)

takiyya (A) : a hospice. Tūnis
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭāḳiyya

(71 words)

ṭāḳiyya (A, < P; pl. ṭawāḳī) : the common skull cap worn, in the Arab East, by both sexes alone or under …
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳlīd

(144 words)

taḳlīd (A) : ‘imitation’; in law, the unquestioning acceptance of the doctrines of established schoo…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taklīf

(135 words)

taklīf (A, pl. takālīf) : in theology, the fact of an imposition on the part of God of obligations on h…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

ṭaḳm

(14 words)

ṭaḳm (A) : in music, a set of flutes. Nat̲h̲r; and Fustān
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takmīl

(51 words)

takmīl (A) : lit. completion; among the fityān (Fatā), full initiation, symbolised by the putting on of rit…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳnīn

(13 words)

taḳnīn (A) : in law, the codification of the s̲h̲arīʿa. Tas̲h̲oz
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳrīb

(33 words)

taḳrīb (A) : ‘rapprochement’, a term widely used to designate an ecumenical trend within modern Isla…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

takrīr

(5 words)

takrīr ṣifāt al-ḥurūf
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳrīr

(58 words)

taḳrīr (A) : remarks on a text. S̲h̲arḥ In the science of diplomatic, the documents (diplomatic notes) prese…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms

taḳrīẓ

(69 words)

taḳrīẓ (A) : lit. the act of praising; in mediaeval literature, a minor genre, tending to be formula…
Source: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Glossary and Index of Terms
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