Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition

b. Abi K̲h̲alīfa Muḥammad b. S̲h̲uʿayd b. Ṣak̲h̲r al-D̲j̲umaḥī , (d. 305/917-18), littérateur, poet, traditionist and ḳaḍī of Baṣra. He was a mawlā of D̲j̲umaḥ of Ḳurays̲h̲ and the nephew, on his mother’s side, of Ibn Sallām [ q.v.]. He was born in and died at Baṣra, where he made himself the transmitter of a fairly extensive number of religious, historical, literary and genealogical traditions. He also received a legal training sufficient for him to act as the ḳāḍī of Baṣra towards 294/907 with functions delegated by the Mālikī ḳāḍī Abū Muḥammad Yūsuf b. Yaʿḳū…

, vizier to the ʿAbbāsid al-Muʿtaṣim, and an ʿIrāḳi of Christian origin. He began his career modestly as a retainer of Hart̲h̲ama, the commander of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd’s guard. Later, as a result of his particular talents, he became a secretary in the Land Tax office under the same caliph and subsequently he retired to ʿIrāḳ to the estates he had acquired during the civil war. It was there, in the region of al-Baradān, that he had an opportunity, during the reign of al-Maʾmūn, to gain the attentio…

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, the eldest son of Yaḥyā al-Barmakī, played an important part during the reign of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd, in the first years of the domination of the Barāmika [ …

(commonly written Fadhlī ), a tribal territory now one of the states of the Federation of South Arabia, area about 1600 square miles with an estimated population of 55,000. Its western bounds touch on the Aden Colony and then run northwest bordering on Laḥd̲j̲ (ʿAbdalī), Ḥaws̲h̲abī and Lower Yāfiʿ territories; in the northeast it is bounded by ʿAwd̲h̲alī and Dat̲h̲īna, in the east by the Lower ʿAwlaḳī, and on the south by the Arabian Sea. The country consists of two main parts…

, Meḥmed , better known as Ḳara Faḍlī (?-971/1563-4), Turkish poet, born in Istanbul, son of a saddler. Little is known of his early life. He does not seem to have had a regular education, but acquired knowledge in the company of learned people, particularly the poet D̲h̲ātī [ q.v.], whose shop of geomancy had become a sort of a literary club for men of letters, where the old poet helped and encouraged young talents. On D̲h̲ātī’s suggestion he composed a ḳaṣīda on the occasion of the circumcision festivities of prince Meḥmed. When D̲h̲ātī had finished r…

al-ʿUmarī , al-Ḥanafī , al-Māturīdī , al-Čīs̲h̲tī (not al-Ḥabas̲h̲ī as misread by Brockelmann, S II, 458), al-K̲h̲ayrābādī b. Faḍl-i Imām [ q.v.] was born at K̲h̲ayrābād [ q.v.] in 1211/1796-7. Having studied first at home with his father, he later studied ḥadīt̲h…

b. Muḥammad Ars̲h̲ad al-ʿUmarī al-Hargāmī , b. Muḥ. Ṣālih b. ʿAbd al-Wād̲j̲id b. ʿAbd al-Mād̲j̲id b. Ḳāḍī Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥanafī , was a contemporary of S̲h̲āh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Dihlawī, and the first In…

, al-Yamāmiyya al-ʿAbdiyya , Mawlāt al-Mutawakkil , Arab poetess, died in 257/871 (or 260/874). Born probably as a muwallada and brought up in Baṣra, she was presented to and later on freed by al-Mutawakkil. She was called the “most gifted poetess of her time” by Ibn al-Sāʿī and, being a good songstress and lute player too, held a famous literary circle in Bag̲h̲dād. Amongst her admirers were the poet Ṣaʿīd b. Ḥumayd and the musician Bunān b. ʿAmr al-Ḍārib. Ibn al-D̲j…

, in the sense of ‘porcelain’ [see ṣīnī ].

or Bag̲h̲būr , title of the Emperor of China in the Muslim sources. The Sanskrit * bhagaputra and the Old Iranian * bag̲h̲aput̲h̲ra , with which attempts have been made to connect this compound, are not attested, but a form bg̲h̲pwhr (= * bag̲h̲puhr ), signifying etymologically “son of God”, is attested in Parthian Pahlavī to designate Jesus, whence Sogdian bag̲h̲pūr , Arabicized as bag̲h̲būr and fag̲h̲fūr ; t…

(Ar.), (fem. fahda , pl. fuhūd , afhād , afhud , fuhūda ), is the name of the Cheetah (Urdū čītā < Sanskrit čitraka , “spotted”), Ac…

or Fiḥl , an ancient town in Transjordania situated 12 km. south-east of Baysān [ q.v.], was known in earliest antiquity, at the time of el-Amarna, under the name Bik̲h̲il , corresponding to a Semitic p ḥ l. Macedonian colonists settled there in about 310 B…

, the name given in Muslim Spain to kinds of catalogues in which scholars enumerated, in one form or another, their masters and the subjects or works studied under their direction. The word fahrasa is an Arabicization of the Persian fihrist by means of a double vocalization -a- and the closing of the final tāʾ , a fairly frequent modification. In al-Andalus, it is completely synonymous with barnāmad̲j̲ , which is also Persian, while in the east it corresponds with t̲h̲abat , mas̲h̲īk̲h̲a ( mas̲h̲yak̲h̲a ) or muʿd̲j̲am (this last word is also used in the west)…

, “Plain of the oaktrees” or, more accurately, “of the acorns” ( ballūṭ ) whose present name Los Pedroches is applied to the wide valley situated to the south-west of Oreto, three days’ journey north of Cordova. It stretches as far as the mountains of Almadén and has always been characterized by the great mass of evergreen oaks covering the mountains and the high plateau. Pedroche is synonymous with pedregal , the designation of the whole region, and the Latin name petra , transcribed into Arabic as biṭra , has, with the suffix che , given Biṭraws̲h̲. In common with…

[see ʿilla ]. [see naḥw ].

[see panāyir, sūḳ ].

[see īmān ].

(in God) [see ʿaḳīda ].