Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

[see al-hamad̲h̲ānī ].

, hibat allāh b. al-ḥusayn b. aḥmad (also yūsuf ), abu ’l-ḳāsim , illustrious Arab scholar, physician, philosopher, astronomer and poet, who distinguished himself particularly for his knowledge and construction of the astrolabe and other astronomical instruments. The date of his birth is not known. In 510/1116-17, we find him at Iṣfahān in intimate contact with the Christian physician Amīn al-Dawla Ibn al-Tilmīd̲h̲. Later he lived in Bag̲h̲dād, where the exercise of his art, so it is s…

surnamed Ḳutb al-Madār (axis of the Universe) and popularly known as S̲h̲āh Madār, is the Methuselah of Indian hagiological literature and one of the most celebrated saints of India. He is said to have been born at Aleppo in 250/864, and to have been descended from Abū Hurayra [ q.v.], one of the companions of the Prophet. The statement in the Mirʾāt-i Madārī that he was a Jew and embraced Islam at al-Madīna is not supported by other authorities. Like his descent, his date of birth is also controversial, the Tad̲h̲kirat al-Muttaḳīn givesit as 1 S̲h̲awwāl 442/16 Feb. 1051; the Mirʾāt i Madārī …

[see irtid̲j̲āl ].

, literally ‘wind of the air’; in Ottoman fiscal usage a general term for irregular and occasional revenues from fines, fees, registration charges, and other casual sources of income. The term does not a appear in the Ḳānūns of the 9th/15th century, but is found in a Ḳānūnnāme of Gelibolu of 925/1519, where mention is made of penalties and fines, bride-tax, fees for the recapture of runaway slaves, ‘and other bād-i hawā’ (Barkan 236). It also appears, in similar terms, in Ḳānūnnāmes of Ankara (929/1522-Barkan 34), Ḥamīd (935/1528-Barkan 33), Aydīn (935/…

[see abdāl ].

[see bahdīnān ]. ¶

b. al-manşūr b. buluḳḳīn b. zīrī , alias abū manād bādīs naṣīr al-dawla , third Zīrīd of Ifrīḳiya, enthroned on 16 Rabīʿ I 386/8 April 996. Entrusting eastern Ifrīḳiya to a devoted Arab viceamīr, he set about containing a powerful Zanātan offensive which, from 386/996 onwards, pushed forward from Tiaret to Tripoli. In 389/999, he faced the amīr of the Mag̲h̲rāwa, Zīrī b. ʿAṭiyya, who had as allies Fulful b. Saʿīd, chief of the Zanāta, and his own great-uncles. He finally defeated them (…

, a town (now in ruins) and anchorage on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco. It is 68¼ m. (110 km.) south-east of Tetuan, between the territory of the G̲h̲umāra [ q.v.] and the Rīf [ q.v.] properly so-called. It is situated on the territory of the Banū Yaṭṭūfat ( vulgo: Bni Yiṭṭōft) near the mouth of a torrent named Tālā-n-Bādis ( vulgo: Tālembādes). An attempt has been made to identify it with the Parietina of the Itinerary of Antoninus; but this ancient place-name could equally well refer to the more sheltered cove of Yallīs̲h̲ (= Iris on our maps) which is only 7 km. to the south-west. The town of…

[see zīrids of spain ].

, ethnie adjective referring to the town of Bādis [ q.v.], and borne by three notable Moroccan personalities: 1. Abū Yaʿḳūb Yūsuf al-Zuhaylī al-Bādisī, saint and savant of the 8th/14th century, who is buried outside the town. The author of the Maḳṣad (cf. infra , 2) devoted a notice to him (cf. trans,, 146 and 218). Ibn Ḵh̲aldūn regarded him as the last of the great Moroccan saints (cf. Prolegomena , trans., ii, 199; Histoire des Berbères , i, 230). Leo Africanus (ed. Schefer, ii, 273; ed. Épaulard, Paris 1956, 274) speaks of his shrine which is still venerated: Sīdi Bū Yaʿḳūb. 2. ʿAbd al-Ḥaḳḳ a…

(a.) meant, in the Umayyad period, a residence in the countryside (whence the verb tabaddā ), an estate in the environs of a settlement or a rural landed property in the Syro-Jordanian steppeland. For Musil, the bādiya was the successor to the summer encampment called by the old Syrian Bedouin name of al-ḥīra . At the opening of the 20th century, the sense was restricted by archaeologists to the desert castles. They went so far as to construct theories about the attraction of the Bedouin way of life for the Umayyads and about the conservatory role…

