Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

, a S̲h̲aybānid [ q.v.], the greatest prince of this dynasty, born in 940/1533-4 (the dragon year 1532-3 is given, probably more accurately, as the year of the cycle) at Āfarīnkent in Miyānkāl (an island between the two arms of the Zarafs̲h̲ān). The father (Iskandar Ḵh̲ān), grandfather (Ḏj̲ānī Beg) and great-grandfather (Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Muḥammad, son of Abu ‘l-Ḵh̲ayr [ q.v.]) of this ruler of genius are all described as very ordinary, almost stupid men. Ḏj̲ānī Beg (d. 935/1528-9) had at the distribution of 918/1512-3 received Karmīna and Miyānkāl; Iskandar …

, ʿAlawid [ q.v.] sultan of Morocco, whose first reign started 4 S̲h̲aʿbān 1141/5 March 1729, while his last ended with his death 27 Ṣafar 1171/10 Nov. 1757. This sovereign was in fact deposed several times, five times according to the Arabic historians, and as often recalled to power. For the good order established in Morocco under Mawlāy Ismāʿīl [ q.v.] was at that time but a memory. When ʿAbd Allāh assumed power, two of his brothers, Aḥmad al-Ḏh̲ahabī and ʿAbd al-Malik, had been fighting for it for two years, and had roused, by their mutual bids and t…

al-Sulamī , governor of Ḵh̲urāsān. On the first expedition of ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir [ q.v.] into Ḵh̲urāsān in 31/651-2, Ibn Ḵh̲āzim commanded the advance-guard which occupied Sarak̲h̲s. According to some accounts, he put down a rebellion led by Ḳārin in 33/653-4 and was-rewarded with the governorship of the province, but this is probably an anticipation of the events of 42/662. During Ibn ʿĀmir’s second governorship of Baṣra (41/661), Ḳays b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Sulamī was appointed to Ḵh̲urāsān, and ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḵ…

[see ibn masʿūd ].

, client of the family of al-Ḥārit̲h̲ b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Rabīʿa al-Mak̲h̲zūmī (Ibn al-Zubayr’s governor in Baṣra, cf. al-Ṭabarī, index), known in the Twelver S̲h̲īʿite literature as a transmitter of traditions from Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Ṣādiḳ (al-Kulīnī, Ibn Bābūya, al-Ṭūsī, passim, cf. Ivanow, Alleged Founder , 11-60; see also the S̲h̲īʿite books of rid̲j̲āl : al-Kas̲h̲s̲h̲ī, Maʿrifat Ak̲h̲bār al-Rid̲j̲āl , 160; al-Nad̲j̲ās̲h̲ī, al-Rid̲j̲āl , 148; al-Ṭūsī, Fihrist , 197; he appears also in Sunnī books of rid̲j̲āl: al-Ḏh̲ahabī, Mīzān al-Iʿtidāl , ii, 81, who q…

, ʿAlid rebel. After the death of Abū Hās̲h̲im, a grandson of ʿAlī, claims were laid to the Imamate from several quarters. Some asserted that Abū Hās̲h̲im had formally transferred his right to the dignity of Imām to the ʿAbbāsid Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Others said that he had spoken in favor of ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr al-Kindī and wanted to proclaim him Imām. As he, however, did not come up to the expectations of his followers, they turned from him and declared ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya, a great-grandson of ʿ…

, S̲h̲arīf of Mecca [see makka ].

b. ʿabd al-raḥmān al-Marwānī , seventh Umayyad Amīr of Cordova. He succeeded his brother al-Mund̲h̲ir on the latter’s death before Bobastro, centre of ʿUmar b. Hafṣūn’s rebellion, on 15 Ṣafar 275/29 June 888. The circumstances of al-Mund̲h̲ir’s death arouse the suspicion that the new sovereign was not quite innocent of it. At his accession, ʿAbd Allāh, born in 229/844, was forty-four years old. His reign, which lasted for a quarter of a century, until his death on 1 Rabīʿ I 300/16 Oct. 912, was described in detail by the chronicler Ibn Ḥayyān, in that part of his Muḳtabis …

(his name is invariably pronounced as ʿAbdullāhi ), the successor of Muḥammad Aḥmad [ q.v.], the Sudanese Mahdī. He belonged to the Awlād Umm Ṣurra, a clan of the Ḏj̲ubarāt section of the Taʿāʾis̲h̲a, a tribe of cattle-breeding Arabs (Baḳḳāra) in Dārfūr. His great-grandfather is said to have been a Tunisian s̲h̲arīf who married a woman of the tribe. His father Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Karrār bore the nickname of Tōr S̲h̲ayn (Ugly Bull). Religious pretensions were hereditary in the family, and both father and son were fakīs of repute. Zubayr Raḥma, the famous merchan…

[see Ibn al-Muḳaffaʿ ].

