Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, one of the most prominent personalities of the first generation of Muslims, and of the authorities most frequently quoted for Traditions. He derived his reputation not only from being a son of the Caliph, but also because his high moral qualities compelled the admiration of his contemporaries. At a time when the Muslims were being carried by their passions into civil war, Ibn ʿUmar was able to maintain himself aloof from the conflict; furthermore, he followed the precepts of Islām with such scrupulous ¶ obedience that he became a pattern for future generations, to such a degr…

al-Rāsibī , Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ite leader, a tābiʿī of the Bad̲j̲īla tribe, noted for his bravery and piety and surnamed d̲h̲u ’l-t̲h̲afināt , "the man with the callosities", on account of the callosities on his forehead etc. resulting from his many prostrations. He fought under Ṣaʿd b. Abī Waḳḳāṣ in ʿIrāḳ and under ʿAlī at Ṣiffīn, but broke with him over the decision to arbitrate and joined the dissidents at Ḥarūraʾ. Shortly before their final departure from Kūfa in S̲h̲awwāl 37/March 658, the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ites elected ʿAbd Allāh as their commander ( amīr , not k̲h̲alīfa , as…

[see al-Murābiṭūn ].

, anti-Caliph, son of al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām [ q.v.], of the ʿAbd al-ʿUzza clan of Ḳurays̲h̲, and Asmāʾ [ q.v.], daughter of Abū Bakr and sister of ʿĀʾis̲h̲a. He was born at Medina twenty months after the hid̲j̲ra (c. Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 2/May 624), and killed in battle against the Syrian troops under al-Ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ād̲j̲, 17 Ḏj̲umādā I or II, 73/4 Oct. or 3 Nov., 692. Some sources (Ibn Ḳutayba, Maʿārif , 116; Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥabbar , 275; etc.) state that he was the first child born to the Muhād̲j̲irīn at Medina. The close kinship which linked him to the f…

[see d̲j̲ewdet ].

biʾllāh Abu Muḥammad , Saʿdid sultan, son of one of the founders of the dynasty, Maḥammad al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ al-Mahdī. He was born Ramaḍān 933/June 1527 and, designated as heir presumptive, was recognized as sultan on his father’s death, assassinated by his Turkish guardsmen 29 Ḏh̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 964/23 Oct. 1557. His reign lasted till his death, due to a crisis of asthma, 28 Ramaḍān 981/21 Jan. 1574. His reign as a whole was peaceful. Yet the sultan showed himself uneasy in expectation of an eventual intervention of the Turks, who had killed his father, immediat…

Muḥsin-Zāde Čelebi , Ottoman statesman and general, son of Muḥsin Čelebi, descended from a family of merchants at Aleppo. He started his career in 1115/1703 in the financial administration with the post of supervisor ( emīn ) of the Mint ( ḍarb-k̲h̲āne ), the defterdār of which was his brother, Meḥmed Efendī. He became son-in-law ( dāmād ) of the Grand-Vizier Čorlulu ʿAlī Pas̲h̲a (1707-10) and enjoyed the favour of the court. On the revolt of Ḳaytās Beg, he was sent to Egypt in 1126/1714, succeeded in subduing the rebel and sent …

[see sari ʿabd allāh efendi ].

, called mak̲h̲dūm al-mulk , son of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ S̲h̲ams al-Dīn of Sulṭānpūr (Pand̲j̲āb), a leading Indian theologian of the 10th/16th century. He studied under Mawlānā ʿAbd al-Ḳādir of Sirhind, and acquired renown as a scholar and for his command over Muslim jurisprudence, theology and history. He was held in high esteem by Huṃāyūn [ q.v.], and S̲h̲ēr S̲h̲āh (947-52/1540-5) gave him the title of Ṣadr al-Islām under Islām S̲h̲āh (952-61/1545-54) he was the principal adviser of the king in religious affairs. Upon his return in 962/1555, Humāyūn again conferred on him the title of S̲h̲ayk̲h̲…

, according to the account of Ibn Rizām (see Fihrist , 187) and Ak̲h̲ū Muḥsin (quoted in al-Nuwayrī’s chapter on the Ḳarmaṭians and in an abbreviated form in al-Maḳrīzī, Ittiʿāẓ al-Ḥunafāʾ (Bunz), 103 ff.), also going back, no doubt, to Ibn Rizām, was brother-in-law and lieutenant of Ḥamdān Ḳarmaṭ [ q.v.], leader of the Ḳarmaṭians [ q.v.] of southern ʿIrāḳ. When the Ismāʿīlī headquarters in Salamiya changed their policy, ʿAbdān fell away ¶ from their allegiance, but was killed, in 286/899, at the instigation of Zikrawayh, the leader of the loyalists. The account of …