, the Arabicised form given to the Persian bāz̲h̲ in the Islamic period (al-Sayyid Addī S̲h̲īr, Kitāb al-Alfāẓ al-Fārisiyya al-Muʿarraba , Beirut 1908). From the ioth to the 14th century bāz̲h̲ is more common; thus it is the usual form in the S̲h̲āh-nāma (though bad̲j̲ occurs too), and the phrase baz̲h̲ u sāw is not infrequent, while the expression bāz̲h̲-i rūm is used there with reference to the tribute and indemnity paid to the victorious Persians by the rulers of the Eastern Roman empire (Fritz Wolff, Glossar zu Firdosis Schahname , Berlin 1935). The G̲h̲aznawid poet Bahrāmī uses baz̲h̲, …

, the birthplace of Firdawsī, a small village in the vicinity of Ṭūs. The name is not found in any of the Arab geographers, and is mentioned only by ʿArūḍī-i Samarḳandī ( Čahār Maḳāla , ed. Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḳazwīnī, GMS i, 47, 190). (M. Fuad Köprülü)

, a town and district of Muslim Spain, modern Beja in S. Portugal, the classical Pax Julia. The Roman origin of Bād̲j̲a is referred to by the geographer al-Rāzī [ q.v.], who speaks of its fine wide streets. Abundant honey was obtained there, and its water was specially suitable for tanning (E. Lévi-Provençal, ‘La „Description de l’Espagne” d’Aḥmad al-Rāzī”, in Al-Andalus , XVIII, 1953, 87). Bād̲j̲a is frequently mentioned from the time of the Arab conquest. When Seville fell, its defenders withdrew to Bād̲j̲a, whence they later returned and gained a temporary advantage ( Ak̲h̲bār Mad̲j̲m…

(ancient Vaga; modern orthography: Béja), important town in Ifrīḳiya, situated about 100 km. west of Tunis. Its population at the present time is nearly 23,000. Resting against the fertile slopes of the valley of the Médjerda, it constitutes “the most considerable town of the region, which existed in ancient times and has continued to exist down to our time….. its strategie position, of supreme importance, on the road from Tunis to Algeria, was constantly emphasised throughout the Muslim period” (R. Brunschvig, Ḥafṣides , i, 300). Capital of the province richest in cereal crops,…

, in the Arab middle ages, a small strongly fortified town in Mesopotamia, south of Ḥarrān, a short distance east of Balīk̲h̲, situated on the road to Raʾs al-ʿAyn, with famous gardens. It is no longer mentioned by the geographers of the 3rd-4th/9th 10th centuries. The Aramaic name () denotes “house of fortune”; cf. perhaps, an ʿAyn-gaddā = “source of fortune” in the Damascene and the Gadda of the Tabula Peutingeriana in Syria. See thereon Nöldeke in the ZDMG, xxix, 441. (M. Streck) Bibliography Yāḳūt, i, 453 Balād̲h̲urī. Futūḥ, 174, 72, where Bād̲j̲addā, not Bād̲j̲uddā. is to be read Le Stra…

Both surviving branches of this formerly larger tribe are now settled in ʿIrāḳ. The main branch occupies the area of Bin Ḳudra and Ḳuratū, north of Ḵh̲ānaḳīn. An offshoot, known variously as Bad̲j̲lān, Bād̲j̲wān or Bēd̲j̲wān, is to be found in the S̲h̲abak [ q.v.] area on the left bank of the river Tigris opposite Mawṣil. Although the tribehas always been known as a Kurdish one this is only so in the wide sense that all nomads of the Zagros area, including the Gūrān [ q.v.] and the Lurs, are considered by their neighbours to be Kurds. In fact, all Bād̲j̲alānīs appear to speak a …

, al-ḥasan b. ʿalī b. warsand founder of a sect among the Berbers of Morocco, whose adherents are called Bad̲j̲aliyya. Al-Bakrī states that he appeared there before Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-S̲h̲īʿī [ q.v.] came to Ifrīḳiya (before 280/893). Al-Bad̲j̲alī came from Nafṭa (Nefta) and found many adherents among the Banū Lamās. ¶ His teaching agreed with that of the Rawāfiḍ, but he asserted Chat the Imāmate belonged only to the descendants of al-Ḥasan. So al-Bakrī and Ibn Ḥazm state, in opposition to Ibn Ḥawḳal (ed. de Goeje, 65), who says that he was a Mūs…

, or bād̲j̲armaḳ , under the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate was the name of a district east of the Tigris between the Lesser Zāb in the North and the D̲j̲abal Ḥamrīn in the South. The chief town in the middle ages was Kirkūk (Syr. Kark̲h̲ā de Bēt̲h̲ Slōk̲h̲). It formed a district of the province of Mosul (cf. Ibn Ḵh̲urradād̲h̲bih, 97, 7). Bād̲j̲armā is an Arabic rendering of the Aramaic Bēt̲h̲ (Be) Garma while Bād̲j̲armaḳ goes back to some Middle Persian form of the name of the district, …