Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

[see istiḳsām ].

(Ar.), appearance, emergence; in theology: the emergence of new circumstances which cause a change in an earlier divine ruling. (Dozy, Essai sur l’Histoire de l’Islamisme , 223, gives the term too wide a meaning, as “mutabilité de Dieu” ). There are three sorts of badāʾ as it refers to the knowledge, the will or the command of God (S̲h̲āhrastānī, 110). The possibility of badāʾ is, in opposition to the divergent Sunnī doctrine, always treated in the chapter on the divine knowledge in “the textbooks of S̲h̲īʿite theology, but without reaching a definitive for…

[see baṭalyaws ].

, also frequently written bad̲h̲ak̲h̲s̲h̲ān and sometimes in the literary language (with the Arabic plural inflection) badak̲h̲s̲h̲ānāt , a mountainous region situated on the left bank of the upper reaches of the Āmū-Daryā or more accurately of the Pand̲j̲, the source of this great river; the adjective derived from this noun is Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ānī or Badak̲h̲s̲h̲ī . J. Marquart ( Erāns̲h̲ahr , 279) gives this name the meaning of “region of Bad̲h̲ak̲h̲s̲h̲ or Balak̲h̲s̲h̲, a type of ruby, which, it is said, is only found in Bad̲h̲ak̲h̲s̲…

[see abdāl and nahw ].

(Turk. bedel: plural bedelāt ), a term used under the Ottoman régime to denote a contribution made by a tax-payer in lieu of his performing some service for the government or furnishing it with some commodity. Certain categories of the sultans’ subjects were excused payment of dues and taxes on condition of their discharging such duties. If they failed to fulfii their obligations, however, or if the government forwent its rights in this regard, instead of again becoming liable to ordinary taxation, they were require…

[see d̲j̲ism ].

[see badrā ].

( budāʾūn or badāyūn ), an ancient town, about a mile east of the river Sot and headquarters of the district of the same name in India, situated in 28° 2′ N. and 79° 7′ E.; it is variously spelt by native historians as bēdāmaʾūn , bhadāʾūn and badāwan . Population (1951) was 53,521. Little authentic is known about the town before the advent of the Muslims towards the end of the 6th/12th century when Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Aybak [ q.v.], the walī ʿahd of Muʿizz al-Dīn b. Sām in India, invaded and captured it in 594/1197-8 (Fak̲h̲r-i Mudabbir, ed. Ross, 24). Traditio…

, ʿAbd al-Ḳādir, scholar and historian at the court of Akbar the Mug̲h̲al. Born at Tōda (in the old princely state of D̲j̲aypūr) in 947/1540, Badāʾūnī spent his early life at Basāwar about 18 miles to the north east of Tōda, being taken to Sambhal in 960/1553 to pursue his studies under S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ḥātim Sanbhalī and S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abū ’l-Fatḥ. In 966/1558-9, Badāʾūnī went with his father Mulūk ¶ S̲h̲āh to Āgra and continued his education there under S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Mubārak Nāgawrī, father of Abu ’l-Faḍl and Fayḍī. He also read Ḥanafī jurisprudence …

[see aḥmād al-badawī and badw ]

[see aḥmad al-badawī ]

, a title of the chief Yaʿḳūb-Beg of Kās̲h̲g̲h̲ar [ q.v.].

, a district in the north-western part of modern Afg̲h̲ānistan, in the province of Harāt; the name is explained as being derived from the Persian bādk̲h̲īz (“a place where the wind rises”) on account of the strong winds prevailing there. By the geographers of the 4th/10th century only the district to the north-west of Harāt, between this town and Sarak̲h̲s, is called Bādg̲h̲īs. The author of the Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam , probably writing from personal knowledge, describes it as a prosperous and pleasant place of three hundred villages. Later the name…

(p.), literally “wind-catcher”, the term used in Persia for the towers containing ventilation shafts and projecting high above the roofs of domestic houses. They are also erected over water-storage cisterns and over the mouths of mineshafts in order to create ventilation through the tunnels below. In domestic houses, cooler air is forced down either to rooms at ground level or to cellars (the zīr-i zamīn ), and it provides an early form of air conditioning. The towers are usually substantial, square-sectioned structures with rows of aper…

, Persian governor in the Yemen towards the end of the Prophet Muḥammad’s lifetime. A Persian presence had been established in the Yemen ca. 570 A.D. when there had taken place a Yemenī national reaction under the Ḥimyarī prince Abū Murra Sayf b. D̲h̲ī Yazan [see sayf b. d̲h̲ī yazan ] against the Ethiopian-backed governor Masrūḳ b. Abraha. The Persian Emperor Ḵh̲usraw Anūs̲h̲irwān had sent troops to support Sayf b. D̲h̲ī Yazan, and eventually, a Persian garrison, with a military governor at its head, was set up in Ṣanʿāʾ. It was the progeny of …

, a district and fortress of northern Ād̲h̲arbāyd̲j̲ān, famous as being the headquarters of the Ḵh̲urramī rebel Bābak [ q.v.] in the first decades of the 3rd/9th century. The exact site is uncertain, but it must have lain in the modern Ḳarad̲j̲a-Dag̲h̲, older Maymad, the ancient Armenian region of Pʿaytakaran, to the north of Ahar and south of the Araxes River, near Mount Has̲h̲tād-Sar, at some spot between the modern districts of Hārand, Kalaybar and Garmādūz (V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian history, London 1953, 116 and Addenda et corrigenda slip). Bābak’s fortress there…

, songstress and rāwiya in early ʿAbbāsid times, died before 227/842, probably in 224/839. She was born as a mulatto ( muwallada ṣafrāʾ ) in Medina and brought up in Baṣra. D̲j̲aʿfar, a son of the caliph al-Hādī, acquired her and, after 193/809, she became a favoured d̲j̲āriya of al-Amīn and gave birth to a son of his. Being a pupil of Ibn D̲j̲āmiʿ, Fulayḥ and Ibrāhīm al-Mawṣilī she preserved the “classical” ḥid̲j̲āzī style of Arab music, preferring verses by ḥid̲j̲āzī poets also for her own compositions. She was a good songstress and lutenist ( ḍāriba ), a ẓarīfa , and …

is an Arabic adjectival noun which denotes the idea of originality. In the active sense it means Creator or Originator, hence its use as an Attribute of God. In the passive sense it means ‘discovered’ or ‘invented’, and from this, it became a name for the innovations of the ʿAbbāsid poets in literary figures, and later for trope in general; ʿilm al-badīʿ was that branch of rhetorical science which dealt with the beautification of literary style. Some ʿAbbāsid poets of the 2nd/8th century, like Bas̲h̲s̲h̲ār, Muslim b. al-Walīd, and al…

[see marrākus̲h̲ ].