b. Nuṣayr , eldest son of Mūsā b. Nuṣayr [ q.v.] the conqueror of the Mag̲h̲rib and Spain. When his father left for Spain, he was charged with the administration of Ifrīḳiya (93/711). When Mūsā, denounced to the caliph al-Walīd by Ṭārīḳ, left for the East, whence he never returned, he again left ʿAbd Allāh as his lieutenant. Involved in his family’s disgrace by the caliph Sulaymān, who saw not without disquiet Ifrīḳiya governed by one son of Mūsā (ʿAbd Allāh), Spain by a second (ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz) and the Mag…

b. al-Aswad al-ʿAdawī , was, together with ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥanẓala [ q.v.], one of the chiefs of the revolt against the caliph Yazīd I in Medīna. When he saw that after the accession of Yazīd the Umayyad government was rousing increasing opposition, Ibn Muṭīʿ ¶ proposed to leave Medīna, but ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar [ q.v.] advised him to remain, and he gave in to Ibn ʿUmar’s arguments. When the inhabitants of Medīna revolted against the new caliph, he became the leader of the Ḳurays̲h̲ite elements in the city and took part in the battle of the Ḥarra in Ḏh̲u…

, a Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ite, belonging to the most esteemed clan of the Banu ’l-Ḥārit̲h̲. At the second ʿAḳaba assembly in March 622, ʿAbd Allāh was one of the 12 trustworthy men, whom the already converted Medinians, conformably to the Prophet’s wish, had chosen. When Muḥammad had emigrated to Medīna, ʿAbd Allāh proved himself to be one of the most energetic and upright champions of his cause. Muḥammad appears to have thought a great deal of him, and often entrusted him with honorable missions. After th…

, reputed founder of the S̲h̲īʿa. Also called Ibn al-Sawdāʾ, Ibn Ḥarb, Ibn Wahb. "Sabaʾ" appears also as Sabāʾ; the name of the associated sect appears as Sabaʾiyya, Sabāʾiyya, or, corrupted, as Sabāyiyya, Sabābiyya. In the Sunnī account he was a Yamanite Jew converted to Islam, who about the time of ʿAlī first introduced the ideas ascribed to the more extreme wing of the S̲h̲īʿa [ g̲h̲ulāt , q.v.]. Especially attributed to him is the exaltation of ʿAlī himself: that ʿAlī stood to Muḥammad as divinely appointed heir, as Joshua did to Moses (the wiṣāya doctrine); tha…

, Muslim statesman and general. Abū Yaḥyā ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī Sarḥ al-ʿĀmirī belonged to the clan of ʿĀmīr b. Luʾayy of Ḳurays̲h̲ and was as foster brother of the subsequent caliph ʿUt̲h̲mān a chief partisan of the Umayyads. He was less a soldier than a financier. The judgements of historians on his character vary greatly. His name is connected in many ways with the beginnings of Islam. First he is mentioned as one of Muḥammad’s scribes: he is supposed to have arbitrarily altered the revel…

, a Jew of Medīna, belonging to the Banū Ḳaynuḳāʿ and originally called al-Ḥusayn (on the name Salām, see Ibn Ḵh̲aṭīb al-Dahs̲h̲a, Tuḥfa , ed. Mann, 69). Muḥammad gave him the name of ʿAbd Allāh when he embraced Islam. This conversion is said to have taken place immediately after Muḥammad’s arrival at Medīna, or, according to others, when Muḥammad was still in Mecca. Another account which makes him accept Islam in the year 8/629-30 is worthy of more credence—though Muslim critics think it badly a…

, born 182/798, died 230/844, was a poet, general, statesman, confidant of caliphs and, as governor of Ḵh̲urāsān, almost an independent sovereign. His father, Ṭāhir b. al-Ḥusayn, had founded the powerful Ṭāhirid [ q.v.] dynasty which ruled over a territory extending from al-Rayy to the Indian frontier, with its capital at Naysābūr. In 206/821-2 the caliph al-Maʾmūn appointed ʿAbd Allāh b. Ṭāhir governor of the region between al-Raḳḳa and Egypt and at the same time he was placed in command of the caliph’s troops in the campaign against Naṣr b. S̲h…

[see abū fudayk ].

b. Salūl (Salul being Ubayy’s mother), chief of Ba ʾl-Ḥublā (also known as Sālim), a section of the clan of ʿAwf of the Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲, and one of the leading men of Medīna. Prior to the hid̲j̲ra he had led some of the Ḵh̲azrad̲j̲ in the first day of the Fid̲j̲ār at Medīna, but did not take part in the second day of the Fid̲j̲ār nor the battle of Buʿāt̲h̲ since he had quarreled with another leader, ʿAmr b. al-Nuʿmān of Bayāḍa, over the latter’s unjust killing of Jewish hostages, perhaps because he r…

, son of the caliph ʿUmar II. In the year 126/744 ʿAbd Allāh was appointed governor of ʿIrāḳ by Yazīd III, but in a short time aroused the discontent of the Syrian chiefs in that place, who felt that they were unfavorably treated by the new governor compared with the inhabitants of ʿIrāḳ. After the accession of Marwān II, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muʿāwiya [ q.v.], a descendant of ʿAlī’s brother Ḏj̲aʿfar, rebelled in Kūfa in Muḥarram 127/Oct. 744, but was expelled by ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, whereupon he transferred his propaganda to other parts. When Marwān transferred to …