(i.e. descendant of ʿAbd al-Dār b. Ḳuṣayy, of the tribe of Ḳurays̲h̲), Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Saʿūd Abū Muḥammad , author of a book of travels bearing the title of al-Riḥla al-Mag̲h̲ribiyya . He was staying with the Ḥāḥā, near Mogador, when he started on his journey on 25 Ḏh̲u l-Ḳaʿda 688/11 Dec. 1289. The dates of his birth and death are not known: all biographical data are lacking, although he was always held in esteem as the learned author of the Riḥla . Ibn al-Ḳāḍī ( Ḏj̲ad̲h̲wat al-Iḳtibās , lith. Fez, 199; Durrat al-Ḥid̲j̲āl , i, 124) and al-Maḳḳarī, Analectes …

Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Muhammad b. al-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ al-Fāsī [see ibn al-Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ ].

[see wuḍūʾ ].

b. ʿabd al-raḥmān b. fayṣal āl suʿūd [ ca. 1291-1373/ ca. 1880-1953), founder king (regn. 1319-73/1902-53) of the Kingdom of Suʿūdi Arabia. His mother was Sāra b. Aḥmad al-Sudayri. At four, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was entrusted to a tutor and became a ḥāfiẓ at eleven. Simultaneously (1309/1891), at al-Mulayda the Āl Ras̲h̲īd of Ḥāʾil [ q.v.] defeated and expelled the Suʿūds from Nad̲j̲d, so that ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz grew up subsequendy in al-Kuwayt, his father’s exiled home. In 1319/1902, the young hot blood retook al-Riyāḍ, expelled the Ras̲h̲īdi governor, and proclaimed the restored …

( Abdülaziz ), the thirty-second Ottoman sultan. Born on 9 Feb. 1830, the third son of sultan Maḥmūd II [ q.v.], he succeded his brother ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd [ q.v.], 20 June 1861. His reign was marked by revolts and insurrections in the Balkan provinces (Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Bulgaria) and in Crete, which brought about the intervention of the great powers. From 1870 onwards, the influence of Russia, supplanting that of France and England, preponderated in Istanbul, and General Ignatief, the Russian ambas…

[see Saʿūdids ].

b. ʿAbd al-Malik , Umayyad general. He was a faithful partisan of his cousin Yazīd III and one of his ¶ most eminent assistants. Already in al-Walīd II’s reign he helped Yazīd, who headed the malcontents, to enlist troops against the caliph. When they had succeeded in getting together an army in Damascus, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz received the supreme command and marched against al-Walīd. Yazīd’s brother ʿAbbās, who was about to go to the caliph’s assistance, was attacked and forced to pay homage to Yazīd. Shortly afterwards ʿ…

al-T̲h̲amīnī al-Isd̲j̲anī , celebrated Ibāḍī scholar, b. c. 1130/1717-8, probably at Ward̲j̲lān (Ouargla), d. Rad̲j̲ab 1223/August 1808, at Banū Isd̲j̲an (Beni Isguen) in the Mzab, where, at the age of about forty, he had begun his studies under the s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abū Zakariyyāʾ Yaḥyā b. Ṣāliḥ, of Ḏj̲arba. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz is held by the Ibāḍīs to-day to be one of the greatest scholars who ever lived in the Mzab, where he has left the reputation of a man of fervent piety, remarkable sagacity, great imperturbability, perfect self-control, and astonishing assiduity. He devoted himself to the…

, sultan of Morocco from 1894 to 1908. He was born, according to Weisgerber, on 24 Feb. 1878, according to Doutté and Saint-René Taillandier 18 Rabīʿ I 1298/18 Feb. 1881, of the sultan Mawlāy al-Ḥasan and Lālla Ruḳayya, of Circassian origin. When his father died on a campaign, 9 June 1894, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was proclaimed sultan in Rabat, thanks to the hād̲j̲ib Aḥmad b. Mūsā, called Bā Aḥmad, who had been in charge of his education, and received as reward the title of Grand-Vizier. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz left the management …

, son of the caliph Marwān I and father of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was appointed governor of Egypt by his father, and the appointment was confirmed by ʿAbd al-Malik, when he ascended the throne. During his twenty years’ sojourn in Egypt, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz proved himself a capable governor, who really had the welfare of his province at heart. When in the year 69/689, ʿAbd al-Malik, after the assasination of his rebellious lieutenant ʿAmr b. Saʿīd, intended to have the latter’s relatives…