Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
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Subject: Middle East And Islamic Studies
Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second Edition) Online sets out the present state of our knowledge of the Islamic World. It is a unique and invaluable reference tool, an essential key to understanding the world of Islam, and the authoritative source not only for the religion, but also for the believers and the countries in which they live.
Subscriptions: see Brill.com
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The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second Edition) Online sets out the present state of our knowledge of the Islamic World. It is a unique and invaluable reference tool, an essential key to understanding the world of Islam, and the authoritative source not only for the religion, but also for the believers and the countries in which they live.
Subscriptions: see Brill.com
Čobān-Og̲h̲ullari̊
(160 words)
, a family of
derebey s [
q.v.] in Ottoman Anatolia, who controlled the districts (
nāḥiyes ) of Tiyek, Ekbez and Hacılar in the eastern parts of the Amanus Mountains or Gâvur Daği (in the hinterland of Iskenderun [see iskandarūn ] in modern Turkey). They claimed hereditary power in the area from the time of Sultan Murād IV (1032-49/1623-40), when the latter, in the course of his campaign against the Persians in ¶ Bag̲h̲dād, granted these districts to a local shepherd (
ćobān ). By the 19th century, the family was divided into two branches, one controlling…
Čoka Adasi̊
(149 words)
, the Turkish name for Kythera (Cerigo), one of the Ionian islands. In early Ottoman times possession was disputed or shared between the Venetian state and the Venieri. Čoka Adasi̊ was an important post for watching shipping, especially after the loss of the Morea, and was often attacked. In 943-4/1537 the Turks carried off 7000 captives; many survivors fled to the Morea. Čoka Adasi̊ was again raided in 1571 and 1572, when an indecisive naval battle took place there. It was taken by the Turks in…
Čölemerik
(280 words)
(old form, Ḏj̲ūlāmerg or Ḏj̲ulamerik ), a small town in eastern Anatolia, in the extreme south-east of the present-day region of Turkey, 37° 45′ N, 43° 48′ E, altitude 5,413 ft. (1650 m.), surrounded by mountains of over 9,840 ft. (3000 m.), about 3 km. from the Great Zab, a tributary of the Tigris. It is the capital of the
wilāyet of Hakkâri; in the 19th century it was the capital of a
sand̲j̲aḳ of the same name, in the
wilāyet of Van, formerly belonging to the
ḥukūmet of Ḥakkārī (Kātib Čelebi,
Ḏj̲ihānnümā , 419). The place was destroyed in the First World War, bu…
Colomb-Béchar
(446 words)
, chief town of the department of the Saoura (Organisation Commune des Régions Sahariennes), created by a decree of 7 August 1957. This town is quite recent; before the French occupation, which dates from 13 November 1903, a few villages, with no historical importance, had been built unevenly along the banks of the Oued Bechar (Wādī Bas̲h̲s̲h̲ār), which sustained a scanty group of palms. From 1857 the region had been explored by Captain de Colomb, whose name has been used for the new town; to this has been joined the…
Congo
(1,766 words)
, River and Country in Africa. The river forms the sole outlet of the great Central African basin, which is limited on the east by the western flanks of the Great Rift, on the north by the Monga mountains, on the west by the Cristal range, and on the south by the Lunda plateau. Since its tributaries drain areas both to the north and to the south of the Equator, the Congo maintains a relatively constant flow. Its waterways are broken here and there by cataracts, especially between Stanley Pool an…
Constantinus Africanus
(1,048 words)
(Constantine the African), who first introduced Arab medicine into Europe, was born in Tunis in the early 5th/11th century (1010 or 1015 A.D.), and died at Monte Cassino in 1087. His arrival in Salerno marked the beginning of what historians have labelled the ‘golden age’ of its famous medical school. But about the life of the man himself singularly little is known, and the details can only be sketched in conjecturally. Various facts relating to him are to be found in the works of Petrus Diaconus who entered Monte Cassino in 509/1115, less than 30 years after Const…
Consul
(868 words)
(Arab.
Ḳunşul ; Pers.
Ḳunṣūl ; Turk.
Konsolos ), consuls as representatives of the interests of foreign states in Islamic countries (and similarly in Byzantium). The institution of the consul was formed in the 12th and 13th centuries in the Italian merchant republics. The Genoese put their possessions in the Crimea (see Ki̊ri̊m ); since 1266), nominally subject to the Ḵh̲ān of the Golden Horde, in the charge of a consul (B. Spuler:
Die Goldene Horde , Leipzig 1943, 392-8, with further bibl.; E. S. Zevakin and N. A. Penčko:
Očerki po istorii genuėzskik̲h̲ koloniy ..., (
‘Sketches
on the
History…
Čopan-Ata
(298 words)
(Turkish "Father-Shepherd"), the name of a row of hills ½ mile long on the southern bank of the Zarafs̲h̲ān [
q.v.], close by the city walls of Samarḳand [
q.v.]. There is no written evidence for this name before the 19th century; up to the 18th century, it was referred to in written sources (Persian) as Kūhak (‘little mountain’), and the Zarafs̲h̲ān (only known as such in the written language since the 18th century) also sometimes carried this name. Under the name of Kūhak, the range is mentioned in Iṣṭak̲h̲ri (
BGA I, 318), and it contained quarries and clay pits for Samarkand. There is an aeti…